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PubMed2002

The adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 exhibits antipsychotic-like activity in Cebus apella monkeys.

The adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 has shown effects similar to dopamine antagonists in behavioural assays in rats predictive for antipsychotic activity, without induction of extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). In the present study, we examined whether this functional dopamine antagonism and lack of EPS in rodents could also be observed in non-human primates. We investigated the effects of CGS 21680 on behaviours induced by D-amphetamine and (-)-apomorphine in EPS-sensitized Cebus apella monkeys. CGS 21680 was administered s.c. in doses of 0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg, alone and in combination with D-amphetamine and (-)-apomorphine. The monkeys were videotaped after drug administration and the tapes were rated for EPS and psychosis-like symptoms. CGS 21680 decreased apomorphine-induced behavioural unrest, arousal (0.01-0.05 mg/kg) and stereotypies (0.05 mg/kg) while amphetamine-induced behaviours (unrest, stereotypies, arousal) were unaffected. EPS were not observed at any dose. At 0.05 mg/kg CGS 21680 produced vomiting. The two lower doses did not produce observable side-effects. Though the differential effect on amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced behaviours is intriguing, CGS 21680 showed a functional anti-dopaminergic effect in Cebus apella monkeys without production of EPS. This further substantiates that adenosine A2A receptor agonists may have potential as antipsychotics with atypical profiles.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1982

Esterase D in Cebus apella from the Amazonian region.

Research programs involving the study of genetic variation of proteins have been carried out both in humans and catarrhine primates but rarely in New World species. Considering the great possibilities offered by protein variations as genetic markers in systematic and evolutionary studies in this group of organisms, the authors are specially interested in the investigation of genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in Amazonian primates. In this paper we describe the electrophoretic patterns of erythrocyte esterases obtained from blood samples of 57 Cebus apella specimens. Blood hemolysates from Cebus display four main set of bands in azo-coupled stained gels. These bands are identified as esterases P, A1, A2 and B by their electrophoretic migration, substrate specificity and eserine reaction. The use of the fluorogenic reagent 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate revealed the presence of a fifth set of enzymes not detected by the azo-coupled staining method. This set of enzymes, probably a polymorphic genetic system, was named ESD as in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Corticocortical input to the smooth and saccadic eye movement subregions of the frontal eye field in Cebus monkeys.

1. The locations and connections of the smooth and saccadic eye movement subregions of the frontal eye field (FEFsem and FEFsac, respectively) were investigated in seven hemispheres of five Cebus monkeys. The supplementary eye field was also mapped in seven hemispheres and the hand/arm regions of the dorsal and ventral premotor areas were localized in five hemispheres. Monkeys were immobilized during experiments with Telazol, a dissociative anesthetic agent that has no significant effect on microstimulation-induced eye movement parameters (threshold, velocity, and duration). The functional subregions were defined with the use of low threshold intracortical microstimulation (current < or = 50 microA). Then different retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers were placed into these functionally defined regions. 2. The FEFsac in Cebus monkey is in the same location as the one in macaque monkeys, which is in Walker's areas 8a and 45. The FEFsem is located in the posterior shoulder of the superior arcuate sulcus near its medial tip and is therefore more accessible for tracer injections than the one in macaque monkeys. This subregion is within cytoarchitectural area 6a beta, which is distinct from the adjacent area 6a alpha (dorsal premotor area). This smooth eye movement subregion may be comparable with the one in macaque monkeys. 3. Cortical connection patterns of the FEFsac and FEFsem are similar and parallel to each other. The predominant neural input to these two subregions originates in other cortical eye fields, including the supplementary eye field, the parietal eye field, the middle superior temporal area, and the principal sulcus region. These cortical eye fields each contain two separate, almost non-overlapping, distributions of labeled neurons that project to the corresponding frontal eye field (FEF) subregions. These results suggest that there may be similar, but relatively independent, parallel corticocortical networks to control pursuit and saccadic eye movements. The weak connections between the middle temporal area (MT) and FEF suggest that the MT may not provide the major source of visuomotion inputs to the FEF, but that it rather plays a role in mediating visual information that is relayed from the striate and extrastriate cortices via MT to the parietal cortex and then to the FEF. In addition to the well-known neural connections between the lateral intraparietal area and the FEF, additional parietal projections have been demonstrated from the dorsomedial visual area area specifically to the FEFsac and from area 7m specifically to the FEFsem.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Dietary variability in Cebus apella in extreme habitats: evidence for adaptability.

