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PubMed1983

Enamel demineralization tests with some standard foods and candies.

To indicate the cariogenic potential of some standard foods and confections, their ability to demineralize powdered enamel or enamel sections was tested by incubation with mouth organisms in saliva or plaque. With a few exceptions, the amounts of demineralization produced by the tested substrates in either a closed or flowing system fell within relatively narrow ranges.

Candy↗
PubMed2006

Diet of adolescents with and without diabetes: Trading candy for potato chips?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the dietary intake of adolescents with type 1 diabetes with that of adolescents without diabetes matched on age, sex, and year in school and to compare the diets of both groups with recommendations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants were 132 adolescents with type 1 diabetes, recruited from Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and 131 adolescents without diabetes ranging in age from 10.70 to 14.21 years. Dietary intake was assessed with three 24-h recall interviews with each participant and one parent. Percentage of calories from protein, carbohydrates, and total fat; amount of each type of fat; and amount of cholesterol, fiber, and sugar were calculated as averages across 3 days. RESULTS: Adolescents with diabetes took in less total energy than recommended. The percentage of calories from carbohydrates and protein were within recommendations for adolescents with and without diabetes, but adolescents with diabetes exceeded the recommended fat intake. The diet of adolescents with diabetes consisted of a greater percentage of fat and protein and a smaller percentage of carbohydrates relative to adolescents without diabetes. Adolescents without diabetes consumed more sugar, while adolescents with diabetes took in more of all components of fat than adolescents without diabetes. Male subjects with diabetes had an especially high intake of saturated fat. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with type 1 diabetes consume fewer calories from carbohydrates but more calories from fat than adolescents without diabetes and exceed the recommended levels of fat intake. These findings are of concern given the risk that type 1 diabetes poses for cardiovascular disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Licorice--not just candy].

BACKGROUND: Liquorice is widely used as a flavour and also as a medical drug. Possible side effects include hypertension, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a case history and a review on liquorice intoxication based on relevant literature found from searches on Medline. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: A 19-year-old girl was admitted to hospital with severe hypertension, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis. Urine analysis showed inhibition of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It turned out that she ingested a lot of liquorice; after she stopped eating it she became normotensive without any medication. Three months later there were no signs of inhibition of the enzyme. The active component of liquorice is glycyrrhetinic acid, which inhibits the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This enzyme promotes the conversion of cortisol to cortisone and is thereby responsible for the specificity of the mineralocorticoid receptor to aldosterone in the collecting tubules. Inhibition of the enzyme allows cortisol to act as the major endogenous mineralocorticoid producing a marked elevation in mineralocorticoid activity, resulting in hypertension, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis.

Adult↗