Some remarks on persecution pathology.
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Child Behavior Disorders↗
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The cultural context of Japanese psychiatry and psychotherapy.
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Child Behavior Disorders↗
[SNP database and establishment of personalized medicine].
We are aiming to identify susceptibility genes for common or otherwise clinically relevant diseases of metabolism such as diabetes, asthma, and hypertension, and analyze the molecular causality. Although genetic and environmental factors play equally crucial roles in the pathogenesis of the common diseases of civilization, genetic factor is directly involved in the causality and molecular mechanism. The elucidation of molecular etiology provides specific molecular targets for therapeutic drugs even at the individual level. Thus our priority is analysis of the molecular causality of the common metabolic disorders of civilization. We will identify individual and group polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genome relevant to the treatment of individual patients closely related to susceptibility to disease, prognosis of disease, and responses to drugs. To determine the genetic susceptibilities, we apply genetic approaches such as linkage studies with affected sib-pairs and association studies using SNPs database together with haplotype analysis.
Databases, Genetic↗
Psychological impact of the Los Angeles riots on Korean-American victims: implications for treatment.
The psychological impact of the 1992 Los Angeles riots on 202 Korean-American victims who sustained financial loss or physical injury was investigated. Results indicate that the majority of these riot victims underwent severe distressed and experienced symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Related research on trauma survivors is reviewed and implications for treatment are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Mental health law: civil liberties and the principle of reciprocity.
At a conference organised by the Law Society, Mental Health Act Commission, and Institute of Psychiatry possible reform of mental health legislation in England and Wales was discussed. It was concluded that radical legal reform was required, and that the law should be designed specifically for provision of care in both hospital and the community. Reform should be based on principle rather than pragmatism, particularly the principle of reciprocity--patients' civil liberties may not be removed for the purposes of treatment if resources for that treatment are inadequate. Protection of society from nuisance or even violence is insufficient reason for detention. Legal provision for compulsion of patients, whether in hospital or the community, must be matched by specific rights to treatment.
Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
Israeli youth in the Second Intifada: PTSD and future orientation.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between exposure to political violence and posttraumatic symptoms, future orientation, and attitudes toward peace. METHOD: A total of 740 boys and girls aged 11.5-15 years from Jerusalem, Gilo, and the Jewish settlements in the disputed territories were assessed in the summer of 2001 using an exposure to terror questionnaire, Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index, Children's Future Orientation Scale, and a question regarding the future of peace talks. RESULTS: A substantially higher percentage of youths in the settlements (27.6%) than in Jerusalem (12.4%) or Gilo (11.2%) reported moderate to very severe levels of posttraumatic symptoms. Children's Future Orientation responses were moderately optimistic. About two thirds of the adolescents in the settlements rejected the idea of peace talks at any time, whereas around half of the youths in Jerusalem and Gilo supported the continuation of peace talks. Exposure was related to both PTSD symptoms and attitudes toward peace but not to future orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings present the complex interrelationship of political violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, and attitudes toward peace and raise the need for a combined mental health and peace education intervention to prevent the often overlooked vicious cycle of violence and traumatization.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Historical development of legal protection for the rights of mentally ill persons in France.
The authors trace the development of legal protection of the rights of mentally ill persons to the experiences of Gabriel-Honoré de Riqueti, the Count of Mirabeau, who was imprisoned without due process more than 200 years ago. Influenced by the ideas of the leaders of the American Revolution, he later became a representative to the French Republic's National Assembly and played a pivotal role in defining human rights, including the rights of mentally ill persons, in France. He advocated involvement of judicial authorities in any decision to confine a citizen, even in the case of mental disorder. French civil commitment legislation of 1838 established the authority of physicians and civil officials in commitment decisions, but limited judicial involvement to review after commitment. A new 1990 law limits judicial involvement to review after commitment, but extends the rights of hospitalized patients in many areas.
Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
Trauma in war and political persecution: expanding the concept.
A contextual understanding of the concept of trauma is proposed through a study of its meaning in a Latin American context facing war and political repression. This article explores the contributions of narrative and liberation psychology to understanding politically based trauma. It critiques the relationship between the concept of trauma and the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. It analyzes how Colombian human rights activists make sense of the political persecution and trauma in their work. The author argues that the kind of experiences that these activists have endured go beyond the category of stress and can best be understood as traumatic within the context of the current medium-intensity war in Colombia.
Adult↗
Rape, torture, and traumatization of Bosnian and Croatian women: psychological sequelae.
The first 25 Bosnian women admitted to the Zagreb Obstetrics and Gynaecological Clinic or its associated regional psychiatric centers were assessed using both clinical and post-traumatic stress disorder interviews. Most of the women had been multiply traumatized; all had been repeatedly raped. Psychological status was assessed for those women who were not impregnated, for those impregnated who received abortions, and for those impregnated who carried the fetus to term.
Abortion, Induced↗
Operationalizing non-lethality: a Northern Ireland perspective.