The dietary composition of Cebus apella in two subtropical forest environments of Argentina reflects the seasonal availability of potential food resources. In the marginal areas of the geographical distribution of this species, different resources are used during periods of scarcity. A greater tendency to use leaves in the diet is observed in the northwest (El Rey National Park), where there is greater seasonal variation of fruit availability. In El Rey, where there are few potential resources, the diet is dominated by a few resources, notably bromeliads. Where the resources are more abundant and the availability is more constant throughout the years (Baritú and Iguazú National Parks), the monkeys exhibit a feeding behavior similar to that seen in tropical areas. This ability of the genus Cebus to exploit resources not accessible to other primate species is one of the reasons for its wide geographical distribution and its widespread existence in ecosystems marginally used by primates.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of dietary fat saturation and cholesterol on LDL composition and metabolism. In vivo studies of receptor and nonreceptor-mediated catabolism of LDL in cebus monkeys.

The mechanism(s) by which polyunsaturated fats reduce low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B were investigated in 20 cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) fed diets containing corn oil or coconut oil as fat (31% of calories) with or without dietary cholesterol (0.1% by weight) for 3 to 10 years. Coconut-oil feeding compared to corn-oil feeding resulted in significant increases in levels of plasma total cholesterol (176%), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-LDL cholesterol (236%), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (148%), apo B (78%), and apo A-I (112%). The addition of dietary cholesterol to corn oil compared to corn oil alone resulted in smaller, but significant, increases in levels of total cholesterol (44%), HDL cholesterol (40%), and apo A-I (33%). Although the increases in VLDL-LDL cholesterol were of similar magnitude (52%), they barely failed to reach statistical significance (p less than 0.08), while the changes in apo B levels were negligible. The addition of dietary cholesterol to coconut oil, compared to coconut oil alone, resulted in no significant changes in lipoprotein cholesterol or apoproteins, although levels of VLDL-LDL cholesterol and apo B values increased 22% and 16%, respectively. Although hepatic free cholesterol content was not altered by diet, coconut-oil compared to corn-oil feeding resulted in significant increases in hepatic cholesteryl esters (236%) and triglycerides (325%), the latter increasing still further when dietary cholesterol was added to coconut oil (563%). To further assess the effects of these dietary changes on LDL metabolism, radioiodinated normal and glucosylated LDL kinetics were performed. The production rate of LDL apo B was not altered by diet. With corn-oil feeding, 63% of LDL catabolism was via the receptor-mediated pathway. Coconut-oil compared to corn-oil feeding resulted in a 50% decrease in receptor-mediated LDL apo B fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and a 27% reduction in nonreceptor-mediated LDL apo B FCR. The addition of dietary cholesterol to corn oil, compared to corn oil alone, resulted in no significant effect on LDL apo B catabolism. The addition of dietary cholesterol to coconut oil, compared to coconut oil alone, was associated with no significant change in nonreceptor catabolism of LDL apo B but with a 58% decrease in receptor-mediated catabolism of LDL (p less than 0.059). The diet-induced alterations of LDL catabolism were significantly correlated with hepatic lipids, which were enriched in saturated fatty acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Is infancy a quiescent period of testicular development? Histological, morphometric, and functional study of the seminiferous tubules of the cebus monkey from birth to the end of puberty.

The objective of this study was to describe the maturational changes observed in the seminiferous tubules of the monkey Cebus apella, a New World primate species, from birth to the end of puberty. Nineteen animals were subdivided into four groups: neonatal (1-40 days), infantile (4 months to 1 yr), early pubertal (1 yr, 8 months to 2 yr, 9 months), and late pubertal (4-8 yr). Volumetric determinations of different testicular components were made, tubule diameter and length were calculated, and spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells, and androgen-binding protein secretion were quantified. Testicular and seminiferous tubule volumes increased significantly in the first 5 months of life and during puberty due to the combined increment in seminiferous tubule diameter and length. The total number of spermatogonia increased until late puberty to stabilize subsequently. Spermatocytes and spermatids appeared during puberty and increased dramatically until the end of this period. The germ cell ratios, indicative of spermatogenic efficiency, improved continuously in late puberty coincidentally with a reduction of spermatocyte degeneration. Sertoli cells proliferated in the neonatal and infantile periods, determining a longitudinal growth of the seminiferous tubules, but remained stable during puberty, when androgen-binding protein secretion increased significantly. The multiplication of germ cells is the main factor responsible for the increment in tubule diameter during puberty and determines the most noticeable postnatal modification of testicular volume. During late puberty, the reduction of spermatocyte degeneration leads to an increment in germ cell ratios and a progressive, but slow, improvement of spermatogenic efficiency, explaining why pubertal development of the testis occurs over such a prolonged period in this primate. This is in contrast to what happens in most laboratory animals and suggests that the Cebus is a useful model for studies of human male puberty.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Circadian rhythm of plasma uric acid and handling stress-induced hyperuricemia in conscious cebus monkeys.

