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PubMed1996

Cigarette smoking and perceptions about smoking and health in Chad.

Cigarette consumption has increased dramatically in recent decades in Africa, and a steep rise in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality is expected to follow. This paper presents findings from a study of men's smoking habits and perceptions about smoking and health conducted in an urban centre in southern Chad. Over 24% of men aged 15 and above smoke, and the prevalence of smoking among 25 to 44 year olds exceeds 40%. Members of the study sample began smoking at a mean age of 22, and over 78% smoke unfiltered cigarettes. Unemployed men have higher rates of smoking (50%) than men in other occupational categories, though we found no association between smoking status and level of education. Most smokers (52.4%) smoke fewer than five cigarettes daily; recent migration to an urban area is associated with heavier smoking. Though there are some misconceptions about the effects of tobacco, the vast majority of smokers (97.6%) and non-smokers (94.8%) know that cigarettes are damaging to health. Nearly 90% of smokers are trying to quit or intend to quit in the near future. The study highlights the addictive nature of tobacco and the need to focus on smoking prevention, particularly among young men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[Evaluation of the nutritional status of children less than 5 years of age in Moundou, Chad: correlations with morbidity and hospital mortality].

The purpose of this study carried out in the pediatric ward of the regional hospital in Moundou, Chad, between June 1992 and May 1993 was to assess the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in children under 5 years of age and its relationship with various diseases and in-hospital mortality. A total of 1050 children ranging in age from 1 to 59 months were hospitalized in the ward during the study period and included in the study. Nutritional status was assessed using weight-for-height (W/H) and height-for-age (H/A) charts. Diarrhea, dehydratation, malaria, anemia, acute respiratory infection, and meningitis accounted for 85.5% of the underlying diseases and for 76% of deaths. At entry into study the prevalence of malnutrition was 63.1% (W/H < -2 Z-score) including 37% with severe malnutrition (W/H < -3 Z-score) and 16.1% with stunted growth (H/A < -2 Z-score). Malnutrition was more prevalent in children under than over 2 years of age (80% vs. 42.7% respectively). The same trend was observed with regard to severe malnutrition. The prevalence of malnutrition was highest in children with acute respiratory infections or diarrhea (61.3% and 89.8% respectively). Mortality was significantly higher in severely malnourished children and malnourished children with respiratory infection especially at ages under 1 year. Death was attributed to malnutrition in 30% of cases. Better low cost nutritional care is currently feasible. The most cost efficient methods of fighting against this problem are prevention and education especially concerning breast feeding.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1997

[A survey on vaccine efficacy in the city of Bongor (Chad) and its operational consequences for the vaccination program].

A measles epidemic occurred in the city of Bongor, Chad, from 22 September 1993 to 26 June 1994. A total of 792 patients were hospitalized, with a case fatality rate of 5.2%. After the epidemic, the district management team evaluated the expanded programme on immunization (EPI). Through a cluster survey the attack rate was estimated to be 29.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 20.4-37.8%) for the age group 12-59 months (n = 206). For this same age group, the measles immunization coverage was estimated to be 44.2% (95% CI = 34.6-53.8%) and the vaccine efficacy 9.5% (95% CI = 0-41.5%). Several flaws in the logistic handling of the vaccines and especially in the cold chain were identified. These results indicated a serious management problem in the EPI, which the district team then immediately started to rectify. The method used to estimate the immunization coverage and efficacy in the study is rapid and low cost. Also, it is feasible at the district level and permits identification of management problems in the EPI.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

[Network for epidemiologic surveillance of animal diseases in Chad].

An epidemiosurveillance network for diseases of animals was introduced in Chad to ensure early reporting to animal husbandry organisations should the incidence of an existing disease increase, or should an exotic disease reappear. The network also serves for the collection of information on the principal diseases of livestock. A list of eight priority diseases was drawn up with specific surveillance objectives for each disease. Information (from surveys and sampling) from all new outbreaks of the diseases under surveillance is gathered by participants in the field (officials in public service and private veterinarians) and sent to the diagnostic laboratory, which examines the findings before disseminating them to the field. The first year of operation in the field has made it possible to evaluate the feasibility of the method and to collect fundamental epidemiological information on the diseases under surveillance. The advantage of the network is the provision of a means of communication between the field and the laboratory. The network enables collection of information in a standard form, the training of field agents and the organisation of the structure of the laboratory. Persistent problems are the motivation of some participants in the field and difficulties in communication which have to be overcome in order to obtain reliable data rapidly.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed1979

A community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors: a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the CHAD program in Jerusalem.

