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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of citrinin in corn and barley on thin layer chromatographic plates impregnated with glycolic acid.

A method is described for the determination of citrinin in corn and barley. The mycotoxin is extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile-10% glycolic acid in water, defatted with isooctane, and transferred to chloroform according to published methods. The mycotoxin is separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on plates previously impregnated with 10% glycolic acid solution in ethanol; identity is confirmed by chemical tests. Citrinin is then quantitated by the limit detection method. Recoveries of citrinin from corn and barley samples spiked at levels of 50, 80, 150, 300, 500, and 1000 micrograms/kg were in the range 91-98%. The minimum detectable concentration is 15-20 micrograms/kg. Recoveries obtained with and without glycolic acid in the extraction solvent were compared. Sensitivities on TLC plates (limits of detection, micrograms/spot) impregnated with glycolic acid were compared with those on plates impregnated with oxalic acid.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluorometric screening method for citrinin in corn, barley, and peanuts.

A fluorometric method is described for rapid screening of citrinin in corn, barley, and peanuts. The initial extraction uses an aqueous acidified acetonitrile solution, and the resulting extract is partially purified by several acid-base partition steps. Citrinin is determined by using a fluorometer. Mean recoveries of added citrinin from corn, barley, and peanuts were 56.4, 66.6, and 40.0%, respectively, at levels of 100-8000 ng/g.

Arachis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of dietary citrinin on urine excretion in broiler chickens.

Eight 4-week-old broiler chickens were used to study the effects of dietary citrinin on water consumption, urine excretion, and fecal moisture. The birds were colostomized by exteriorizing the colon directly below the vent. Plastic bags were attached to collect feces. Corn containing the various levels of citrinin was fed for 4 hr. Water consumption and urine excretion were measured, and fecal samples were retained for moisture determination. Analysis of variance indicated citrinin increased (p less than 0.05) both water consumption and urine excretion. Regression analysis isolated the linear component as being significant (p less than 0.05) for both water consumption and urine excretion, identifying the responses as linear through the bounds of the treatment levels. Fecal moisture showed no changes (p less than 0.05). The correlation coefficients yielded significant relationships between treatment vs. water consumption, treatment vs urine excretion and water consumption vs urine excretion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detoxification of citrinin and ochratoxin A by hydrogen peroxide.

The effects of hydrogen peroxide on citrinin and ochratoxin A toxicity were examined using HeLa cells. The citrinin was completely detoxified by prior incubation with 0.05% hydrogen peroxide for 30 min at room temperature, and the toxic compound(s) that resulted from heating citrinin at 100 degrees C were also detoxified upon reheating it with hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, ochratoxin A was not detoxified by hydrogen peroxide at room temperature, but its toxicity was reduced by heating ochratoxin A with hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed2000

Kinetic analysis of red pigment and citrinin production by Monascus ruber as a function of organic acid accumulation.

In submerged cultures performed in synthetic medium containing glucose and glutamate, the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber produced a red pigment and a mycotoxin, citrinin. In oxygen-limiting conditions, the production of these two metabolites was growth-associated, as was the production of primary metabolites. In oxygen-excess conditions, the profile of citrinin production was typical of a secondary metabolite, since it was produced mostly during the stationary phase. In contrast, the production of the pigment decreased rapidly throughout the culture, showing a profile characteristic of an inhibitory mechanism. The organic acids produced during the culture, L-malate and succinate, were shown to be slightly inhibitory against pigment production, while citrinin production was unaffected. However, this inhibition could not account for the observed profile of pigment production in batch cultures. Other dicarboxylic acids such as fumarate or tartrate showed a similar effect to that provoked by malate and succinate as regards pigment production. It was concluded that the decrease in red pigment production during the culture was due to the inhibitory effect of an unknown product whose accumulation was favored in aerobic conditions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1974

Production of citrinin by Penicillium viridicatum on country-cured ham.

Seven strains of Penicillium viridicatum isolated from country-cured ham produced citrinin in potato dextrose broth and on country-cured ham. None of the strains produced detectable amounts of citrinin at 10 C. The optimal temperature range for citrinin production was 25 to 30 C.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMed1997

Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. V. Effect on the homeostasis of the reactive oxygen species.