An apparent circadian rhythm of plasma uric acid and the effect of handling stress on plasma uric acid level in conscious cebus monkeys were demonstrated. The lowest level of plasma uric acid in the circadian rhythm occurred early in the morning and the highest, before bedtime at night. With experimental handling stress, the plasma uric acid level rose to much more than the maximum level of the circadian rhythm. Stress-induced hyperuricemia could be inhibited without an increase of urinary uric acid excretion by the minor tranquilizer diazepam at doses of more than 1 mg/kg, p.o. On the other hand, benzbromarone at 20 mg/kg, p.o. significantly inhibited the hyperuricemia with a hyperuricosuric effect, while probenecid at 50 mg/kg, p.o. had no effect on either the increased plasma uric acid or urinary uric acid excretion. Accordingly, it is concluded that the plasma uric acid level in conscious cebus monkeys easily fluctuates with experimental conditions and that the animals can be utilized to evaluate the hypouricemic and hyperuricosuric property of benzbromarone-like agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Scanning electron microscopy study of the choroid plexus in the monkey (Cebus apella apella).

The cells of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles of the monkey Cebus apella apella were examined through scanning electron microscopy at contributing to the description of such structures in primates. The animals were anesthetized previously with 3% hypnol intraperitoneally and after perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, samples of the choroid plexus were collected after exhibition of the central portion and inferior horn of the lateral ventricles. The ventricular surface of those cells presents globose form as well as fine interlaced protrusions named microvilli. Among those, it is observed the presence of some cilia. Resting on the choroid epithelial cells there is a variable number of free cells, with fine prolongations which extend from them. They are probably macrophages and have been compared to Kolmer cells or epiplexus cells, located on choroid epithelium. The choroid plexus of the encephalic lateral ventricles of the monkey Cebus apella apella at scanning electron microscopy is similar to that of other primates, as well as to that of other species of mammals mainly cats and rats, and also humans.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: I--on the susceptibility of the primate Cebus apella (Cebidae) to the infection caused by Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni Silveira, Shaw and Ishikawa, 1987].

The susceptibility of the monkey Cebus apella (Cebidae) to experimental infection by Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni has been investigated. For this purpose, five young monkeys, 2 males and 3 females, were intradermally, inoculated, in eight different places along the dorsal surface of the tail with 3 x 10(6) promastigotes of the parasite (MHOM/BR/81/M6426, Benevides, Pará), from stationary phase culture in Difco B45 medium. After inoculations, infection in the monkeys was indicated by the presence of amastigotes in the skin lesions produced in these animals at the points of inoculation, confirming the susceptibility of the monkey Cebus apella to experimental infection by Leishmania lainsoni, with an infection period of four months. This represents a suitable period for testing antileishmanial drugs or studying the pathogenesis of the disease caused by this parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Electrophysiological imaging of functional architecture in the cortical middle temporal visual area of Cebus apella monkey.

We studied the spatial organization of directionally selective neurons in the cortical middle temporal visual area (area MT) of the Cebus monkey. We recorded neuronal activity from multielectrode arrays as they were stepped through area MT. The set of recording sites in each array penetration described a plane parallel to the cortical layers. At each recording site, we determined the preferred direction of motion. Responses recorded at successive locations from the same electrode in the array revealed gradual changes in preferred direction, along with occasional directional reversals. Comparisons of responses from adjacent electrodes at successive locations enabled electrophysiological imaging of the two-dimensional pattern of preferred directions across the cortex. Our results demonstrate a systematic organization for directionality in area MT of the New World Cebus monkey, which is similar to that known to exist in the Old World macaque. In addition, our results provide electrophysiological confirmation of map features that have been documented in other cortical areas and primate species by optical imaging. Specifically, the tangential organization of directional selectivity is characterized by slow continuous changes in directional preference, as well as lines (fractures) and points (singularities) that fragment continuous regions into patches. These electrophysiological methods also allowed a direct investigation of neuronal selectivities that give rise to map features. In particular, our results suggest that inhibitory mechanisms may be involved in the generation of fractures and singularities.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Allele frequencies and genetic diversity in two groups of wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) living in an urban forest fragment.

