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PubMed1997

Delivering health information services and technologies to urban community health centers: the Chicago AIDS Outreach Project.

Health professionals cannot address public health issues effectively unless they have immediate access to current biomedical information. This paper reports on one mode of access, the Chicago AIDS Outreach Project, which was supported by the National Library of Medicine through outreach awards in 1995 and 1996. The three-year project is an effort to link the programs and services of the University of Illinois at Chicago Library of the Health Sciences and the Midwest AIDS Training and Education Center with the clinic services of community-based organizations in Chicago. The project was designed to provide electronic access to AIDS-related information for AIDS patients, the affected community, and their care givers. The project also provided Internet access and training and continued access to library resources. The successful initiative suggests a working model for outreach to health professionals in an urban setting.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

The Chicago Five: a family group of integrative psychobiologists.

The "Chicago Five" was a group of integrative psychobiologists, including Frank A. Beach, Donald O. Hebb, David Krech, Norman R. F. Maier, and Theodore C. Schneirla, all of whom worked with Karl S. Lashley at the University of Chicago during 1929 -1935. Although they went on to careers in diverse fields of psychology, their approaches reflect a set of underlying themes that can be traced to their experiences in Chicago. Nine primary beliefs that, with occasional exceptions, underlie their work are delineated. The term family is proposed to refer to a group of psychologists who share a common professional development in one place within a limited time period and whose later work although it may be diverse, reflects commonalities that may be traced to that experience.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2006

The Word Accentuation Test - Chicago.

A reading test for Spanish speakers in the United States was developed called the Word Accentuation Test-Chicago. The construction and validation of this 40 item test was modeled after reading tests developed in Spain and Argentina, and is based on irregular accentuation of words. The Word Accentuation Test-Chicago was validated on 45 community participants using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III in Spanish. Better reading performance was associated with higher intelligence test performance, with an additional 5% of the variation in intelligence score accounted for by reading performance after controlling for age and education. These results indicate that the Word Accentuation Test-Chicago is a psychometrically sound measure of Spanish reading ability that is robustly related to general cognitive ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inpatient management of asthma in the Chicago suburbs: the Suburban Asthma Management Initiative (SAMI).

BACKGROUND: Assessment of inpatient asthma management has generally been limited to urban settings, including Chicago, which is known for its high asthma morbidity and mortality. Previously published data have been based on survey methodology. The Suburban Asthma Consortium (SAC) sought to obtain patient-based data unique to the Chicago suburbs to improve asthma care in those areas. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate current inpatient asthma management based on the 1997 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP). DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of all hospitalized patients 3-65 years bearing asthma-related ICD-9 codes for fiscal year 2002 in community, nonteaching hospitals in Chicago suburbs. RESULTS: Nine hundred two cases were submitted from seven hospitals. The majority ( > or = 75%) received inhaled bronchodilators, systemic steroids, oxygen and pulse oximetry. Antibiotic use (67%), chest radiography (85%), complete blood count (77%), and electrolytes (59%) appeared excessive in view of NAEPP recommendations. Peak flow monitoring (PFM) was recorded on admission in 45% of patients 5 years old and older; 52% had PFM during hospitalization. Thirty-eight percent of patients were taking ICS prior to admission; of those not on ICS, only 12% were newly diagnosed asthmatics. Overall, 51% of patients were discharged with ICS. Patients were more likely to receive ICS at discharge if they had required intensive care (ICU), had been on ICS prior to admission, were referred to an asthma specialist while hospitalized, or were insured. Patients with Medicare/Medicaid (MC/MA) had more repeat emergency visits and hospitalizations, longer lengths of stay, and received less ICS at discharge. Depending on the parameter, 41% or less patients received discharge planning education and were not more likely to have received education if in the ICU. Results ranged significantly between hospitals for most parameters (p < 0.05 or less). CONCLUSION: Study subjects received appropriate acute therapy and oxygen monitoring, but there was a divergence from NAEPP recommendations regarding PFM, ICS use, antibiotics, and laboratory evaluation. Patients receiving MC/MA experienced higher morbidity and received less ICS. Discharge asthma education was suboptimal for most hospitals. Most parameters demonstrated significantly wide practice variations between hospitals. Peak flow monitoring and patient education findings differed significantly from those in survey-conducted studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The Urban Health Program to encourage minority enrollment at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.

