[The labor market and migratory flows of the population of Spain in 1887. A method for analysis using censuses].
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Demography↗
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Results for “Census Methods”
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Improved national growth rate method: a comment.
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Asia↗
Use of Bernoulli census and log-linear methods for estimating the prevalence of spina bifida in livebirths and the completeness of vital record reports in New York State.
Data from birth certificates (BC), death certificates (DC) and medical rehabilitation files (MR) were analyzed to estimate the livebirth prevalence of spina bifida in upstate New York in 1969-1974 and the completeness of the data sources. Birth certificates listed about 68% of cases, death certificates about 27% and medical rehabilitation files about 25%. The three sources together, it is estimated, included only about 80% of cases in the population. For each source, comparisons of estimates of completeness derived using each of the other two as reference sources were found to be useful for evaluating the likelihood of source dependence. The estimated livebirth prevalence rate, adjusting for incomplete reporting and the observed negative dependence of MR and DC sources, was 0.85 per 1000 livebirths by both Bernoulli census and log-linear methods. Taking into account in addition evidence for a BC-DC positive dependence, the resulting prevalence rate estimates were slightly higher, 0.88 per 1000 by log-linear methods and 0.90 per 1000 by the Bernoulli census approach. In view of the likely BC-DC positive dependence, it is suggested that Bernoulli census estimates derived using only these two sources without some ancillary third data source are likely to be biased to a false low figure. Nevertheless, estimates from BC and DC alone may still be useful in establishing that the prevalence rate is above some minimum figure, for example a "breakeven" prevalence rate, in cost-benefit analyses of a possible prevention program.
Birth Certificates↗
Which countries will follow the Scandinavian lead in taking a register-based census of population?
"During the past twenty years Scandinavian countries have made changes in the methods of taking population and housing censuses that are more fundamental than any seen since modern census methods were first introduced two hundred years ago. These countries extract their census data in part or in whole from administrative registers. If other countries in Western Europe were to adopt this approach, most of them would have to make major improvements to their administrative records. But the primary reasons for making such improvements are concerned with administration and policy rather than statistics, namely, the need to secure a more effective and fairer system of public administration and to enable governments to exercise a wider range of policy options."
Censuses↗
Empirical Bayes estimation of undercount in the decennial census.
Empirical Bayes methods are used to estimate the extent of the undercount at the local level in the 1980 U.S. census. "Grouping of like subareas from areas such as states, counties, and so on into strata is a useful way of reducing the variance of undercount estimators. By modeling the subareas within a stratum to have a common mean and variances inversely proportional to their census counts, and by taking into account sampling of the areas (e.g., by dual-system estimation), empirical Bayes estimators that compromise between the (weighted) stratum average and the sample value can be constructed. The amount of compromise is shown to depend on the relative importance of stratum variance to sampling variance. These estimators are evaluated at the state level (51 states, including Washington, D.C.) and stratified on race/ethnicity (3 strata) using data from the 1980 postenumeration survey (PEP 3-8, for the noninstitutional population)."
Americas↗
[Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in the Basque Country [Spain]].
OBJECTIVES: To describe socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in the Basque Country, using mortality and socioeconomic data by census sections. METHODS: Mortality and population data were obtained from the Basque Institute of Statistics. Socioeconomic characteristics of the census sections were assigned to each death and a deprivation index combining information from four socioeconomic indicators was computed. Age-adjusted mortality rates by sex, age group (0-64 > or = 65) and cause of death were calculated for each quintile of the deprivation index. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate age-adjusted rate ratios and excess mortality attributable to inequalities. RESULTS: Mortality showed a gradient according to the deprivation index in men and women. Mortality was greater in the most deprived sections. Mortality inequalities were observed in men younger than 65 years. A total of 9.3% of deaths in men and 4.9% of those in women were attributable to socioeconomic inequalities. The relative importance of the cause of death differed according to the inequality measure used. Lifestyle-related causes of death were notable. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the potential utility of census section socioeconomic indicators both to describe socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and to identify priorities for interventions.
Adolescent↗
A census-based design for the recruitment of a community sample of older adults: efficacy and costs.
