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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Sexual health policies in other industrialized countries: are there lessons for the United States?

Health professionals have been concerned about the high rates of unwanted and unplanned pregnancy, teenage pregnancy, abortion, and sexually transmitted diseases in the U.S. A major concern has been why these rates in the U.S. are so much higher than in most other western industrialized countries. In this article I summarize major national and comparative studies that have attempted to understand how the U.S. can do better in providing for the sexual health of its citizens. I also discuss approaches to sexual health in countries that do substantially better on the aforementioned indicators of sexual health. This review indicates that the recommendations of health and social science experts in the U.S. are consistent with approaches in countries where programs have done a better job in meeting the sexual health needs of their populations.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2003

Policy and ethical issues in applying medical biotechnology in developing countries.

A brief review of some of the key issues in policy relating to the ethical issues raised by medical biotechnology in developing countries is presented, using India as an example. A series of some key issues is discussed, including information obtained from interviewing Indian government policy makers. Some of the issues discussed include: Economic and social incentives to encourage biotechnology; Health policy and ethics review; Patents on drugs; Medical genetics; Relationship to traditional medical practices; Positive public attitudes to biotechnology; Limited public participation; Infrastructural hurdles; Indian progress in stem cell research; and dilemmas of expensive technologies. The results show that although the needs of developing countries are different to those of rich countries, government policy utilizing guidelines and ethics committees has evolved as mechanisms to aid ethical health care delivery in India. In all countries there may be some of these concerns that are raised here, however, the integration of traditional medicine and advanced medical technology, and access to medical services by people in need, are particularly important challenges in developing countries. Better public involvement in policy making will require education and infrastructural organization as well as mutual willingness on the part of policy makers and citizens.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

[Political aspects. Prevention and political realities].

Present health legislation in Switzerland is largely concerned with the protection of our inhabitants from biological, chemical and physical risk of the environment. More and more it extends to economic aspects and to the behavior of the individual. Also in this respect a legal basis not only for the coverage of the consequences but also for the prevention of ill health is needed. Responsible citizens of our nation devoted to freedom and democracy merit that such a basis does rely as little as possible on bureaucratic enforcement but mainly on information and health education, controlled by science and experience and oriented towards the human needs and values of our society.

Economics, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Financing sources in urologic clinical research].

One of the most important challenges of research in the health sciences is to approximate basic, clinical, and epidemiological research, and to convert hospitals and outpatient clinics in nuclei of vanguard and innovation in this field. It is not possible to develop quality research without a quality clinical practice and vice versa. Because of this, all investment efforts made in this field will always be actions that, immediately or on the long-term, will finally result in an improvement in the quality of patient care for the citizens, and in greater development impulse and transfer of great amount of technology and innovation that is inexorably emerging in this field. Next there is a summary of the National Plan of Scientific Research, Development and Technological Innovation 2000-2003 and the role of the Institute of Health Carlos III in the promotion of the health science's research in Spain.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1998

Surgery in Sweden.

Sweden has 9 university and regional hospitals and about 75 county hospitals. These hospitals are funded by counties that directly tax their inhabitants. In addition, the university hospitals use state money for education and research. The private sector performing major surgical procedures is small but slowly increasing. Reorganizations and closings of smaller hospitals are continually occurring, and various organizational models are being tested. Surgical care for inpatients is free for Swedish citizens; however, there is a small fee for outpatient care (US $10-$20 per visit). Education in surgery is changing rapidly with the introduction of new methods. Clinical research closely connected to basic sciences will be of profound importance for future development. The present article is confined mainly to general surgery in Sweden, but it also covers some general aspects of medicine in Sweden.

General Surgery↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Environmental justice": the central role of research in establishing a credible scientific foundation for informed decision making.

Although much of the evidence is anecdotal and circumstantial, there are mounting concerns that environmental health risks are borne disproportionately by members of the population who are poor and nonwhite. We examine the central role of environmental health research in defining the dimensions of the problem, understanding its causes, and identifying solutions. Environmental health sciences, including epidemiology, exposure analysis. pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and surveillance monitoring, must be employed to determine the extent to which society has achieved "equity" and "justice" in safeguarding the health and safety of its citizens. By improving our ability to identify, evaluate, prevent, and/or reduce risks for all members of society, environmental health research can contribute directly to fair and equitable protection for everyone, regardless of age, ethnicity, gender, race, or socioeconomic status.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1995

Improving human welfare through appropriate technology: government responsibility, citizen duty or customer choice.