Since 1969, the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine has worked to recruit, admit, and graduate a more diverse population of physicians. The state of Illinois ranks third in the nation in the number of African American residents, and fifth in the number of Latinos, and these groups together account for approximately 60% of Chicago's population. To attract applicants from these groups, the medical school created the Medical Opportunities Program and its successor, the Urban Health Program, to maximize this pool of applicants. Outreach activities at undergraduate colleges, in association with premedical organizations, identify underrepresented-minority (URM) students who should receive support in their applications. The organizations assist in monitoring the applications of URM candidates. Also, the medical college created academic and social support programs for its URM students: a prematriculation program, small-group review sessions for every major course in the first two years of the curriculum, help for second-year students preparing for the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and fourth-year students preparing for Step 2, and support for organizations for minority students. Over its 30 years, the program has had a substantial impact on the number of URM students entering the medical college, other medical schools, and other health professions. Over these years, the proportion of URM students in the medical college's overall enrollment rose from 10% to 23%. Also, a higher proportion of the college's URM graduates than its non-URM graduates practice in the Chicago area.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed1989

The course and prognosis of different types of chronic airflow limitation in a general population sample from Arizona: comparison with the Chicago "COPD" series.

Recently reported data from a general population study in Tucson, Arizona have shown that subjects who have an "asthmatic bronchitic" type of chronic airways obstruction have a much more benign course than equally impaired subjects who have the typical smoking-induced, and presumably emphysematous, form of disease. These data are reviewed briefly. Findings in these subjects are then compared with those in "COPD" patients enrolled in an "emphysema clinic" in Chicago many years ago; patients with asthmatic features had been systematically excluded from the Chicago series. The rate of decline in FEV1 and mortality of Arizona subjects considered to have "typical COPD" were remarkably similar to those in the Chicago series after accounting for age and initial FEV1, but Arizona subjects with features suggesting "chronic asthmatic bronchitis" had a much more favorable prognosis than either of the "COPD" groups. These different forms of chronic airways obstruction should be distinguished in clinical or epidemiologic studies of airways obstructive disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Inherited heat-stable variant thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG-Chicago).

The five known types of inherited variant T4-binding globulin (TBG) have in common increased sensitivity to heat denaturation compared to the common type TBG (TBG-C). In the course of studies to screen for and characterize variant TBGs in population groups, we detected a unique TBG with marked resistance to heat denaturation. The propositus was a 22-year-old black man without personal or family history of thyroid disease. His native TBG (nTBG) in serum had a t1/2 of denaturation at 56 C of 90 min compared to a mean value of 6.8 +/- 1.1 (+/- SD) min for TBG-C. This variant TBG, termed TBG-Chicago, was also resistant to acid denaturation, but was indistinguishable from TBG-C in terms of immunoreactivity, microheterogeneity on isoelectric focusing, and affinity for T4. It had a single T4-binding site and a normal concentration in serum associated with iodothyronine levels within the normal range. The mode of inheritance of TBG-Chicago appears to be X-chromosome linked. The mother of the propositus was heterozygous; her serum contained approximately 40% TBG-Chicago and 60% of another variant TBG common in blacks, TBG-S. The father had TBG-C, a trait that was not transmitted to his son. The exact nature of this variant TBG is not known. It most likely represents a mutation in the polypeptide chain of the molecule with formation of stronger intramolecular bonds.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Hemoglobin North Chicago (beta 36 [C2] proline----serine): a new high affinity hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin North Chicago, beta 36 [C2] Pro----Ser is a new high oxygen affinity hemoglobin variant. It was discovered in a 52-year-old male with erythrocytosis since age 20 who had been treated with different regimens for polycythemia vera including several courses of 32P. The variant is electrophoretically silent with normal stability and increased oxygen affinity (P50 16.6 mm Hg at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4). Characterization of the structure of hemoglobin North Chicago involved the use of HPLC, secondary ion mass spectral analysis of the tryptic peptides and conventional fingerprinting. Hemoglobin North Chicago manifested bizarre hydrophobicity of its beta-chains, as demonstrated by reverse phase HPLC and Triton X-100 electrophoresis. This behavior is not expected from the substitution of proline to serine. Proline residue beta 36 [C2] is one of the invariant residues of the beta-chains of all known mammals and most vertebrates. This residue is involved in the alpha 1 beta 2 contacts of hemoglobin molecule and its substitution to serine is possibly associated with conformational changes and alteration of hemoglobin function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reducing diabetes health disparities through community-based participatory action research: the Chicago Southeast Diabetes Community Action Coalition.