There have been numerous studies genetically characterizing Old World Primates using microsatellites. However, few studies have been made of New World species and none on free-ranging Cebus apella, even though it is probably the most widely distributed species of monkey in the New World. The paucity of studies is due, in part, to the lack of polymorphisms described for this species. We studied two groups of wild tufted capuchins, Cebus apella nigritus, which inhabit Mata Santa Teresa, the Ecological Reserve of Ribeirão Preto, a 158-ha forest fragment in a semi-urban zone of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Group 1 had about 60 animals, 35 of which were sampled, and group 2 had about 40 animals, 20 of which were sampled. These group sizes are much larger than the published reports of 6-30 for this species, despite, or perhaps due to the isolation and the size of the forest fragment. Allele PEPC59*1 was the most frequent of all alleles at all loci in both groups (55.7 and 55%), allele PEPC8*1 was the most common allele in group 2 (46.9%) and PEPC8*4 in group 1 (41.1%), allele PEPC3*2 was the most common in group 1 (35.7%) and allele PEPC3*4 in group 2 (31.6%). The genetic diversity, considering each locus in each group, varied from 61.9% at locus PEPC59 to 78.6% at locus PEPC3, both in group 1. The mean genetic diversity (H(S)), considering both groups for all of the loci, was 71.1%. The inter-group diversity (F(ST)) was 1.9%, indicating that these groups belong to the same population. These groups apparently have a high genetic diversity, despite their isolation in a limited forest fragment, although more data are needed to adequately characterize this population.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Discrete regional distribution of biochemical markers for the dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, GABA and acetylcholine systems in the monkey brain (Cebus Apella). Effects of stress.

Brains from Cebus Apella monkeys have been mapped biochemically using a cryo-section technique which enables exact micro-dissectioning of tissue. Two neurotransmitters; noradrenaline (NA) and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) were measured by gas chromatography-masspectrometry technique. In addition biochemical markers reflecting metabolic activity in the dopamine (homovanillic acid, HVA, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC), serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HIAA), noradrenaline (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenylglycol, HMPG), acetylcholine (choline acetyltransferase, CAT) and GABA (glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD) transmitter systems were assayed. The distribution of these transmitter markers roughly corresponded to earlier studies in other non-human primates, whereas similar studies on the human brain generally show lower concentrations and enzyme activities. One monkey exposed to severe stress immediately before death deviated from the normal animals with regard to HVA, 5-HIAA, GAD and GABA. For the study of neuroleptic drugs, and notably their neurological side-effects, Cebus Apella monkeys have turned out to be particularly useful. In our laboratory we have employed this species of monkey to develop a model for acute dystonia and tardive dyskinesia (Gunne and Barany 1976, 1979, Barany et al. 1979). As a first step in the topological mapping of brain neuro-chemistry in these animals we here present data from normal monkeys, not treated with neuroleptics. During the ongoing project there was an unplanned "stress experiment" in one monkey, which had a nightly fight with a cage partner and had to be sacrificed the morning after due to severe wounds. The present communication describes a method for obtaining well-defined samples from monkey brains and presents the data on homovanillic acid (HVA), 3.4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), noradrenaline (NA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl glycol (HMPG), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) in discrete regions from 7 drug-naive control monkeys. Also data from the stressed animal are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Cytogenetic study of the Argentine "Cai" (Cebus apella)].

The karyotype of the Argentine "Cai" (Cebus apella) is studied by different banding techniques (C and G). The analysis takes into account the results obtained from 15 specimens according to their geographic habitat. Comparative studies between phenotypic and karyotypic features suggest a phenotypic sub-speciation instead of a chromosomal. This proposition is supported by the observed karyologic stability. According to this report the genus Cebus and the species apella remains controversial from the systematic point of view.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Anatomomicroscopic study of the transition of the sigmoid sinus--1st portion of the internal jugular vein in the monkey Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758. Comparative study].

