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PubMedDate not supplied

Heteroduplex mobility assays (HMAs) and analogous sequence analysis of a cytochrome b region indicate phylogenetic relationships of selected callitrichids.

Heteroduplex mobility assays (HMAs) of a cytochrome b region were used for estimating genetic distances and phylogenetic relationships between some selected neotropical primates of the families Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) and Cebidae [capuchin monkey, (Cebus apella)], and man (Homo sapiens). HMA distances were found to be strongly correlated to analogous estimates derived from DNA sequence data. Phylogenetic trees obtained by HMAs and sequence analyses showed similar topologies with almost identical intraspecific, intrageneric, and intergeneric relationships. The applicability of HMAs is assessed relative to different levels of molecular and organismal diversity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Intestinal parasitism--protozoa and helminths--in primates at the Barcelona Zoo.

The faunistic results regarding intestinal parasitism by protozoa and helminths in 21 primate species (three Cebidae, thirteen Cercopithecidae, one Hylobatidae, one Lemuridae, three Pongidae) are reported. The primate species were housed in four separate galleries. Six faecal samples of each host species were subjected to coprological analysis. Fifteen parasite species were detected: 11 protozoa (Entamoeba coli, E. chattoni, E. hartmanni, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Endolimax nana, Giardia intestinalis, Chilomastix mesnilii, Enteromonas hominis, Trichomonas intestinalis, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis hominis) and 4 helminths (Ancylostoma sp., Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides sp., and Trichuris trichiura). The results reveal certain parasitic similarities between host species housed in the same gallery; however, these primate species do not always carry identical parasite species.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Taste preference in nonhuman primates to compounds sweet in man.

Primates have stimulated more interest than any other group as humans are ranked in this same mammalian order. Gustatory responses of human and nonhuman primates have already been compared for compounds such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polyols, amino acids, dipeptides, proteins, dihydrochalcones, sulfamates, saccharin, acesulfame, diterpenes or urea derivatives, all known to be sweet in man. But no rational comparison in primates has been attempted. Using a structure-activity relationship study in primates, it is now possible to classify the primate sweetness receptors into four types according to the behavioral responses observed from various selected compounds sweet in humans. The four types are represented by (1) the Callitrichidae and (2) the Cebidae, both from the infraorder Platyrrhini (New World monkeys), (3) the Lemuridae and Lorisidae, from the suborder Prosimii (prosimians), and (4) the Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), Hylobatidae (lesser apes), Pongidae (great apes), and Hominidae (humans) from the infraorder Catarrhini (Old World simians). By a comparative study of the putative receptor recognition sites postulated for each type of receptor, it is inferred that the Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) have retained the most primitive sweetness receptor among primates. As we believe that the evolution of the sweetness receptor is a key factor involved in the raising of nonhuman primates from a 'primitive grade' towards a more 'advanced' or 'simian grade,' the possible phylogenetic implications of these findings will be discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of undernutrition on cranial components and somatotroph-lactotroph pituitary populations in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus boliviensis).

The aim of the present study was to investigate in monkeys the effects of undernutrition on neurocranial and facial components, correlated with a histometric and ultrastructural analysis of somatotroph (growth hormone, GH) and lactotroph (prolactin, PRL) pituitary populations. Twenty Saimiri sciureus boliviensis (Cebidae) of both sexes were employed. The monkeys were born in captivity and when they reached 1 year of age, they were separated into two groups: control and undernourished animals. They were fed ad libitum a 20% and 10% protein diet, respectively. The monkeys were radiographed when they were 3 years old in order to measure the length, width and height of the anterior, middle and posterior components of the neurocranium, as well as those of the masticatory, respiratory and optic components of the face. The volumetric and morphometric indices were then calculated. After the sacrifice, pituitary glands were processed for light and electron microscopy. The quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed a decrease in the volume density and cell density of both GH and PRL cells from malnourished animals when compared to control ones. The ultrastructural study showed changes suggestive of cellular hyperfunction for both types of cells in the former experimental group. Under nutrition also affected the size of the cranial components, with males being more affected than females; brain weight was, however, nonmodified by stress, with the brain/body ratio difference being the same for both sexes. We conclude that in monkeys, experimental undernutrition produces a decrease in the pituitary GH and PRL cell populations, in some way related to changes in the cranio-facial morphometric patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evolutionary breakpoints are co-localized with fragile sites and intrachromosomal telomeric sequences in primates.