The effects of citrinin in the maintenance of the homeostasis of the reactive oxygen species in rat liver cells were evaluated. Citrinin (CTN) modifies the antioxidant enzymatic defences of cells through the inhibition of GSSG-reductase and transhydrogenase. No effect was observed on GSH-peroxidase, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenases, and superoxide dismutase. The mycotoxin increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, stimulating the production of the superoxide anion in the respiratory chain. The results suggest that oxidative stress is an important mechanism, side by side with other effects previously shown, in the establishment of the cytotoxicity and cellular death provoked by CTN in several tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Interaction of citrinin and ochratoxin A.

The mycotoxins citrinin and ochratoxin A are produced in common by some molds and have been found together in a number of foods and animal feeds. We used in vitro tests to determine if the same effects are produced by these two mycotoxins when they act both independently and together. Renal cortical cubes prepared from kidneys of young adult Hormel-Hanford miniature swine were cultured in the presence or absence of the toxins for 1 h at 37 degrees C. The concentration of the toxins both singly and in combination ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M. The tissues were incubated, removed, rinsed, and reincubated to measure transport of either tetraethylammonium (TEA) or paraminohippurate (PAH) ions and protein synthesis, using 3H-leucine. The transport data were analyzed by a recently developed logistic function test to ascertain whether the effects were additive, synergistic, or antagonistic. The significance of deviation was tested after a potency multiplier was added to the mixture. Data for three of the five experiments measuring TEA transport indicated a synergistic effect; for the other two, the results were not significantly different from additivity. The same was true for PAH transport. For protein synthesis, one experiment showed synergism; for the other, nonadditivity was not significant. None of the measurements showed antagonism between the two toxins. As with several other systems, tests of biochemical effects showed that administration of citrinin and ochratoxin A together did not elicit either consistent or strong synergistic responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Citrinin.

Citrinin, a nephrotoxic mycotoxin, has been of growing importance also for the "International Agency for Research on Cancer", ever since its presumable role in the occurrence of Balcan endemic nephropathy (BEN) was discussed at the congress on "Mycotoxins, Endemic Nepthropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours" held in Lyon in June 1991 (12). In late 1991, citrinin was therefore also included in the list of toxins to be examined by the screening subcommittees on natural toxins of the International Live Science Institute, European Branch.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Effect of the mycotoxin citrinin on some hormones and on enzymes and substrates of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway in mice.

The effects of six weeks treatment with multiple i.p. doses of citrinin (15, 25 and 35 mg/kg) on some hormonal activities and on enzymes and substrates of the Embden--Meyerhof pathway in mice were studied. Adenosine triphosphatase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, lactic acid and pyruvic acid decreased in blood, liver, kidney and brain of citrinin-treated mice. Glucose levels in blood, kidney and brain increased and glycogen content of liver decreased. Cortisol, triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels of serum increased, but insulin levels decreased.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1986

Cytotoxicity of citrinin in cultured kidney epithelial cell systems.

Cytotoxicity of citrinin, a fungal metabolite and a common food contaminant, was evaluated in an established cell line, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and primary fetal bovine kidney (PFBK) cells. Citrinin is a known nephrotoxicant but produced a low order of cytotoxicity in cultured renal cells. A dose-dependent cytotoxic effect was observed at millimolar concentrations of the toxin. MDBK cells were more sensitive than the PFBK cells. The primary effect of this chemical was on the adherence of MDBK cells to the culture dish. Microscopic evaluation of morphologic changes indicated that cells elongated, flattened, swelled, and became rounded. The appropriateness of toxicity evaluation in culture systems in vitro is considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Hematological changes produced in mice by ochratoxin A and citrinin.