The author verified that the transition between the sigmoid sinus and first portion of the internal jugular vein in the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) begins at the level of the terminal segment of the sigmoid sinus, extends by the wall of the initial portion of the mentioned vessel, which is in the posterior compartment of the jugular foramen, up to the inferior third of the first portion of the internal jugular vein. Was observed in Cebus apella, like in man, that the superior two thirds of the first portion of the internal jugular vein have fibro-elastic structure, as well as the fibrous-muscular nature of the inferior third of this vessel. The tunica intima is almost essentially elastic. Collagenic and elastic fibers which originate from the bony border of the jugular foramen incorporate to venous wall after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen. This arrangement constitute important elements for the dilatation, lengthening, shortening and even of reinforced of the walls of the internal jugular vein during the movements of the head. Comparatively, however, these vascular segments are disposed in transversal and frontal planes.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A comparative study of the iron-clearing properties of desferrithiocin analogues with desferrioxamine B in a Cebus monkey model.

A comparative study of the iron-clearing properties of subcutaneously administered desferrioxamine B (DFO) with those of orally administered desferrithiocin sodium salt (1), desmethyl desferrithiocin (2), desazadesmethyl desferrithiocin sodium salt (3), desazadesmethyl desferrithiocin pivaloyloxymethyl ester (4), and desazadesmethyl-5,5-dimethyl desferrithiocin (5) in an iron-loaded Cebus monkey model and a non-iron overloaded bile duct-cannulated rat model is presented. All six drugs, which performed well in rodent studies, demonstrated increased efficiency in the Cebus monkey model. When administered to rodents at a daily dosage of 384 mumol/kg over a period of 10 days, drug 1 demonstrated severe renal toxicity. whereas drugs 3, 4, and 5 exhibited severe gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Under the same experimental protocol, drug 2 did not show significant toxic side effects. In addition, to further evaluate the iron-clearing properties of analogue 2, a dose-response study was performed in the primates that showed that iron excretion increased in a dose-dependent fashion.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Intrinsic projections of Cebus-monkey area 17: cell morphology and axon terminals.

Metric features of the axon terminals and cell morphology of intrinsic projections of area 17 were studied in the Cebus apella. Anterograde and retrograde labeled cell appendages were obtained using saturated pellets and iontophoretic injections of biocytin in the operculum. Details of the histological and histochemical procedures have been described elsewhere (Amorim and Picanço-Diniz, 1996). We distinguished three labeled cell types: pyramidal, star pyramidal and stellate cells and three distinct morphologies of axon terminals were found: Ia, Ib and II, located at supragranular layers. Axon terminals of the group I innervate larger extent of striate cortex through longer intermediate segments, and acute branching angles compared to group II. Group II present on average similar characteristics of the smooth neurons axon terminals. The results taken together with the occurrence of only two types of synapses (I and II) from Gray's ultrastructural studies, seem to give an additional support to extend to the Cebus apella the major subdivision of neocortical neuronal morphology that classified them as smooth and spine neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Chromosome banding analogies between a prosimian (Microcebus murinus), a platyrrhine (Cebus capucinus), and man.

The comparative study of the karyotypes of Microcebus (Lemur, Cheirogaleid) and Cebus (Platyrrhini, Ceboid) shows important similarities between nearly all large chromosomes of these two genera. Since a relationship has been previously found between the karyotypes of Homo and Cebus, a correspondence may be found between many chromosomes of man and those of Lemurs. This study enlarges the field of comparative cytogenetics at the level of the primate order.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Anatomical data on the intracranial venous drainage of the tufted capuchin, Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758.

The venous channels responsible for the intracranial drainage were dissected in a series of 25 male and female adult tufted or brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). It was found that Cebus have a venous arrangement fundamentally the same as in man, differing only in that: 1. the monkey has no inferior sagittal sinus, spenoparietal sinus, and emissary parietal and condylar veins; 2. the occipital sinus is not in connection with other sinuses; 3. there are a spenopetrosal sinus, a petrosquamous sinus, and an unpaired inferior cerebellar vein; 4. besides the internal jugular vein, there is additional intracranial drainage through the petrosquamous sinus and the postglenoid vein; 5. the superficial middle cerebral vein opens into the petrosquamous sinus; 6. the lingual and facial veins are not tributaries of the internal jugular vein; 7. there is a bilateral uniform division of the superior sagittal sinus at the confluence of the sinuses to drain equally into both transverse sinuses; 8. the vascular pattern appears to be quite stable; anatomical variations appear to be few and unimportant.

Animals↗