This paper explores recent attempts to improve the effectiveness of environmental health programmes and projects by reference to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1980-1990) and beyond. Reference is made to how water and sanitation as technical interventions have drawn upon the natural sciences, notably concepts of race and sex, and the social sciences including culture and gender, for their authority and legitimacy. A new and apparently progressive movement, the Water Decade sought to challenge the powerful and enduring high tech image of development on which much western environmental and social transformations have been based. Beginning as a critique of modernism with a commitment to basic needs as human rights, it was driven by a recognition that sophisticated technology could not satisfy human health needs. Alternative technologies would, by contrast, cater for a more extensive and varied market and would promote participatory approaches to service delivery. The paper demonstrates how, during the course of the Decade, sections of the aid community began to redefine basic needs as commodities involving the efficient marketing and delivery of a product with minimal state intervention. Within a shifting international political and economic context, it examines the changing role of the expert and the links being forged between large donors, non-governmental organisations and the private sector. The significance of this reformulated progressivism for the development debate is then considered, notably in relation to concepts of citizenship, consumer choice and the role of the state.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2003

[Guidelines for severe multiple and multiorgan traumatic injuries].

Traumatic injuries have been described as the largest epidemic of the 20th century. In view of the number of victims and the associated costs, they have been also called the most severe and longest war of the contemporary world. According to Lipiński, every year every tenth Pole is involved in an accident and every one hundred-thirteenth Polish citizen requires specialist medical care. Thus, the general incidence is approximately 750 accidents per 100,000 Poles per year. 300,000 of them need hospital treatment, 30,000 die from accidents. Despite considerable progress in medical sciences and profound changes in the organization of emergency services within the past quarter of this century, multiple traumas continue to be a major problem in traumatology and the associated mortality rates in the best centers worldwide exceed 10%. Although, according to the recent reports, the most common cause of hospital deaths (30-50% or more of all fatal outcomes) is found in late complications of a severe trauma and posttraumatic shock, for example septic complications and multiorgan failure (MOF). Apart from severe primary injuries of the central nervous system, exsanguination continues to be the main cause of death (50-70%) immediately after the injury, at the site of the accident and in the ambulance (i.e. in the pre-hospital period) and in the first hours of hospitalization. The third life threatening cause is acute respiratory insufficiency after thoracic trauma. The "golden hour" procedures are particularly described as a prehospital time period (ABC ... system), emergency room period (ATLS system), damage control period and other life saving operations period. The general conception of these standards is minimalization of the effects of shock, respiratory insufficiency and intracranial hypertension in multitrauma patients.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2001

[Community health policy as a research area in public health and social sciences].

The community plays a central role in new public health concepts. However, local health policy has not achieved a central role in cities and counties. Therefore it seems to be both reasonable and necessary for social sciences to analyse the health options in local politics and to identify aspects for improvement. The implementation of health priorities and their realisation at the local level, the latter with regard to supporting (positive) and hampering (negative) factors, and the development of strategies to implement health programmes are suggested as main research topics. Starting from the assumption that complex organisational processes in communities need organisational support, the role of the public health service as coordinating and initialising factor for the alteration of community health programmes should be investigated more thoroughly. The public health service as a part of the administration in municipalities is also involved in the endeavour to modernize administration. A main area for research will be how far the knowledge about participation of citizens and new management theories support health as a task of local politics.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2006

Boundaries around the 'well-informed' patient: the contribution of Schutz to inform nurses' interactions.

AIM: The aim of this paper is to explore the operation of two different types of knowledge in health care and the position of the nurse to assist in the confluence of knowledge to develop the well-informed patient. BACKGROUND: If patients are to be active participants in their care they require useful information. Interactions in contemporary health care mostly involve 'medico-scientific' knowledge, that refers to the 'science' of patients' conditions, as opposed to 'everyday' knowledge, which refers to information that can assist patients in lifestyle matters relating to their condition. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE: This paper draws on the work of the 'well-informed citizen' as proposed by Schutz in the analysis of two patient case studies of practices in the acute care setting of the hospital. METHOD: Data collection was undertaken through fieldwork, incorporating participant observation and discussions with patients in general medical/surgical areas. RESULTS: Two patient case studies representative of the findings are analysed. Analysis identifies the predominant use of 'medico-scientific' knowledge to the detriment of 'everyday' knowledge during interactions between patients and all health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: There is predisposition in the acute context to interact in 'medico-scientific' knowledge as opposed to 'everyday' knowledge that does not facilitate a comprehensive understanding by patients of how they can best manage their lifestyle. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Using the notion of Schutz's 'well-informed' citizen this study identifies strategies for nursing staff to capture and explore the development of 'everyday' knowledge that can assist patients to become more informed and improve their health management.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Encouraging science reading beyond the curriculum.