'The troubles' over the last 33 years in Northern Ireland have claimed the lives of 3,636 people, including 302 police-officers and 644 soldiers. Of these deaths, 315 were attributed to the military and 52 to the police.(1) Formative experience of public disorder within the early parts of the conflict is reviewed. This article places the evolution, development and use of baton rounds (rubber and plastic bullets) in context and describes the training of police in their use. The development of a conflict management strategy which provides synergy with community based policing is discussed and the importance of understanding the underlying causes of a conflict for law enforcement personnel is emphasized.
Civil Disorders↗
Effects of the Omagh bombing on medical staff working in the local NHS trust: a longitudinal survey.
This article investigates post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms reported by doctors working in the aftermath of the Omagh bombing. Doctors responding to surveys 4 and 17 months after the incident reported the lowest symptom levels compared with other health service staff, with only 12% (2) above PTSD threshold at 17 months. Junior doctors had higher mean PTSD scores than seniors, although numbers are too small to test significance. Possible explanations are discussed and recommendations made.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
The prevalence of depression in two districts of Uganda.
BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the prevalence of depression in Uganda. Given the recent political history of Uganda, depression may be common. METHOD: The aim was to estimate the point prevalence of probable clinical depressive disorder among the general population in two contrasting districts of Uganda. Translated versions (in Madi and Lusoga) of the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to a systematic sample of adult residents in the Adjumani and Bugiri districts of Uganda. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of probably clinically significant depression (BDI score of 20-39) was 17.4%. Significantly higher rates were found in women and in Adjumani District. CONCLUSION: Depression is common in Uganda and particularly in the more troubled and less socially cohesive district of Adjumani.
Adult↗
Warriors as peacekeepers: features of the Somalia experience and PTSD.
There has been scant empirical study of the psychological consequences of contemporary peacekeeping missions. This study examined relationships among 4 variables characterizing this type of operation (traditional combat events, negative aspects of peacekeeping, pressure to uphold restraint, and positive aspects of peacekeeping) and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were 3,310 male and female soldiers who served in the 1992-1994 Somalia mission. Structural equation modeling procedures were applied to data from subsamples of non-African Americans and African Americans. For both groups, traditional combat and negative aspects of peacekeeping were associated with PTSD, frustration with restraint, and positive aspects of peacekeeping; however, restraint was not related to PTSD. Discrepancies between the groups involved relationships among the restraint, positive aspects, and PTSD variables. Recommendations are offered to foster inquiry into this new research.
Adult↗
Palestinian youth of the Intifada: PTSD and future orientation.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the nature of chronic exposure to terror and its psychological and cognitive toll on Palestinian youths, as is reflected in posttraumatic symptoms, future orientation, and attitudes toward peace. METHOD: In the summer of 2001, 245 Palestinian and 300 Israeli-Palestinian adolescents in the sixth to ninth grades were assessed with self-report questionnaires that measured level of exposure to terror, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, anger, dissociation, future orientation, and attitudes toward peace. RESULTS: Palestinians experienced significantly more traumatic events than Israeli Palestinians; the groups did not differ, however, in their subjective perception of the threat. Palestinians also reported higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms, more pessimistic future orientation, and less favorable attitudes toward peace negotiations than the Israeli Palestinians. The groups did not differ in reported psychological symptoms related to chronic exposure to stress. In both groups, subjective perceptions of the threat were implicated in the pathogenic sequelae of exposure to terror-induced trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic or repeated exposure to terror may be related to complex posttraumatic symptoms beyond those specified in DSM-IV or ICD-10, including negative personal and national future orientation. The role of subjective appraisal deserves professional attention.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Case study of the Detroit uprising. The troops and the leaders.
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Black or African American↗
Tear gas--harassing agent or toxic chemical weapon?
Tear gas has gained widespread acceptance as a means of controlling civilian crowds and subduing barricaded criminals. The most widely used forms of tear gas have been o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile and omega-chloroacetophenone. Proponents of their use claim that, if used correctly, the noxious effects of exposure are transient and of no long-term consequences. The use of tear gas in recent situations of civil unrest, however, demonstrates that exposure to the weapon is difficult to control and indiscriminate, and the weapon is often not used correctly. Severe traumatic injury from exploding tear gas bombs as well as lethal toxic injury have been documented. Moreover, available toxicological data are deficient as to the potential of tear gas agents to cause long-term pulmonary, carcinogenic, and reproductive effects. Published and recent unpublished in vitro tests have shown o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile to be both clastogenic and mutagenic. Sadly, the nature of its use renders analytic epidemiologic investigation of exposed persons difficult. In 1969, eighty countries voted to include tear gas agents among chemical weapons banned under the Geneva Protocol. There is an ongoing need for investigation into the full toxicological potential of tear gas chemicals and renewed debate on whether their use can be condoned under any circumstances.
Adult↗
HRD: psychology in the 1970s.
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Civil Disorders↗
Blast injuries of the lungs.
Up until 1968 Northern Ireland was a relatively peaceful community. The outbreak of civil disturbance has resulted in many patients being admitted to hospital with severe injuries from bullets and bomb explosions. Initial resuscitation must not be unduly delayed to be effective and should be carried out by experienced personnel. Respiratory failure from bomb explosions is rare and invariably fatal. The mechanism is discussed and is thought to be due to direct compression.
Blast Injuries↗