A community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors, the CHAD program, was instituted in a family practice in western Jerusalem in 1971. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated by comparing the findings of community surveys conducted in 1970 and 1975 and by comparing the changes with those observed in an adjacent control neighborhood. This paper reports the findings among men aged 35 years and above. In the community exposed to the program there was a decrease in mean systolic and disatolic pressures, in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and in the prevalence of cigarette smoking. The changes in blood pressures and smoking habits were significantly greater than those observed in the control population. In the control population (only) there was a small increase in mean body weight and a decrease in reported physical activity. The findings suggest that it is possible for a program that operates and through primary health care to have an appreciable influence upon cardiovascular risk factors in the community.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The earliest modern mongoose (Carnivora, Herpestidae) from Africa (late Miocene of Chad).

We report on the earliest modern mongooses of Africa, from the late Miocene (ca. 7 Ma) of the hominid locality TM 266, Toros-Menalla, Chad. The material is based on fragmentary dentitions of three individuals. The main diagnostic feature of the Chadian species is the great development of the shear in the carnassials, which distinguishes the Chadian specimens from all extant herpestids except Herpestes and Galerella. In comparison with most extinct and extant Herpestes, the species from Toros-Menalla differs by a markedly smaller size and, depending on the species, relatively more elongated carnassials, more transversely elongated M1 and more reduced p4. On the basis of a great morphological similarity and the absence of significant differences, we assign our material to Galerella sanguinea; the Chadian finding therefore represents the earliest appearance of an extant species of Herpestidae. This record ties the first appearance of the genus to a minimum age of ca. 7 Ma, which is consistent with the estimated divergence date of 11.4 Ma known from the literature for the species of Galerella.

Africa↗

PubMed1999

Biogeochemical cycle of silica in an apolyhaline interdunal holocene lake (Chad, N'Guigmi region, niger)

During the Holocene, the apolyhaline conditions in interdunal ephemeral lakes in the Lake Chad region led to various diagenetic processes, which resulted in: (a) clay authigenesis, (b) organic matter lithification (plants and cyanobacterial mats), (c) precipitation of sodium silicate (magadiite, kenyaite, zeolite), and (d) chert neoformation. Each step in this diagenetic process involves silica, which can be highly mobile under such conditions. Therefore, the paleoenvironmental variations can be investigated using the Si cycle.http://link.springer. de/link/service/journals/00114/bibs/9086010/90860475.htm</HEA

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

Ten-year evaluation of hypertension, overweight, cholesterol, and smoking control: the CHAD program in Jerusalem. Community Syndrome of Hypertension, Atherosclerosis and Diabetes.

Control of hypertension, overweight, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking is a major objective of the CHAD program, a multifactorial cardiovascular risk factor program built into a family practice, which has operated in a neighborhood of western Jerusalem since 1971. By 1975-1976, there was a significantly larger decrease in risk factors in this population than in a neighboring population receiving ordinary medical care. Follow-up based on clinical records of a cohort of 441 people exposed to the program until 1981 revealed that the mean blood pressures decreased and the prevalence of hypertension continued to decrease between 1976 and 1981, from 12.5 to 9.1%. Prevalence of cigarette smoking among people ages 30 years or more also decreased in this period, mainly due to a decrease in heavy smoking, at a time when national surveys provided no evidence of a smoking decrease in this age group. Effects on overweight and cholesterol were not demonstrated during this period. This 10-year evaluation demonstrates the effects of intervention by primary care practitioners in the framework of a community-oriented program.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Isotope evidence of palaeorecharge and palaeoclimate in the deep confined aquifers of the Chad Basin, NE Nigeria.