To address disproportionately high rates of diabetes morbidity and mortality in some of Chicago's medically underserved minority neighborhoods, a group of community residents, medical and social service providers, and a local university founded the Chicago Southeast Diabetes Community Action Coalition, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention REACH 2010 Initiative. A community-based participatory action research model guided coalition activities from conceptualization through implementation. Capacity building activities included training on: diabetes, coalition building, research methods, and action planning. Other activities sought to increase coalition members' understanding of the social causes and potential solutions for health disparities related to diabetes. Trained coalition members conducted epidemiologic analyses, focus groups, a telephone survey, and a community inventory. All coalition members participated in decisions. The participatory process led to increased awareness of the complexities of diabetes in the community and to a state of readiness for social action. Data documented disparities in diabetes. The participatory action research approach (a) encouraged key stakeholders outside of the health care sector to participate (e.g., business sector, church groups); (b) permitted an examination of the sociopolitical context affecting the health of the community; (c) provided an opportunity to focus on preventing the onset of diabetes and its complications; (d) increased understanding of the importance of community research in catalyzing social action aimed at community and systems change and change among change agents.

Chicago↗
PubMed1978

Microsporum racemosum. Second clinical isolation from the United States and the Chicago area.

The second clinical isolant in the United States and the Chicago area of the dermatophyte Microsporum racemosum has been made. The circinate macropapular lesion was on the dorsum of the right hand. It was vesicular with an erythematous border, was pruritic and developed rapidly to 5 cm in diameter. Within 48 hrs of the institution of systemic griseofulvin therapy and topical Burow's solution (1:20) symptoms subsided. Both this patient and the one reported by Daum and McCloud (4) live on the mid-northwest side of Chicago. So far the fungus has not been isolated from soil in the area.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Characteristics and utilization patterns of needle-exchange attendees in Chicago: 1994-1998.

The objectives of this study were to describe characteristics and utilization patterns of participants attending a needle-exchange program (NEP) in Chicago, Illinois. Since 1994, demographics of NEP attendees and program utilization data were collected systematically at 22 sites operated by the Chicago Recovery Alliance (CRA). Descriptive statistics were used to assess time trends, site variations, and characteristics of attendees in day sites versus evening sites. A total of 11,855 injection drug users (IDUs) visited the NEP at least once from 1994 to 1998. Median age was 41 years, and 74% were male. Overall race distribution was African-American 50%, Caucasian 38%, Puerto Rican 10%, other 2%. Over time, there was a proportional decrease in African-American users (55.4% to 39.9%, P < .001), a significant increase in Puerto Rican users (1.4% to 14.1%, P < .001), and a stable proportion of Caucasian users (42%). Each year, 15-20% of all clients were first-time attenders. Overall, participants attending evening versus day sites were younger (median age 39 years vs. 42 years, P < .001) and more ethnically diverse. Over a 4-year period, this NEP reached a diverse population of IDUs and recruited a stable proportion of first-time users. Compared to daytime NEP venues, evening NEP sites attracted younger clients and those who were more diverse ethnically. To maximize coverage of sterile syringes, NEPs should strive for diversification in terms of hours of operation and location.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Disproportionate impact of diabetes in a Puerto Rican community of Chicago.