The concentration of evolutionary breakpoints in primate karyotypes in some particular regions or chromosome bands suggests that these chromosome regions are more prone to breakage. This is the first extensive comparative study which investigates a possible relationship of two genetic markers (intrachromosomal telomeric sequences [TTAGGG]n, [ITSs] and fragile sites [FSs]), which are implicated in the evolutionary process as well as in chromosome rearrangements. For this purpose, we have analyzed: (a) the cytogenetic expression of aphidicolin-induced FSs in Cebus apella and Cebus nigrivittatus (F. Cebidae, Platyrrhini) and Mandrillus sphinx (F. Cercopithecidae, Catarrhini), and (b) the intrachromosomal position of telomeric-like sequences by FISH with a synthetic (TTAGGG)n probe in C. apella chromosomes. The multinomial FSM statistical model allowed us to determinate 53 FSs in C. apella, 16 FSs in C. nigrivittatus and 50 FSs in M. sphinx. As expected, all telomeres hybridized with the probe, and 55 intrachromosomal loci were also detected in the Cebus apella karyotype. The chi(2) test indicates that the coincidence of the location of Cebus and Mandrillus FSs with the location of human FSs is significant (P < 0.005). Based on a comparative cytogenetic study among different primate species we have identified (or described) the chromosome bands in the karyotypes of Papionini and Cebus species implicated in evolutionary reorganizations. More than 80% of these evolutionary breakpoints are located in chromosome bands that express FSs and/or contain ITSs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cathemerality in the Mayotte brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus): seasonality and food quality.

In past decades, cathemerality--as defined by Tattersall [1987]--has been documented in two primate families: Cebidae and Lemuridae. In the Lemuridae, in particular the genus Eulemur, cathemeral activity seems to be a regular behavioural trait. Nevertheless, ultimate and proximate determinants responsible for this behaviour remain unclear. In this study, in a dry and deciduous forest on Mayotte (Comoro Archipelago), activities of 4 female brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) were recorded by focal animal sampling during the daylight period and by scan sampling on their respective groups during the night. Horizontal distances travelled by females and groups were measured using GPS. During the daylight period, food intakes were estimated in grams by extrapolation of counting of mouthfuls after weighing a large sample of plant parts eaten. Crude protein, crude lipid, soluble sugar and crude fibre were analyzed for each seasonal reconstituted diet. Records of temperature and rainfall were supplied by a local meteorological station. Observations confirmed cathemerality in the Mayotte brown lemur as reported by Tattersall in 1977. During the dry season, the animals increased their nocturnal activity--substantially increasing the time devoted to feeding and moving overall, but especially at night--and were less active during the daylight period. The quality of their diet in the dry season was poorer than that in the wet season, with soluble sugar content and protein content decreasing and fibre content increasing slightly. As a result, Mayotte brown lemurs may need to extend their foraging activity over the 24-hour cycle to balance nutritional requirements.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

[Morphometry and histology of the eye of Callimico goeldii (Thomas 1904, callimiconidae primates) (author's transl)].

The histologic anatomy of the eye of Callimico goeldii is described and histometric data are communicated. The retina is treated with special attention. The eye of Callimico features all characteristics of a visual organ adapted to diurnal activity as is known from many higher primates and man. The well-differentiated Fovea centralis and the numerical relations of the three retinal neurons, which are clearly reduced from the periphery towards the center of the retina, indicate a particularly high degree of centralization ("Zentralisationsstufe" sensu Rohen). Similar numerical relations are found in the taxonomically related families Cebidae and Callithrichidae. A high degree of centralization is understood to facilitate a good visual resolution. The eyelid apparatus is differentiated like in other higher primates. The eye muscles contain extraordinarily many nervous-muscular entities that are interpreted to serve as nervous regulatory functions. The histologic results relate well with certain behavioral phenomena of this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Immunodiffusion systematics of the primates. Part V. The Platyrrhini.