Groundwaters from the Quaternary and Continental Terminal Formations in the Nigeria sector of the Chad Sedimentary Basin (CSB) together with rain and surface waters have been chemically and isotopically analyzed in order to investigate sources and ages of waters, possible modern renewal and mixing of the deep groundwaters, and to infer palaeoclimate incidences. Most of the waters are slightly to moderately mineralized and are of Na-HCO(3) type induced mainly by Na-feldspar weathering and ion exchange reactions. The wide range of the delta(18)O and delta(2)H values and (3)H contents in the upper aquifer indicate replenishment with modern meteoric water. However, the deep system (middle and lower aquifers) with a narrow range of depleted stable isotope values and low (14)C activities indicates that these waters have a palaeometeoric origin. The period of infiltration was within the humid and cooler period (35 to 40 ka BP) prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. In addition, the isotope compositions of the deep system show no mixing with modern waters. These results are in agreement with other palaeorecord studies in the Sahel zone during this period.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolic and morphological changes of the heart in Chinese hamsters (CHAD strain) with spontaneous long-term diabetes.

We studied the effect of spontaneous long-term (9-10 months) diabetes on the heart of Chinese hamsters (CHAD strain) to elucidate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and cardiomyopathy. The diabetic hamsters, aged approximately 11 months, showed body weight loss, hyperglycemia (mean fasting plasma glucose 402 mg/dl), hypoinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and ketonemia. The diabetic hamsters showed reduced activities of cytoplasmic glycolytic key enzymes; hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase, increases in cardiac glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate contents and a 40% decrease in cardiac ATP content, indicating decreased energy production. An accumulation of myocardial triglyceride and cholesterol was found in the diabetic hamsters. In addition, the cardiac norepinephrine content was increased in the diabetic hamsters, suggesting the presence of autonomic nervous disorder. Increased heart weight and thickening of the septum and both ventricular walls were found in the diabetic hamsters. Light-microscopic analysis revealed that 42.9% of the diabetic hamsters had myocardial degeneration without any vascular lesion of extramural large and intramural small vessels, whereas the non-diabetic controls had no myocardial or vascular lesions. These data suggest that the diabetic Chinese hamsters had cardiomyopathy, which is possibly caused by extravascular factors such as metabolic or autonomic nervous disorder although conclusive evidence is lacking.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Health care services for nomadic people. Lessons learned from research and implementation activities in Chad].

To overcome barriers of access to health care of nomadic people and to alleviate inequities in health, a transdisciplinary team has initiated research and intervention activities among three nomadic groups of Chad: Foulbé, Arabes and Gouranes. A regular and consistent communication among all actors involved (nomadic groups, researchers, planners and administrators of health and veterinary services, etc.) through repetitive meetings and workshops showed to be a crucial element for success. Differences between ethnic nomadic groups made it necessary to develop specific communication strategies adapted to each group. As to interventions to improve the vaccination coverage, mixed teams combining health and veterinary specialists were able to vaccinate an important number of children and women and showed to have a high potential in terms of organisational and logistic feasibility, acceptability as well as good cost-effectiveness. With regard to improving access to health care, Information--Education and Communication approaches adapted to the intervention context and linked to the provision of essential services and generic drugs showed to be crucial.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a community program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors: the CHAD program in Jerusalem.

A community-focused program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors, the CHAD program, was instituted in a family practice in western Jerusalem in 1971. Its effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the changes detected by surveys conducted in 1970 and 1975 with those observed in an adjacent control neighborhood. Hypertension decreased in prevalence by 33%, hypercholesterolemia by 31%, cigarette smoking by 23% (among men), and overweight by 13%. Allowing for the reductions observed in the control population, the net percent reductions in prevalence were 20% for hypertension, 15% for hypercholesterolemia, 11% for cigarette smoking (men) and 13% for overweight. The net reductions in hypertension, smoking and overweight were statistically significant. The net reductions in mean systolic and diastolic pressures and weight were also significant. The results suggest that intervention centered in primary health care can have an appreciable effect on cardiovascular risk factors in the population.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The CHAD program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors in a Jerusalem community: a 24-year retrospect.

The CHAD program, a community health program for the control of cardiovascular risk factors, was planned in 1969 as an experiment in community-oriented primary care (COPC) with the aim of assessing feasibility and effectiveness. The program was instituted in a family practice in Jerusalem in 1970, and has provided a working demonstration of the integration of community health care with the care of individuals and families. Effectiveness was evaluated by comparing changes in risk factor status with those in a comparison population. The program was most effective with respect to the control of hypertension and cigarette smoking. The changes were larger and earlier than those in the comparison population. Positive changes were also observed in the comparison population, which was served by a primary care clinic that also undertook measures for the control of cardiovascular risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1988