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PubMed1990

Effects of growth and speed on hindlimb joint angular displacement patterns in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Hip, knee, and ankle joint displacement patterns are compared across both age and speed for five immature vervet monkeys sampled approximately every 6 months over a 3 year period. The analysis indicated that, as a group, the animals displayed no consistent changes in joint patterns as they grew. However, individual animals showed consistent patterns. There were also no consistent effects of size across animals at the walk-gallop transition. This is contrary to McMahon's prediction (J. Appl. Physiol. 39:619-627, 1975) based upon his elastic-similarity model of animal scaling. With increasing speed, when symmetrical gaits were used, all of the animals tended to show a decrease in the relative positions of the hip, knee, and ankle maximum values. Furthermore, across the walk-gallop transition, the animals tended to show a decrease in the range of ankle and knee movements.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Segmental variations in the elastic fiber content of the lateral costotransverse ligaments in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus aethiops).

The segmental and zonal variations in the quantitative relationships between elastic and collagen fibers within the lateral costotransverse ligaments have been investigated in the vervet monkey. The lateral costotransverse ligaments of the caudal segments have a largely elastic structure in contrast to those of the cranial segments, which are characteristically collagenous. In the transitional zone extending from the 4th through to the 6th costotransverse joints, the lateral costotransverse ligaments show a zonal differentiation into a superficial collagenous portion and a deep elastic portion. It is noted that the craniocaudal structural differentiation in the lateral costotransverse ligaments corresponds with similar changes in the vertebral ligaments in that the ligamenta flava gradually extend into the interspinous spaces from the 1st thoracic vertebra (T1) so that at T5 the ligaments occupy 50% of the interspinous space and at T7 the elastic fibers almost completely replace the interspinous ligament. Functionally, however, the regional differences in the elastic fiber content of the lateral costotransverse ligament may have no collateral relationship with the morphology of the ligamenta flava, but are conditioned by movements of the ribs. Whereas movements of the upper six joints are limited by virtue of the configuration of their articular surfaces, which are reciprocally curved, on the 7th to 10th joints the articular facets are almost flat and, therefore, allow considerable movements between the ribs and the corresponding transverse processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing nerve fibres in the penile cavernous tissue of green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The cavernous body of green monkeys contains many unmyelinated and few myelinated axons. The unmyelinated axons form terminals in the adventitia of the arteries, between trabecular muscle cells, in the interstitium, and close to endothelium cells of the sinuses. All terminals displayed predominantly" small clear vesicles" and very few "large granular vesicles"; "small granular vesicles" were not seen. However, in rabbit penises, terminals with many large granular vesicles are prominent. Immunohistochemistry (PAP technique) showed a dense network of VIP- and NPY-reactive fibres around the arteries and around trabecular muscles. The density of nerve fibres was particularly high around the subendothelial cushions of the helicine arteries. Double staining for NPY and VIP revealed that both peptides were colocalized. Immunocytochemistry (preembedding PAP technique) showed VIP- and NPY-reactivity in terminals with small clear vesicles; the reaction product was bound to the cytoplasmic face of different membrane types. Although the intracellular localization of the reaction product is probably due to artefactual displacement during preparation, the uniformity of the terminals questions the view that large and small granular vesicles in all species characterize peptidergic and noradrenergic terminals, respectively. The essential findings can be summarized as (1) a high degree of uniformity of nerve terminals, (2) colocalization of VIP and NPY, (3) heavy innervation of the subendothelial cushions of the helicine arteries, and (4) possible innervation of endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Immunological and molecular comparison of simian cytomegaloviruses isolated from African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata).

Simian cytomegaloviruses (CMV) isolated from African green monkeys and Japanese macaques were compared serologically and genetically. Twenty-three out of 31 sera from Japanese, Taiwan and rhesus macaques were positive for neutralizing antibodies to simian CMVs isolated from both African green monkeys and a Japanese macaque. The neutralizing antibody titers of those sera were slightly higher to the isolates of African green monkeys origin than to that of Japanese macaque origin. Studies with antisera prepared in guinea pigs revealed a partial antigenic cross-reaction between Japanese macaque CMV (JaM-CMV) and African green monkey CMV (AGM-CMV): the antiserum to JaM-CMV neutralized both homologous JaM-CMV and heterologous AGM-CMV, but the antisera to AGM-CMV neutralized only homologous AGM-CMV. DNAs of both AGM-CMV and JaM-CMV were compared by restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis. The individual simian CMV isolates showed unique restriction patterns when cleaved with EcoRI, BamHI, or HindIII. In addition, DNA of JaM-CMV was distinguishable from that of AGM-CMV when cleaved with EcoRI or BamHI.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Characterization of a foamy virus isolated from Cercopithecus aethiops lymphoblastoid cells.

A virus derived from cells of a lymphoblastoid line originating from the lymph node of a healthy African green monkey was characterized as a typical member of the foamy virus subgroup of retroviridae by its morphological, physicochemical, biological and biochemical properties (reverse transcriptase activity). Besides the usual host range of foamy viruses, the isolated strain revealed a remarkable T-lymphotropism, distinguishing it from the prototypes of foamy viruses previously isolated from African green monkeys. Two foamy virus infections are demonstrated in human contacts of the African green monkey colony, with the animal harbouring the isolate.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) whole blood serotonin level is determined by platelet uptake sites.