Evolutionary relationships between New World monkeys and marmoset genera and the place of the Ceboidea within the primates are considered in terms of the immunological specificity of ceboid proteins. Antigenic distances between the New World primates are measured using antisera produced in rabbits to nine ceboid genera: Alouatta, Aotes, Ateles, Callicebus, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Saimiri and Saguinus. A cladogram constructed on the basis of increasing degrees of antigenic distance between branches depicts Ceboidea as a monophyletic assemblage within which Alouatta is grouped with the Atelinae genera, Lagothrix and Ateles, Chiropotes joins Cacajao and Cebus joins Saimiri. The joining of the cebid genera Aotes and Callicebus with callithricid genera Callimico and Saguinus into a single complex lineage suggests that Cebidae is a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon. A phylogenetic taxonomy for Platyrrhini is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Housing and care of monkeys and apes in laboratories: adaptations allowing essential species-specific behaviour.

During the last two decades an increasing amount of attention has been paid to the housing and care of monkeys and apes in laboratories, as has been done with the housing and care of other categories of captive animals. The purpose of this review is to develop recommendations for adaptations of housing and care from our knowledge of the daily behavioural activity of monkeys and apes in natural conditions and in enriched laboratory conditions. This review deals mainly with adaptations of daily housing and care with respect to behaviour, and it is restricted to commonly-used species: Callitrichidae (Callitrix jacchus, Saguinus oedipus); Cebidae (Aotus trivirgatus, Saimiri sciureus, Cebus apella); Cercopithecidae (Macaca fascicularis, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. arctoides, Chlorocebus aethiops, Papio hamadryas, P. cynocephalus); Pongidae (Pan troglodytes).

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1984

Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of common antigens between human and monkey sera.

To examine common antigens between human and monkey sera, sera from 19 kinds of monkey were investigated with crossed and rocket immunoelectrophoresis using antisera to human serum proteins. In the crossed immunoelectrophoresis, the number of precipitation lines, 40 in human and 8 in the lower primates, increased according to the order of phylogenetic classification, and the lines due to albumin and gamma-globulin were observed in all the monkey sera examined. Quantitative investigation was performed by rocket immunoelectrophoresis with 8 kinds of mono-specific anti-serum protein. Alpha 2-Macroglobulin, orosomucoid, transferrin, IgG and IgM were not observed in monkeys of Loricidae family. Relatively large amounts of orosomucoid, albumin, IgG and transferrin were detected in monkeys of Cebidae family. It was considered that the distribution of serum proteins possessing antigens common to human is not related with the order of phylogenetic classification.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Physiologic measures of nonhuman primates during physical restraint and chemical immobilization.

The arterial acid-base balance and other selected physiologic measures of physically restrained and chemically immobilized nonhuman primates from the families Callithricidae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, and Pongidae were compared. The physically restrained primates had significantly lower pH, pCO2, and base excess values, but they had significantly higher pO2 values, rectal temperatures, and pulse and respiration rates. Of 56 physically restrained primates, 30 (54%) experienced severe metabolic acidosis, with pH values less than 7.2; 15 (27% of total) had pH values less than 7.1. Two types of behavior were observed during the physical restraint of golden marmosets. Some of the marmosets were excited during restraint, with a great deal of struggling and vocalizing. The other marmosets were quiet and calm, with minimal struggling. The excited group had significantly lower pH, pCO2, and base excess values, but significantly higher pO2 values, rectal temperatures, and pulse and respiration rates. Primates immobilized with ketamine or tiletaminezolazepam had a near normal acid-base balance and were handled more easily than the physically restrained animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

New specimens of the oldest fossil platyrrhine, Branisella boliviana, from Salla, Bolivia.

During the 1992 and 1993 field seasons, several new specimens of Branisella boliviana, the oldest fossil platyrrhine, were discovered in the late Oligocene deposits at Salla, northwestern Bolivia. The new materials are two maxillary fragments and seven mandibular fragments, including P3 and P2, neither of which have previously been recovered. All new and previously reported materials, including the holotype and referred specimens, were apparently recovered from the same horizon, called the Branisella zone (MacFadden et al. [1985] J. Geol. 93:223-250; MacFadden [1990] J. Hum. Evol. 19:7-21. The crown morphology of the newly discovered upper and lower premolars suggests that Branisella has a close affinity with callitrichines. A detailed examination of all molar specimens suggests that "Szalatavus attricuspis," which was recovered at Salla in 1981 and described as a new genus by Rosenberger et al. (1991), is a junior synonym of Branisella. The Branisella-like upper molar, in which a small hypocone is preserved on the poorly developed distolingual cingulum, is a shared-derived character with callitrichines and does not correspond to the primitive state for platyrrhine phylogeny. The ancestral upper molar morphotype for platyrrhines should have a moderate to large hypocone and a well developed talon area.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Positional behavior of the white uakari (Cacajao calvus calvus).

