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PubMed1996

Ciliate protozoa in the forestomach of the dromedary camel, (Camelus dromedarius), in Egypt, with description of a new species.

The composition of ciliates obtained from the forestomachs of eleven dromedary (one-humped) camels in Egypt was examined. As a result, eight genera containing 24 species with 11 forms were identified. Of them, one species was concluded to be new, then described as Dasytricha kabanii n. sp. This new species was clearly distinguished from D. ruminantium, the other species of the genus, by its lack of somatic cilia on the posterior one-fifth of the body surface. Entodinium nanellum and Epidinium ecaudatum f. caudatum were found in all camels examined. Although the percentage composition of respective species varied with the individual camel, the rate of Entodinium spp. was high in general. Total ciliate density in forestomach fluid was 1.9 x 10(5)/ml on average. Ciliate composition in Egyptian camels was similar to that in Bactrian camels, Camelus bactrianus, in China reported previously. However, more Entodinium species were detected from Egyptian camels than from Bactrian camels.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Hump attachment structure of the two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus).

The hump attachment structure was morphologically examined in the two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus). The cranial hump is fixed by the trapezius and rhomboid muscles in the thoracic region. The strong collagen sheet in the basement of the hump is attached to the segmented bellies of the trapezius muscle, and the thoracic rhomboid muscle and the nuchal-supraspinous ligament support the attachment function of the trapezius muscle. The basement sheet possesses the line structure of collagen fibers, which are fitted to the segmented bundles of the trapezius muscle, and we observed that the muscle cells of the trapezius muscle are intermingled with the collagen fibers around the attachment line structure. In contrast, the caudal hump is directly attached to the subcutaneous tissue in the superficial region of the lumbar longissimus and lumbar iliocostal muscles. These findings demonstrated that the caudal hump of the two-humped camel is consistent with the hump of the one-humped camel in the attachment structure.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Complete cDNA sequences and phylogenetic analyses of the Th1 and Th2 cytokines of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

The complementary DNAs of the Th1 (IL-2, IL-12p35, and IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokine genes of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-13, and IFN-gamma were found to have 465, 402, 537, 669, 411, and 501 bp length open reading frames with 154, 133, 178, 222, 136, and 166 amino acid encodings, respectively. The homology ranged from 58.8% to 100% between the nucleotide sequences of the camel cytokine genes and the published sequences of other mammalian genes, including the llama, pig, cow, horse, human, and mouse. The cDNA had highest homology with orders Artiodactyla (pigs and cattle) and Perissodactyla (horses), especially to the recently cloned llama sequences.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Angioarchitectural studies of the utero-ovarian components in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

In 6 adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) the uterus had 2 arteries on each side; one was the cranial uterine artery, which was a branch from the ovarian artery, and the other was the caudal uterine artery, which originated from the urogenital (vaginal) artery. There was no middle uterine artery, as is found in ruminants. The ovarian artery originated directly from the aorta and divided into 3 branches (ovarian proper, uterine and oviduct arteries) at a point approximately 5 cm before the ovary. The main drainage consisted of the utero-ovarian and caudal uterine veins. Although interconnections between arteries as well as between veins were numerous, no true veno-arterial anastomoses were found. These anatomical findings would suggest that there may be local unilateral uterine control of ovarian function in the camel.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Oestrogen synthesis by the peri-implantation conceptus of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The ability of the embryonic tissues of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) to synthesize oestrogens in vitro was studied in 15 conceptuses recovered by non-surgical uterine lavage between 10 and 33 days after ovulation. Definitive evidence for strong aromatase activity with synthesis of considerable quantities of oestrogens was obtained at all stages when conceptus tissues were incubated with [3H]androstenedione. A high proportion of the oestrogens was in the form of oestradiol, which contrasts to the higher ratio of oestrone:oestradiol in the oestrogens synthesized by embryonic tissues of horses and pigs. Biopsies of endometrial tissue recovered from pregnant and nonpregnant camels showed great ability to conjugate both oestradiol and oestrone when incubated with tritium-labelled forms of these two hormones.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed2004

Pythiosis in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

A 4.5-yr-old male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) was evaluated for a mass on the right side of the face. A complete blood count and blood chemistry revealed anemia and hypoproteinemia. Radiographs did not reveal bony involvement. The mass was resected and Pythium insidiosum was cultured. The camel was treated with an experimental immunotherapeutic vaccine and with sodium iodide and ceftiofur. The camel began to lose weight postoperatively and died 6 mo later. At necropsy, the camel was found to have gastritis of the third compartment of the stomach with intralesional hyphae of this oomycete pathogen.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A survey of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan.