PURPOSE: This is a report of the scientific and cost implications of a census-based design to identify residents aged 55 and over for a community study of the effects of aging on physical function. METHODS: A census of residents in a study community was conducted by the use of a mailed questionnaire. For households that did not complete and return the mailed census questionnaire, contact was attempted first by telephone and then by home visit. A comparison was made of the unit costs and characteristics of subjects identified by the different methods. RESULTS: A total of 3509 age-eligible subjects were identified (78.3% by mailer, 19.5% by telephone, and 2.0% by home visit). Costs per enrolled age-eligible subject were lower for mailing and telephone ($7.76 and $4.72 respectively) than for home visit ($36.25). Subjects identified by home visit were significantly younger than subjects identified either by mail or telephone. After adjustment for age, subjects identified by telephone had less education and income and poorer health and functional status than subjects identified by mail. With the exception of age, there were no significant differences between subjects identified by mailer and home visit. CONCLUSIONS: A mailed questionnaire with telephone recontact is a practical strategy for community-based recruitment. Recontact of subjects by telephone can be expected to identify subjects who are not well-represented in a sample based only on a mailer. In contrast, the home visit is expensive and identifies subjects who do not differ meaningfully from those identified by mailer.
Aged↗
[Concerning the use by Statistics Canada of the own-children method to measure current fertility].
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Americas↗
Case mix in the "downsizing" state hospital.
OBJECTIVE: The study examined whether local variations in levels of community-based services affect the case mix of state hospitals undergoing census reduction. METHODS: Trends in case mix over a 14-year period were analyzed at two Massachusetts state hospitals, one of which underwent more rapid census reduction due to expanded community resources in the catchment area it served. Data on patients' hospital use and on sociodemographic and diagnostic characteristics obtained from 1977, 1986, and 1991 assessments of the hospitals' populations were compared. These time points represented the beginning, midpoint, and end of the census reduction period. Data from 1991 on patients' behavioral and functional status were also examined. RESULTS: Parallel trends on many dimensions were evident at the two hospitals as their censuses fell. By 1986 the hospital operating in the area with greater community services had fewer elderly and long-stay patients but a higher number of admissions per patient. In 1991 this hospital's population also had more patients with high-risk violent behaviors and lower levels of functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Although alternative treatment settings allow diversion of many types of patients from state hospitals, expanded community-based services and alternative inpatient beds have not diverted some patient subgroups, including recidivists and patients with behaviors that present risks in other settings. Plans for meeting the clinical needs and behavioral challenges posed by such patients must be part of any further deinstitutionalization or privatization efforts.
Adolescent↗
The ageing of the population: implications for multidisciplinary care in hospital.
BACKGROUND: Comprehensive geriatric assessment and multidisciplinary intervention are of proven benefit in the care of older people. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients' multidisciplinary needs in hospital can be met by current service provision. DESIGN: A comprehensive census assessing the multidisciplinary needs of an entire inpatient population compared to available multidisciplinary therapy time. SETTING: A large teaching hospital Trust, comprising six hospital sites. METHODS: On census day, the age, Barthel Index score and multidisciplinary needs of all adult inpatients were documented. Each therapist completed a questionnaire regarding their direct patient contact time on census day. RESULTS: 889 of 1,324 eligible patients (69%) had multidisciplinary needs on census day. These patients were scattered throughout all 46 acute wards, 14 rehabilitation and 4 continuing care settings. Mean age was 65.3 years in acute wards, 73.5 in rehabilitation wards and 80.8 in continuing care. Age correlated inversely with Barthel Index score (r -0.255, P <0.01). The percentage of patients with multidisciplinary need increased with increasing age. The calculated number of minutes of therapy time per day available to each patient varied between therapies and across sites. Mean physiotherapy time available per patient needing physiotherapy on census day ranged from 17 minutes 41 seconds in acute wards to 26 minutes 24 seconds in rehabilitation wards. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of inpatients, particularly older patients, across all care settings have multidisciplinary needs. This needs to be expressly considered in the planning of future health services if multidisciplinary needs of older people in hospital are to be met.
Aged↗
Semi-automated method of quantifying vasculature of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary carcinomas using immunohistochemical detection.
Studies of the vascularization of autochthonous rodent mammary tumors are limited in number, and the majority have used Factor VIII staining for blood vessel detection. Moreover, little effort has been directed at measuring the vascularization of tissue immediately adjacent to a tumor despite its central importance in the process of angiogenesis. Thirty-six chemically-induced mammary carcinomas and tissue immediately adjacent to these carcinomas were used to develop a census counting method for quantitative assessment of intra- and extra-tumor vascularization. Blood vessels were identified using antiserum directed against either CD31 or Factor VIII. Techniques used to create digitized images of all tumors and the semi-automated methods for circumscribing the extra-tumoral region are described. For Factor VIII, CD31 allowed greater discrimination of blood vessels with areas <25 microm(2) and demonstrated crisp staining of blood vessels, with minimal background and excellent preservation of tissue architecture. Census counting data support the use of CD31 for quantifying both intra- and extra-tumoral vascularization. This method provides a basis for standardizing the approach to evaluation of experimentally induced premalignant and malignant mammary lesions in rodent model systems used to investigate potential anti-angiogenic cancer preventive agents.