Whole blood serotonin levels in adult male vervet monkeys living in social groups are sensitive to the animals' social environment. The mechanisms that translate different behavioral and environmental cues into altered whole blood serotonin levels are unknown. In this study, we have measured platelet number, size, serotonin content, and serotonin uptake, as well as the serum concentrations of tryptophan, Mg+2 and Ca+2. Results showed that whole blood serotonin levels, platelet serotonin content, and the serotonin uptake parameter Vmax were stable within animals on repeated sampling. The whole blood serotonin level was highly positively associated with platelet serotonin content, and the platelet serotonin content was highly positively associated with Vmax. These findings suggested that whole blood serotonin levels were a function of the number of platelet uptake sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Lipids, lipoproteins, and endocrine profiles during pregnancy in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

In an attempt to establish relationships between the endocrine and lipid metabolism during pregnancy, the changes in total plasma cholesterol (TPC) and lipoprotein cholesterol that occur during pregnancy in the African green monkey were investigated longitudinally in ten females in relation to the changes in progesterone, estradiol, and fasting insulin concentrations. Respective means for TPC, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plus very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were 343 +/- 35, 108 +/- 9, and 235 +/- 36 mg/dL prior to the estimated date of conception in ten females fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. The concentration of these lipids fell to 225 +/- 31, 54 +/- 4, and 168 +/- 29 mg/dL for TPC (P less than 0.001), HDL cholesterol (P less than 0.001), and LDL + VLDL cholesterol (P less than 0.001), respectively, by midpregnancy (84 days). Progesterone concentrations increased during the first 60 days of pregnancy and were negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol concentrations (r = -0.57, P less than 0.02). After reaching their highest mean value, progesterone concentrations then plateaued at lower concentrations until parturition. The decrease in progesterone concentrations was associated with an initial rise in estradiol concentrations, which reached their highest concentrations in late pregnancy and were inversely correlated with HDL-cholesterol concentrations (r = -.32, P less than 0.01). Although glucose concentrations remained steady during gestation, insulin concentrations were elevated compared to postpartum concentrations (P less than 0.05) suggesting that insulin resistance occurred during the pregnancy in this nonhuman primate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A comparative study of basal metabolism and thermoregulation in a folivorous (Colobus guereza) and an omnivorous (Cercopithecus mitis) primate species.

1. Abdominal temperatures (Tab) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured in two males each of colobus and Sykes monkeys. 2. Tab in both species had the same range (36 38.5 C), but there were marked differences in the daily rhythms. 3. Low ambient temperatures (Ta) had little effect on Tab; at Ta = 33.5 35.5 C. however, Tab rose quickly to above 40 C. 4. The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) extended from about 5 to 28 C in both species. 5. In the colobus monkeys the basal metabolic rate (BMR) was considerably lower than in the Sykes monkeys: 85% vs 113% of the value predicted from body mass.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Infanticide and social organization in the redtail monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) in the Kibale Forest, Uganda.

The redtail monkeys of the Kibale Forest, W. Uganda, live in social groups of about 35 members with only one adult male. In one of the study groups the harem male was replaced by a new male from outside the group. This male-replacement was followed by the new male killing and eating two newborn infants in the group. Infants and young juveniles older than one month were not attacked. Following the infanticide the new male copulated with several adult females in the group. 8 months after this male joined the group, 5 other adult and subadult males associated with it. This multimale influx was accompanied by frequent and intense aggression among the males. Comparisons are made with the studies of langurs in India and Ceylon and it is suggested that infanticide following male-replacement in the harem affords reproductive advantages to the new male.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Spectral and orientation specificity of single cells in foveal striate cortex of the vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops.

1. The spectral sensitivity, orientation specificity and inhibitory surround of seventy-three cells were studied in the vervet monkey. The eye was in the dark or illuminated with steady white or spectral light. The cells were in the striate cortex corresponding to the foveal representation. Nearly all the cells gave on- or on/off-responses.2. More than a third of the cells (41%) responded over a narrow spectral band, in the blue, green, yellow or red section. Three quarters of them were orientation specific with flanking inhibitory surround and half of these were of the ;stopped-end' variety as well. The effect of the wave-length of the background indicated that only a half were activated by such excitatory-inhibitory colour pairs as have been described in the geniculate nucleus.3. A third of the cells (36%) responded to most colours but with the greatest response to green, yellow or red. Less than half were orientation specific. Unlike the narrowband cells, the response decreased with the intensity of the light. Two thirds were activated by the excitatory-inhibitory colour pairs that have been described in the geniculate nucleus.4. In both groups of cells the wave-length of the spectral peak could be different when the stimuli were weak compared with when they were strong.5. One quarter of the cells (23%) gave on/off-responses to all spectral flashes; half were not orientation specific. The difference in orientation specificity between narrow- and broadband cells is significant (P < 0.01).

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1986

Temporal integration in two species of Old World monkeys: blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) and grey-cheeked mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena).

Changes in auditory sensitivity as a function of signal duration were studied in two species of Old World monkeys. Testing was conducted under free-field conditions with pure tones 250, 800, 1600, and 4000 Hz in frequency. Test stimuli ranged in duration from 35-2000 ms. The results showed that the temporal integration functions for the blue monkeys were similar to those reported for rhesus monkeys [T. D. Clack, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 1140-1146 (1966)], but differed significantly from those for mangabey monkeys and human subjects tested in the same apparatus, by the same procedure. Integration functions for humans and mangabeys did not differ. It was concluded that some taxonomic groups of primates exhibit temporal integration times that are much longer than those characteristic of humans, while others do not, and that interspecific differences in temporal integration are not readily related to species differences in their vocal repertoires.

Adult↗