Information on incidences of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan is scarce. In this survey, 369 live and 156 slaughtered camels were examined in four Jordanian geographic regions and the proportion of diseased camels was calculated. Intestinal parasite ova were detected in 98% of camels; one or more species of external parasites were found on the skin of all camels; 33% had nasal myiasis; and hydatid cysts were identified in 44% of the slaughtered animals. Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli) and trypanasomiasis, two diseases of economic importance, were also diagnosed in 83% and 33% of the 32 and 257 examined camels, respectively. Rabies virus was detected in eight camels by use of fluorescent antibody examination of brain tissues. Foreign-body accumulation within the first and second stomach compartments was the predominant gastrointestinal disease of slaughtered adult camels (22%). Ten percent of slaughtered camels had bacterial pneumonia, with Pasteurella hemolytica most often isolated (56% of pneumonic lungs). Further investigation into the relationship between parasite burden and health in camels is required to assess the significance of the high prevalence of parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Disposition of sulfadimethoxine in camels (Camelus dromedarius) following single intravenous and oral doses.

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine were determined in six adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) following administration of a mean dosage of 17.5 +/- 2.7 mg/kg both i.v. and p.o. Serial blood samples were collected through an indwelling jugular catheter intermittently for 5 days for both routes. Sulfadimethoxine was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum drug concentration versus time data for each animal was subjected to linear regression, with the best-fit model selected based on residual analysis. The data fit best into a two-compartment open model, with first-order input for oral administration. For orally administered drug, mean maximum serum concentration of 19.3 +/- 1.7 microg/ml was reached at 11.41 +/- 2.59 hr, with an elimination rate constant of 0.09/hr +/- 0.05/hr and an elimination half-life of 11.7 +/- 3 hr. Mean peak serum concentration following i.v. administration was 223 +/- 48 microg/ml. Mean volume of distribution at steady state was 0.393 +/- 0.049 L/kg. Elimination rate constants differed with i.v. and oral administration, suggesting a flip-flop model. Oral bioavailability was 103% +/- 38%. Comparison of maximum serum concentrations to the microbial breakpoint concentration reported for sulfadimethoxine (512 microg/ml) suggests that the dose used in this study, 17.5 +/- 2.7 mg/kg, is insufficient for achieving therapeutic serum levels.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Clinical large intestinal coccidiosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates: description of lesions, endogenous stages, and redescription of Isospora orlovi, Tsygankov, 1950 oocysts.

Between January and March 2001, eight 4- to 8-wk-old camels (Camelus dromedarius) from 2 farms from Dubai area of the United Arab Emirates were submitted for necropsy examination. The camels had diarrhea of 2-5 days duration. Grossly, a severe diphtheroid-to-hemorrhagic colitis was seen in all animals. Gamonts, unsporulated oocysts, sporulating oocysts, and fully sporulated oocysts were present in the intestinal epithelium and the lamina propria. Fully sporulated oocysts contained 2 sporocysts and 4 sporozoites in each sporocyst. Oocysts from fecal samples resembled oocysts of Isospora orlovi. This is the first report of an isosporan parasite associated with hemorrhagic enteritis in the large intestine of any animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dermatophilosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758) in Kenya.

Natural dermatophilosis (caused by Dermatophilus congolensis Van Saceghem, 1915) has only recently been described in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Further work has shown that the disease is actually widespread. At the Ol Maisor farm where it was first diagnosed (in the Laikipia district of northern Kenya), detailed investigations have revealed that thirty camels (ten calves and twenty adult animals) were infected. The signs varied from mild to more than 50% skin involvement. Patches of wool on the rump were easily detachable with many hard, white crusts. Similarly, another twenty camels from a totally different area of northern Kenya (Samburu district) were found to be infected with D. congolensis. Bacterial isolation was used to confirm the diagnosis. At Ol Maisor farm, twenty sheep were also found to have severe dermatophilosis. There were scabs and many areas of wool shedding. The shed wool had crusts similar to those observed on camels. Experimental infection with D. congolensis isolated from camels was conducted, by means of scarification, on the skin of two goats. The same experimental infection was possible in two calves, taking two weeks to become established. After thirty days there were disseminated foci of infection on the heads of the calves, especially around the eyes. Although these findings cannot show the actual source of D. congolensis, it is possible that the same organism causes dermatophilosis in the different animals.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1993

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the epidemiological survey of Dermatophilus congolensis infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius).

The breeding of camels (Camelus dromedarius) is especially important in arid and semi-arid areas of Africa, where drought and famine frequently occur. A number of diseases which impair camel production have recently been described, including dermatophilosis (caused by Dermatophilus congolensis). However, it is not possible to determine the prevalence of infection from clinical cases alone. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has therefore been developed to determine the epidemiological prevalence of D. congolensis infection in sera of camels. Whole-cell antigen was used on microplates and the test serum was added. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated sheep antibodies against heavy and light chains of camel immunoglobulin (Ig)G were then added, followed by substrate. The test was used to trace the antibody profile of twelve experimentally-infected camels. Peak antibody levels in serum occurred within twenty-one days following infection. It is planned to use this test to determine the epidemiological prevalence of D. congolensis infection in camels reared in a pastoral area of Kenya.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1994

Outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Turkana district of Kenya.