We assessed the impact of diabetes in a large Puerto Rican community of Chicago by measuring the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes and calculating the diabetes mortality rate. Data were analyzed from a comprehensive health survey conducted in randomly selected households in community areas. Questions on diagnosed diabetes and selected risk factors were asked. In addition, vital records data were analyzed in order to calculate the age-adjusted diabetes mortality rate. When possible, rates were compared to those found in other studies. The diabetes prevalence located in this community (20.8%: 95% CI = 10.1%-38.0%) is the highest ever reported for Puerto Ricans and one of the highest ever reported in the United States for a non-Native American population. For instance, it is twice the prevalence for Puerto Ricans in New York (11.3%) and Puerto Rico (9.3%-9.6%). Diagnosed diabetes was found to be significantly associated with obesity (p = 0.023). The prevalence was particularly high among older people, females, those born in the US, and those with a family history of diabetes. Notably, the diabetes mortality rate (67.6 per 100,000 population) was more than twice the rate for all of Chicago (31.2) and the US (25.4). Understanding why the diabetes prevalence and mortality rates for Puerto Ricans in this community are so much higher than those of other communities is imperative for primary and secondary prevention. Collaboration between researchers, service providers and community members can help address the issues of diabetes education, early screening and diagnosis, and effective treatment needed in this community.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A local community health survey: findings from a population-based survey of the largest Jewish community in Chicago.

Accurate estimates of health risk factors and outcomes are difficult to obtain for certain ethnic populations. The health of Jewish individuals is particularly hard to determine because of the small group size and because health data rarely include information on religious affiliation. Furthermore, local level health information (for any population subgroup) is limited. To assess health risk factors and outcomes, as well as issues related to access to care, within a Jewish community in Chicago, a group of community agencies and researchers initiated a unique, population-based health survey. Specifically, a three-stage sampling design was used to select a representative sample of 201 adults and 58 children in the most concentrated Jewish neighborhood in the city. Nearly 500 questions were asked, covering a wide variety of demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related topics. The findings revealed that these Jewish individuals were generally as healthy (or healthier) than the average residents of Chicago and the U.S.; however, many serious health concerns still existed. In particular, health problems such as obesity, depression, disability, and domestic violence were common and, in some cases, more prevalent than in the general population. This local level information provides the first accurate estimates of key health variables for the estimated 23,000 Jewish individuals living in this community. This type of data is essential because it enables the efforts and priorities of health and social service providers to be focused on the most pressing health problems. Moreover, this project provides an example for other population subgroups (based on residence, ethnicity, religious affiliation, country of origin, or other characteristics) who would benefit from local level health information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Spatial equity in facilities providing low- or no-fee screening mammography in Chicago neighborhoods.

Recent research suggests living in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with decreased likelihood of undergoing mammography and increased risk of late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Long distances and travel times to facilities offering low- or no-fee mammography may be important barriers to adherence to mammography screening recommendations for women living in economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods, in which African-Americans are disproportionately represented. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the spatial distribution of facilities providing low- or no-fee screening mammography in Chicago, Illinois, is equitable on the basis of neighborhood socioeconomic and racial characteristics. We found that distance and travel times via automobile and public transportation to facilities generally decrease as neighborhood poverty increases. However, we also found that the strength of the association between neighborhood poverty level and two of the spatial accessibility measures-distance and public transportation travel time-is less strong in African-American neighborhoods. Among neighborhoods with the greatest need for facilities (i.e., neighborhoods with the highest proportions of residents in poverty), African-American neighborhoods have longer travel distances and public transportation travel times than neighborhoods with proportionately fewer African-American residents. Thus, it appears that the spatial accessibility of low- and no-fee mammography services is inequitable in Chicago. In view of persistent social disparities in health such as breast cancer outcomes, these findings suggest it is important for researchers to examine the spatial distribution of health resources by both the socioeconomic and racial characteristics of urban neighborhoods.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of PCBs in Chicago.