The positional behavior and habitat use of a group of white uakaries (Cacajao calvus calvus) was observed for 6 weeks in the dry season at Lake Teiú, Brazil. Data are presented for feeding, traveling, and resting activities. The most common feeding posture is sit, followed by stand. Cacajao frequently exhibits locomotor behaviors while in feeding trees, using pronograde clamber and quadrupedal walk. The most frequently used locomotor behaviors in travel are quadrupedal walk, leap, and pronograde clamber. Quadrupedal run and drop also figure importantly in the behavioral repertoire. The most frequent resting posture was sit, followed by ventral lie. Compared to representative members of the other pitheciin genera, Pithecia and Chiropotes, Cacajao engages in more locomotion while feeding, and uses more pedal suspension. While traveling, pronograde clamber and drop are more frequently used by Cacajao. Multiple, deformable supports are used more by Cacajao than by the other pitheciins throughout all activities. Overall, the positional behavior of Cacajao is more similar to that of Chiropotes than of Pithecia. Cacajao's behavioral solutions to the problems of balance imposed by its greatly reduced tail are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Evolution of human growth spurts.

This study investigates subadult growth spurts in a large sample of anthropoid primates, including humans. Analyses of body mass growth curves show that humans are not unique in the expression of female and male body mass growth spurts. Subadult growth spurts are observed in both New World and Old World anthropoid primates and are more common in males than in females. Allometric analyses of growth spurts indicate that many aspects of primate growth spurts are strongly correlated with species size. Small species tend not to exhibit growth spurts. Although male and female scaling patterns for velocity and size measures are comparable, scaling relations of variables that measure the timing of growth spurts differ by sex. These patterns can be related to sexual differences in life histories. Scaling analyses further show that humans do not depart substantially from patterns that describe other anthropoid primates. Thus, in relative terms, human growth spurts are not exceptional compared to this sample of primates. The long absolute delay in the initiation of the human growth spurt may be of substantial evolutionary importance and serves to distinguish humans from other primates. In essence, humans exhibit growth spurts that are comparable to other primates in many respects. However, human growth spurts are shifted to very late absolute ages.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia.

A new genus and species of platyrrhine primate, Nuciruptor rubricae, are added to the increasingly diverse primate fauna from the middle Miocene of La Venta, Columbia. This species displays a number of dental and gnathic features indicating that it is related to living and extinct Pitheciinae (extant Callicebus, Pithecia, Chiropotes, Cacajao, and the Colombian middle Miocene Cebupithecia sarmientoi). Nuciruptor is markedly more derived than Callicebus but possesses a less derived mandibular form and incisor-canine complex than extant and extinct pitheciins (Cebupithecia, Pithecia, Chiropotes, and Cacajao), suggesting that it is a primitive member of the tribe Pitheciini within the larger monophyletic Pitheciinae. Nuciruptor has procumbent and moderately elongate lower incisors and low-crowned molars, suggesting that is was a seed predator, as are living pitheciins. Its estimated body size of approximately 2.0 kg places it within the size range of extant pitheciines. The dental and gnathic morphology of Nuciruptor clarifies several aspects of dental character evolution in Pitheciinae and makes it less likely that the enigmatic Mohanamico hershkovitzi (m. Miocene, Columbia) is a pitheciin.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Functional morphology of the postcranium and locomotor behavior of Neosaimiri fieldsi, a Saimiri-like Middle Miocene platyrrhine.