Mortality among camel calves (Camelus dromedarius) is one of the most serious problems faced by camel herdsmen and, although there are several reasons for this mortality, diseases play a major role. In an investigation of outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in camels in the Turkana district of Kenya, four outbreaks were detected involving only camel calves. The principal lesions were distinct or largely coalesced pustules on the mouth, nose and muzzle. Direct electron microscopy of infected scabs was used to confirm the presence of the virus. Secondary infection of the pustules was common in affected calves. Morbidity in affected herds was 100%, with no adult involvement. Affected calves were unable to suckle properly. In all outbreaks, there was a concurrent outbreak of contagious pustular dermatitis in goat kids in the same household. Contagious ecthyma is an important disease in camels, contributing to calf debility and eventually to high calf mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A case report of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria cameli in a camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Nigeria.

The gross and histopathologic lesions caused by Eimeria cameli in the intestinal tract of a camel (Camelus dromedarius) are described. Post mortem examination showed lesions in the small intestine which had swollen mucosa on which were numerous whitish-grey foci. Histologically, giant schizonts in various developmental stages were seen in the lamina propria of the jejunum. The associated inflammatory cellular response in these areas was predominantly mononuclear and eosinophilic in character.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Surgical correction of polydactyly in a camel (Camelus dromedarius).

A 2-mo-old, 90-kg, intact male camel (Camelus dromedarius) was admitted for surgical removal of a supernumerary digit associated with the medial aspect of the right carpus and metacarpus. Radiographic views of the carpus and metacarpus revealed the supernumerary digit articulating with the middle carpal joint via an extra carpal bone. The supernumerary digit consisted of three bones. Surgical removal of the supernumerary digit was recommended to restore normal limb conformation, limit the possibility of future lameness, and improve the cosmetic appearance of the limb. Complete surgical removal of the digit was performed by disarticulating the extra carpal bone from its attachments to the second and radial carpal bones. One year after surgery, the leg appeared grossly normal and the camel showed no sign of lameness.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Congenital ocular anomalies and ventricular septal defect in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

A 5-wk-old female dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) was clinically diagnosed with bilateral corneal dermoids, incomplete congenital cataracts, a left persistent hyaloid artery (PHA), and a ventricular septal defect (VSD). The corneal dermoids were removed by lamellar keratectomy, and vision improved in the left eye. Thirteen months after dermoid surgery, the calf was presented for enlargement of the right eye. Glaucoma was confirmed in the right eye, and corneal fibrosis and cataract were noted in the left eye. Persistence of the VSD was confirmed by cardiac ultrasonography. The calf was euthanized, and necropsy findings confirmed VSD. Histopathologic examination revealed bilateral corneal thinning and fibrosis, cataracts with retrolental fibroplasia, and retinal dysplasia. Additional changes in the right globe were anterior segment dysgenesis, ruptured lens capsule, chronic phacoclastic uveitis, and retinal separation. The PHA was confirmed in the left eye.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Fibrous osteodystrophy in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Fibrous osteodystrophy of the facial and long bones was diagnosed in four dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). None of the animals responded to treatment with antiinflammatory medications or calcium supplements. The lesions were probably caused by multiple factors, including inappropriate diet and gastrointestinal parasitism. A critical factor in lesion formation may have been vitamin D deficiency secondary to gastrointestinal malabsorption and inadequate winter exposure to ultraviolet light.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mastitis in lactating camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Afar Region, north-eastern Ethiopia.

Quarter milk samples (n = 543) from 152 traditionally managed lactating camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Afar Region, north-eastern Ethiopia were examined to determine the prevalence of camel mastitis and identify its bacterial causes. Out of 152 camels examined, 19 (12.5%) were diagnosed as clinical mastitis cases based on clinical signs and bacteriological examinations. Of the 257 California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive quarter milk samples 162 (63.0%) yielded pathogenic bacteria. A positive correlation was observed between CMT positive results and presence of major pathogens in camel milk samples. The main mastitis pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae, and other species of streptococci, Pasteurella haemolytica and E. coli. Results of the present study suggest that mastitis in Afar camels is prevalent, Gram-positive cocci are the major isolates from camel milk samples and the CMT can be used as a screening test for the detection of mastitis in camels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics of dorsal lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

The morphology of dorsal lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was studied by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Filiform and lenticular papillae were considered as mechanical papillae but fungiform and vallate papillae were considered as gustatory papillae. Filiform papillae were distributed mostly in the anterior two-thirds region of the tongue. Each filiform papilla consisted of one primary papilla and a few smaller secondary papillae. Lenticular papillae were distributed on the torus linguae. The larger papillae were arranged in two parallel lines medially whereas the smaller papillae were laterally located. Most of the fungiform papillae were found on the lateral margins of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. These papillae were small and round. Intra-epithelial taste buds were located on the dorsal surface of each papilla. The vallate papillae were arranged in two rows on each rim of the torus linguae. Each round- and flat-shaped vallate papilla was surrounded by a prominent gustatory groove and an annular pad. A few taste buds were observed in the lateral epithelium of the papillae. The keratinization of the covering stratified squamous epithelium of the mechanical lingual papillae was relatively thicker than those of the gustatory papillae. The lingual papillae of the Bactrian camel exhibited some different characteristics from other domestic ruminants. These morphological characteristics of the tongue of the Bactrian camel might have evolved to assist the camel in prehension and manipulating of the inorganic stiff plants that grow in its environment and therefore might relate to the feed and feeding habits of the animal.

Animals↗