Thirty seven air samples were collected in Chicago, IL from June to October 1995 and analyzed for gas and particle concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Lower molecular weight (MW) PCBs dominated the samples and on average 95% of the Sigma50PCB concentration (gas+particulate) was in the vapor phase. Sigma50PCB concentrations were classified based on prevailing winds (lake and land). The Sigma50PCB concentration varied between 0.42 and 5.21 ng/m3 (1.80+/-1.70 ng/m3) for lake and 0.53 and 8.31 ng/m3 (2.41+/-2.15 ng/m3) for land wind directions. Back trajectory analyses suggested that SW of Chicago can be an important local or regional source sector for PCBs. Partitioning between gas and particulate phases was modeled using the Junge-Pankow model. The measured particle phase concentrations for low MW PCBs were lower than those predicted by the model while the opposite was observed for high MW PCBs. Plots of gas/particle partition coefficient (log Kp) vs. subcooled liquid vapor pressure (log pL(0)) had reasonable correlations for individual samples but the slope varied among the samples. Samples that originated from over the lake had higher slopes than samples that originated from over the land.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1983

An epidemic of infection with Trichophyton tonsurans revealed in a 20-year survey of fungal infections in Chicago.

Trichophyton tonsurans has long been recognized as an important, but hitherto uncommon, cause of tinea capitis in the United States. Today it is known to be more common, but infection of the glabrous skin by this organism is still not well appreciated. In an epidemiologic study during the two decades from 1961 to 1980, 1,292 isolates of thirteen species of dermatophytes were obtained from patients at Cook County Hospital, Chicago. During the last 3 years of study, T. tonsurans accounted for 207 cases (96%) of tinea capitis and ninety-seven cases (75%) of tinea corporis. Ninety-five percent of cases of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans occurred in children (59% girls, 41% boys). By contrast, 62% of cases of tinea corporis caused by that organism occurred in adults. Substantially more women than men were affected in a ratio of nearly six to one. The majority of the women were between 15 and 29 years of age; about half of all had lesions on the arm. Over the past 20 years, T. tonsurans has emerged as a major cause of both tinea capitis and tinea corporis in Chicago. The disproportionate number of cases of tinea corporis in women of childbearing age may be due to their more frequent contact with infected children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Social capital and neighborhood mortality rates in Chicago.

Several empirical studies have suggested that neighborhood characteristics influence health, with most studies having focused on neighborhood deprivation or aspects of the physical environment, such as services and amenities. However, such physical characteristics are not the only features of neighborhoods that potentially affect health. Neighborhoods also matter because of the nature of their social organization. This study examined social capital as a potential neighborhood characteristic influencing health. Using a cross-sectional study design which linked counts of death for persons 45-64 years by race and sex to neighborhood indicators of social capital and poverty for 342 Chicago neighborhoods in the USA, we tested the ecological association between neighborhood-level social capital and mortality rates, taking advantage of the community survey data collected as part of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. We estimated a hierarchical generalized linear model to examine the association of race and sex specific mortality rates to social capital. Overall, neighborhood social capital-as measured by reciprocity, trust, and civic participation-was associated with lower neighborhood death rates, after adjustment for neighborhood material deprivation. Specifically, higher levels of neighborhood social capital were associated with lower neighborhood death rates for total mortality as well as death from heart disease and "other" causes for White men and women and, to a less consistent extent, for Blacks. However, there was no association between social capital and cancer mortality. Although, the findings from this study extend the state-level findings linking social capital to health to the level of neighborhoods, much work remains to be carried out before social capital can be widely applied to improve population health, including establishing standards of measurement, and exploring the potential "downsides" of social capital.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2003

The Chicago School of Hand Surgery.

The Chicago School of Hand Surgery played a pivotal role in the genesis of the specialty of hand surgery in the United States and abroad. Drs. Alan Kanavel, Sumner Koch, Michael Mason, and Harvey Allen were among the first "modern" surgeons to carefully and systematically assess the care and treatment of hand injuries and hand pathology. This article highlights the lives and contributions of the founders of the Chicago School of Hand Surgery.

Chicago↗