The effect of 6 weekly injections of ochratoxin A (5 mg/kg) and citrinin (20 mg/kg) on the following hematological indices of mice was studied: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hematocrit percentage, mean corpuscular values, red cell indices, platelet count, total count of bone marrow cells, differential count of bone marrow cells, total count of splenic cells, spleen weight, and serum calcium. These mycotoxins resulted in a significant decrease in platelet count and hematocrit values. On the other hand, they increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular values and red cell indices. Weight of the spleen and the splenic cell count decreased significantly in ochratoxin A and citrinin treated mice. Total count of bone marrow cells, erythrocyte precursors, leucocyte precursors and megakaryocyte precursors of femoral bone marrow decreased significantly in toxin treated mice. Calcium concentration in the serum of toxin treated mice also was decreased significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Interaction of potassium dichromate with the nephrotoxins, mercuric chloride and citrinin.

Potassium dichromate enhanced the effects of mercuric chloride or citrinin on renal slice transport of the organic ions p-aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) under certain experimental conditions. At the doses employed and times studied no effects, or only minimal effects, were observed on renal slice transport when the toxins were tested individually. Potassium dichromate (10 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously (s.c.) in combination with mercuric chloride (4 mg/kg, s.c.) or citrinin 35 or 55 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), resulted in a marked depression of organic ion transport. Similarly, the addition of potassium dichromate to fresh renal cortex slices in combination with mercuric chloride, enhanced the mercuric chloride-induced reduction of transport. No other interactions were observed under in vitro conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Combined action of citrinin and ochratoxin A on hepatoma tissue culture cells.

Citrinin (CTN) and ochratoxin A (OT-A) may occur simultaneously in mould-contaminated commodities. Both are cytotoxic to hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells. The effect of both mycotoxins, eiter alone or in association on cellular protein, RNA and DNA synthesis was tested. In the presence of ochratoxin A protein synthesis is first inhibited 30 min after the addition of the toxin and RNA synthesis after 150 min. No inhibition of DNA synthesis occurs for at least 5 h, whereas citrinin inhibits first the RNA synthesis after 10 min, second protein synthesis after 20 min and third DNA synthesis after 120 min. When both mycotoxins are added simultaneously to HTC cells the inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis occurs immediately, that of DNA synthesis after a short lag time. This suggests a cooperative effect of both mycotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Interaction of copper(II) with the fungal metabolite, citrinin.

Copper(II) reacts with citrinin to form 1:1 and 1:2 chelates. The formation constants of these copper(II) chelates have been determined in the solvent 50% (v/v) dioxane-water. Citrinin in the solid state is a p-quinone methide. It may exist as an equilibrium mixture of the p-quinone and o-quinone methides in solution. The experimental evidence indicates that upon chelate formation it exists predominantly in the o-quinone form.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation and identification of dihydrocitrinone, a urinary metabolite of citrinin in rats.

Dihydrocitrinone, 3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid, was isolated and identified as a urinary metabolite after oral administration of citrinin to rats. Male and female Osborne-Mendel rats received 30 mg citrinin/kg body weight by oral intubation. The metabolite dihydrocitrinone was present in urine collected at 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, and 8-24 h after treatment. Only unchanged citrinin was found in blood collected 24 h after administration of the compound. The metabolite had a blue fluorescence and the same Rf on thin-layer chromatography, the same retention time on reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the same mass spectrum as an authentic sample of dihydrocitrinone.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Study on effects of feeding laying hens on separate mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, or citrinin)-contaminated diets on the egg quality and tissue constituents.

Four groups (each of 8 laying hens plus one cock) were offered commercial laying mash contaminated with 100 ppb of aflatoxins, citrinin, patulin or uncontaminated (control) for 6 weeks. The mycotoxin-contaminated diets led to some significant changes in egg characteristics and composition such as ash and calcium contents of the egg shell. The noticeable changes including also the relative weights of adrenal glands. Blood profile reflected too alterations (P greater than 0.05) in urea content and activity of both glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase as well. The mycotoxins affected significantly moisture and fat contents of the red muscle and protein content, texture and percentage of lean meat in both types of muscles (red and white). Patulin toxicosis was responsible for the strongest alterations in moisture, fat and vitamin A contents of the laying hen's liver and for the lowest calcium content of egg shell besides the shape alteration of the eggs. Laying hens fed on aflatoxin-contaminated diet produced hatched chicks with higher weight (P less than or equal to 0.05) than those from the controls. Citrinin residues were 10 ppb in the fresh muscles and egg yolk and 6 ppb in egg white.

Aflatoxins↗