Students in genetics and reproductive physiology, junior-/senior-level courses with enrollments averaging 76 and 41 students, respectively, were encouraged to read popular science books for extra credit. The objectives of the readings were to reinforce basic class concepts by forming ties to everyday life, and to expose students to a genre that can provide information to prepare them as citizens to engage in the debate over current issues. The books for genetics were The Double Helix, Genome, Voyage of the Beagle, and The Engineer in the Garden; and the books for reproductive physiology were Clone, Lives of a Cell, Life Before Birth and A Time to be Born, and The Second Creation: Dolly and The Age of Biological Control. To earn credit (3% of the course grade for each of up to three books), students had to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of each book during a 15-min discussion with the instructor. Discussions focused on questions designed to stimulate critical thinking about each book's content. For example: "There is approximately 98% homology in DNA sequence between humans and chimpanzees; in aspects ranging from basic physiology to behavior, what makes us similar to or different from the species that is our closest living relative?" The numbers of students reading three books in Years 1 and 2 were 2 and 12 in genetics, and 4 and 3 in reproductive physiology; those reading two books in Years 1 and 2 were 5 and 20 in genetics, and 0 and 2 in reproductive physiology; and those reading one book in Years 1 and 2 were 21 and 31 in genetics, and 7 and 8 in reproductive physiology. The numbers of students that read no books in Years 1 and 2 were 33 and 27 in genetics, and 45 and 20 in reproductive physiology. Participation in the reading project occurred independently of course grades. Sixteen genetics students from the second year's class, eight that had participated in the extra credit reading and eight that had not, volunteered to be reexamined on material from the class. The reexamination was conducted 3 mo after the end of the class. With first exam score fitted as a covariate (P < 0.10), participation in the extra credit reading assignment did not affect score on the reexamination; participants averaged 67% correct answers, nonparticipants averaged 59% (P = 0.37). Comments on course evaluations indicated broad satisfaction with the assignments. Although no improvement of retention could be documented from this project, our objective of encouraging students to engage in reading material supplemental to courses in genetics and reproductive physiology was satisfied.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2000

[From bioethics to the new technology ethics].

Just as what we can all "technoscience" is emerging in our everyday life, a reflection should be conducted concerning the implications of the scientific and technical progress within our society from now on globalised. We will tackle successively: 1. The ambiguities and paradoxes related to the development of new technologies: in the field of bioethics: artificial reproduction, mammal cloning, genetically modified organisms. towards the ethics of new technologies: ethics of information and communication technologies and ethics of space policy; 2. Nature, foundation and characteristics of the ethical approach; the precaution principle must be completed with two other principles: the principle of experience and the principle of vigilance; 3. The modalities of a democratic management of the ethical approach: it is a matter of defining the role of the three main actors, i.e.: experts, politicians and citizens representing public opinion. It is necessary to promote the ethical approach within a democratic context, that is to ensure a dialogue between experts, policy decision-makers and public opinion on all of the applications of science and technology. It is from such a permanent and renewed dialogue that will emerge the image we give from ourselves in the present world.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Not only scientists, but also responsible citizens.

Scientific enquiry has provided important insights into the nature of health problems and inequalities in health, allowing us to see the pressing problems of individuals and their families from wider perspectives, including the social origins of health problems, the life histories of individuals and important relationships between population health and economic factors. However, science cannot be relied upon to solve these problems. In the last century, doctors advocated public health measures for the good of society that anticipated scientific explanations of how the measures would work. Similar advocacy is now needed to address problems of child poverty and social exclusion and their implications for society, the economy and public health in the next century.

Europe↗
PubMed1997

[Communication in environmental health protection and in environmental medicine counseling].

Practically all municipal health authorities, including the Bremen health authorities, now offer advice with regard to healthy environmental protection, i. e. environmental-medical consulting activities. The majority of the consultantcy services deal with individual inquiries made by citizens. This is supplemented by counselling and discussions with groups in various contexts. It is frequent for extremely difficult counselling contents, situations and deficits in the conducting of the discussions by the consultants who are specialised in natural science subjects to coincide. Within the framework of a further training course designed for these specific needs, the staff of the Bremen health authorities, with specialist instruction, were successful in acquitting skill in the communication of risks, which is a qualification that should become self-evident also in this sphere.

Communication↗
PubMed1994

Women's health: science and politics.

The scientific community, in particular the NIH, as well as the political communities of governments and advocates, have formidable goals to achieve in integrating women's health research firmly within the context of biomedical science, securing rights for women to be included in clinical studies and fostering the development and advancement of women in biomedical sciences. No one group or organization can accomplish such a task alone, nor should they. This effort requires the cooperation and collaboration of many individuals and organizations if we are to meet our ultimate goal--health for all our citizens.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