A number of postcranial specimens of Neosaimiri fieldsi, a Middle Miocene platyrrhine, were discovered in 1988, 1989, and 1990 at La Venta, Colombia. Until recently only three postcranial specimens of this species had been discovered and the present material adds further information about this taxon's postcranial morphology. In overall skeletal dimensions and in postcranial features, Neosaimiri is most similar to Saimiri among extant medium-sized platyrrhines, but differs from Saimiri in having more rugose surface markings, a longer olecranon, a smaller anterior process of the distal tibia, an absence of a distal surface extension on the anterior tibial shaft, an absence of an anterior midtrochlear depression of the talus, and a shorter distal calcaneus relative to the calcaneal tuberosity. These differences suggest that Neosaimiri was relatively heavily built, possessed a more dominant forelimb in quadrupedal progression, and utilized a less stabilized upper ankle joint, and a shorter power arm for plantarflexion. Neosaimiri is interpreted as an arboreal quadruped with frequent leaping across arboreal gaps, as in extant Saimiri, with perhaps less frequent running and leaping than in Saimiri. As with the dentition, the postcranial specimens suggest the close relationship between Neosaimiri and extant Saimiri.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Stable isotope ratios indicate diet and habitat use in New World monkeys.

This paper demonstrates the use of stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in animal tissue for indicating aspects of species behavioral strategy. We analyzed hair from individuals representing four species of New World monkeys (Alouatta palliata, the mantled howler; Ateles geoffroyi, the spider monkey; Cebus capucinus, the capuchin; and Brachyteles arachnoides, the woolly-spider monkey or muriqui) for delta 13C and delta 15N using previously developed methods. There are no significant differences in either carbon or nitrogen ratios between sexes, sampling year, or year of analysis. Seasonal differences in delta 13C reached a low level of significance but do not affect general patterns. Variation within species was similar to that recorded previously within single individuals. The omega 13C data show a bimodal distribution with significant difference between the means. The two monkey populations living in an evergreen forest were similar to each other and different from the other two monkey populations that inhabited dry, deciduous forests. This bimodal distribution is independent of any particular species' diet and reflects the level of leaf cover in the two types of forest. The delta 15N data display three significantly different modes. The omnivorous capuchins were most positive reflecting a trophic level offset. The spider monkeys and the muriquis were similar to one another and significantly more positive than the howlers. This distribution among totally herbivorous species correlates with the ingestion of legumes by the howler monkey population. In combination, these data indicate that museum-curated primate material can be analyzed to yield information on forest cover and diet in populations and species lacking behavioral data.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Volumetric comparisons in the cerebellar complex of anthropoids, with special reference to locomotor types.

Seven measurements in the cerebellar complex were completed on 45 individuals, including 26 species of anthropoids from Stephan's collection. These included 12 species of New World monkeys, 10 species of Old World monkeys, and Hylobates, Gorilla, Pan, and humans. The measurements were the volume of medial (fastigial) (CM), interpositus (globose and emboliform) (CI), and lateral (dentate) (CL) cerebellar nuclei, ventral pons (VPo), inferior olivary principal (OLIPr), and accessory (OLIAc) nuclei and vestibular nuclear complex (VES). The relative size of each nucleus was expressed in size indices based upon the allometric line obtained by the reduced major axis analysis. The indices of three cerebellar nuclei reflect the relative size of three longitudinal zones of the cerebellum. The cerebellar hemisphere-lateralis zone is represented by the CL indices, the vermis-medialis zone by the CM indices, and the pars intermedius-interpositus zone by the CI indices. The results show that the VPo and OLIPr indices are closely related to the CL indices. This lateral zone group of nuclei is the most progressively developed in humans, whereas the CM, CI, OLIAc, and VES are independent of the developmental trend manifest by the lateral zone group of nuclei. The indices are discussed in relation to the predominant locomotor pattern exhibited by a species. The size indices of arboreal quadrupeds show a development of all nuclei in the cerebellar complex. This is interpreted as indicating that arboreal monkeys live in complicated, discontinuous, three-dimensional space and need exceptional cerebellar capacity for each pattern of locomotion and positional behavior. Progressive development of the lateral zone group of nuclei only compared to other nuclei was recognizable in humans. This development is considered to be related not to bipedalism, but to versatile and coordinated finger movement, resulting after bipedalism was established. This cerebellar reorganization is also a prerequisite (Leiner et al. [1993] TINS 16: 444-447) for the evolution of human language. The differences between size indices of the nuclei of Macaca (= pronograde primate) and Ateles (= antipronograde one) are compared in relation to their vertical climbing kinesiological data.

Animals↗