Animals↗
The value of capture-recapture methods even for apparent exhaustive surveys. The need for adjustment for source of ascertainment intersection in attempted complete prevalence studies.
Almost all reported prevalence studies of which we are aware make exhaustive attempts to find diagnosed individuals and report all affected individuals, but make no attempt to estimate or adjust for missing cases. Yet very simple methods introduced in the planning stage of a prevalence study may enable investigators, or at least those subsequently reading their reports, to derive such adjusted estimates. If investigators keep track of the nature of the ascertainment of cases by source and collect and report data that allow calculation of the number of cases by source intersection, then they, or at least others, may derive estimates of missing cases and of the total population affected, by using readily available analogues of capture-recapture methods developed for wildlife populations censuses. Unfortunately, such methods are often inappropriately disparaged or ignored by epidemiologists. The derived estimates are sensitive to assumptions about dependence or independence ("interaction") of various sources, assumptions that sometimes are unprovable, and these estimates have some uncertainty because of statistical fluctuation. Moreover, most investigators who attempt exhaustive prevalence studies apparently believe that they have ascertained all cases and that there is no need to attempt to adjust for, let alone provide data pertinent to, the number of missing cases or to use a statistical method that will at best imply a certain imprecision to their result. Yet a survey that reports prevalence data without adjustment for, or data on, source intersection in essence makes an estimate of missing cases--zero--while providing no quantitative grounds for that claim. The results of all such surveys should be regarded with skepticism because, at best (if the case reports are accurate), they provide only a lower boundary of prevalence. We illustrate the grounds for these views by analyzing data from an apparently exhaustive prevalence study that used at least 14 distinct sources for ascertainment, including advertising, to find cases. Available limited data on source intersection provided in the report enable the plausible inference that the study missed about 25-40% of cases. We urge that no attempted complete prevalence studies be presented without data on ascertainment by source intersection.
Bias↗
Issues regarding data on race and ethnicity: the Census Bureau experience.
In this paper, the authors describe some of the complexities of collecting and presenting data on race and ethnicity based on the experiences of the Bureau of the Census. Different methods of data collection, different content and format of questions, and different definitions make it difficult to collect consistent race and ethnic data across data systems. The Bureau of the Census experiences have shown that changing ethnic self-identity and concepts, intent of the question, consistency of reporting, and the classification of persons of mixed racial parentage affect the quality of the data. These are some of the issues that must be addressed as statistical agencies and researchers seek to provide comparable race and ethnic data.
Data Collection↗
Validity and completeness of death reporting and registration in a rural district of Vietnam.
AIMS: Assessment was made of the validity of mortality estimates based on data collected during 1999-2000 by quarterly follow-up visits and compared with other methods (re-census, communal death registration, and neighbourhood survey). METHODS: This study was carried out within a longitudinal epidemiological laboratory in Bavi, District, Vietnam (called FilaBavi), covering a sample of 11,089 households with 51,024 inhabitants. Deaths within FilaBavi during 1999-2000 were collected by four methods and compared: quarterly household follow-ups, the re-census carried out in 2001, the Commune Population Registration System (CPRS), and a neighbourhood survey. RESULTS: Within these four methods, a total of 471 deaths were detected in the FilaBavi sample. Quarterly household follow-ups detected 470 deaths (99.8%). The re-census missed 19 deaths, of which eight were infants, and two-thirds of the missed deaths fell in 1999. The CPRS missed 89 cases (19%), the majority being infant and elderly deaths. The neighbourhood survey over-reported deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Quarterly follow-ups were the best method for death registration. The re-census approach was less complete, with problems of recall bias. The completeness and quality of death registration by CPRS was low, especially for infant and elderly mortality.
Adolescent↗
Specialist capacity in public health: are we hitting the target?
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to audit specialist public health capacity in one strategic health authority (SHA), and to compare capacity with the targets suggested by the Faculty of Public Health (FPH). METHODS: A census of all public health specialists and specialists in training, working within the geographical boundary of one SHA, was performed in late 2004. The number of whole-time-equivalent (WTE) public health specialists was quantified using a variety of methods, including the public health network database, informal networks, existing written reports, personal knowledge and telephone interviews. The number of specialists was compared with the targets suggested by the FPH and with other regions. RESULTS: There were 12 WTE public health specialists per million population in the SHA, and the FPH's target was 25 WTE per million population. There was a particular shortage of specialists in academic public health. CONCLUSIONS: There was a marked shortfall in specialist public health capacity in the SHA compared with the FPH's targets. Comparisons with the FPH's targets were difficult; the FPA used WTE as the metric, while the local public health network database provided information in terms of numbers of specialists and WTE data were time consuming to obtain. Comparisons with other regions were of limited use as the workforce data were not comparable. The FPH's targets were found to have little resonance outside the world of specialist public health, and so are unlikely to be helpful in securing local investment in specialist public health capacity. The service needs to be marketed, and new ways of inter-organizational and collaborative working and of expanding the wider public health workforce need to be examined in order to deliver effective public health.
Career Choice↗
[Quantitative analysis of factors affected mortality trend in Chinese, 2002].
OBJECTIVE: To explain trend of death in Chinese by quantitative analysis of demographic and non-demographic factors and estimate the proportion of contribution of non-demographic and demographic factors. METHODS: Using census data and death causes data of National Disease Surveillance Points at 1991 and 2000 to calculate the proportion of contribution of demographic and non-demographic factors and to change on various death causes from 1991 to 2000 by methods of decomposing the differences of death rates. RESULTS: The death rate showed a rapid decrease during 1950 - 1975, mainly owing to the contribution of non-demographic factors, including economic development, popularization of education and health service, especially the "patriotic hygiene movement". During 1991 - 2000, the death causes of lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, chronic heart disease, stroke, diabetes and traffic accident had been increasing. The increase of deaths caused by these diseases were contributed to the non-demographic factors including 63% of the increase on lung cancer and 88% of increase on death rate of traffic accidents. CONCLUSION: The study showed that the risk factors had contributed to the increase of death rates, including behavioral risk factors described in the preceding 5 papers as smoking and passive smoking, unhealthy diet, sedentary life style, violating traffic regulation etc. In order to reduce the death rates on cancer, heart diseases, diabetes, traffic accidents, emphasis should be also laid on the change of unhealthy behaviors.
Cause of Death↗
A simple method for predicting days of increased patient census.
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Hospital Units↗
Census of radiological machines in Radiodiagnostic Services of public and recognized hospitals in the Campania Region.
AIM: The present study provides a census of equipment in use by Radiodiagnostic Services in public hospitals and institutes recognized by the Region of Campania in the year 2000. The type, date of installation and distribution of the equipment were considered in relation to the number of hospital beds and the resident population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A census was taken of all the public hospitals and institutes recognized by the Region of Campania in the period running from January 1999 to April 2000. Data were collected using an appropriate form asking for details of the number of machines and the model, manufacturer and year of installation, under six categories: traditional radiology, mammography, US, CT, MR and angiography. The data were analyzed by provinces, combining the different machines into five-year periods depending on the date of their installation. RESULTS: Traditional radiology equipment accounts for 71% of the total. The mean for the Region stands at 23 machines per 1000 beds. The mean date of installation was 1986. Mammography machines account for 8% of the total. The mean for the Region stands at 2.6 machines per 1000 beds. The mean date of installation was 1991. Echography machines account for 10.3% of the total. The mean for the Region stands at 3.4 machines per 1000 beds. The mean date of installation was 1992. Angiography machines account for 3.2% of the total. The mean for the Region stands at 1.1 machines per 1000 beds. The mean date of installation was 1985. CTs account for 6.4% of the total. The mean for the Region stands at 2.1 machines per 1000 beds. The mean date of installation was 1993. MR account for 1.1% of the total. The mean for the Region stands at 0.4 machines per 1000 beds. The mean date of installation was 1995. CONCLUSIONS: Technological and scientific improvements and growing attention to the quality of medical care expected by patients mean that constant modification and adaptation are needed to meet demands. In planning measures designed to provide new radiological equipment and modernize existing equipment in the Region it would certainly be useful to eliminate the unevenness of the services provided. In conclusion, it is crucial that the local administrations and health authorities in the Campania Region establish a regular census, with proper assessment of the obsolescence of radiological equipment and its distribution throughout the area, in order to comply with international standards.
Equipment and Supplies↗