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PubMed1991

16-kilodalton rice protein is one of the major allergens in rice grain extract and responsible for cross-allergenicity between cereal grains in the Poaceae family.

Cross-allergenicity between five cereal grains including rice, wheat, corn, Japanese millet (Panicum crus-galli L. var. frumentaceum Trin.) and Italian millet (Setaria italica Beauv. var. germanica schrad.) was examined by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and RAST inhibition assay. There were significant close correlations between every combinations of RAST values for the five cereal grain extracts. RAST inhibition assay of each extract against RAST discs coupled with other cereal grain extracts indicated marked cross-reactivity of IgE binding between these cereal grain extracts. Rice protein 16KD (RP16KD) was shown to be one of major allergens in rice grain extracts by immunoblotting analysis, histamine release assay from human leukocytes and RAST inhibition. Next, the involvement of RP16KD in the cross-allergenicity between these cereals was investigated. RAST values for RP16KD significantly correlated with that for Italian millet as well as rice but not with those for corn and wheat. There was a trend of positive correlation between RAST values for RP16KD and Japanese millet. In the RAST inhibition assay using sera with positive RAST for these five cereal grain extracts and RP16KD, RP16KD inhibited IgE binding to these all cereal discs in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, all of the five cereal grain extracts showed an effective decrease in IgE binding to the RP16KD disc. These results indicated possible participation of IgE binding structure on RP16KD in cross-allergenicity between these cereal grain extracts in the Poaceae family.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

Survival and growth of psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus in dry and reconstituted infant rice cereal.

The potential for growth of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus in reconstituted dry foods is a concern, especially when they are consumed by infants or the immunosuppressed. The ability of a four-strain mixture of spores or vegetative cells of psychrotrophic B. cereus to survive in a commercial, dry infant rice cereal as affected by water activity (a(w); 0.27 to 0.28, 0.52 to 0.55, and 0.75 to 0.78), pH (5.6 and 6.7), and temperature (5, 25, 35, and 45 degrees C) was investigated. The rate of death of vegetative cells in dry cereal stored for 36 weeks was not affected by a(w) or pH. Death of spores in cereal stored at 45 degrees C for up to 48 weeks was enhanced at a(w) 0.78 but was unaffected by pH; loss of viability at 5, 25, and 35 degrees C was largely unaffected by differences in a(w). The effect of temperature (8, 15, 21, and 30 degrees C) on outgrowth of spores of B. cereus inoculated at three levels (0.14, 14, and 133 CFU/g, dry weight basis) into cereal reconstituted with apple juice and commercial pasteurized milk (2% fat) was also studied. Outgrowth of spores did not occur in cereal reconstituted with apple juice. Cereal reconstituted with milk and inoculated with 0.14, 14, and 133 spores per g contained >3 log CFU/g within 24, 9, and 6 h, respectively, at 21 degrees C. Populations in cereal reconstituted with milk and inoculated with 133 CFU of B. cereus spores per g reached 7.11, 7.72, and 7.40 log CFU/g within 12, 48, and 72 h when stored at 30, 21, and 15 degrees C, respectively. The organism grew in cereal reconstituted with milk and held at 8 degrees C for 72 h; however, enterotoxin was not detected. In reconstituted cereal inoculated with 133 spores per g, enterotoxin was detected (detection limit 16 ng/g) after 24, 48, and 72 h at 30, 21, and 15 degrees C, respectively, when the population of B. cereus reached >7 log CFU/g. It is recommended that reconstituted infant foods be either consumed immediately or held at < or = 8 degrees C and consumed within 48 h after preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Difference of several major nutrients accumulation in vegetable and cereal crop soils].

Investigation and determination of several major nutrients in different types of vegetable and cereal crop soils were carried out in the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi Province. The results showed that organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulated more in the 0-200 cm profile of vegetable soils than in that of cereal crop soils. However, the accumulation degrees were different with different nutrient forms. The total amount of nitrate-N in the soil profile of plastic greenhouse and usual vegetable field was 1520.9 kg.hm-2 and 1358.8 kg.hm-2, being 5.2 and 4.5 times higher than that in the cereal crop fields respectively. The total amount of available-P was respectively 978.1 kg.hm-2 and 503.3 kg.hm-2 in the two vegetable soils, and 136.2 kg.hm-2 in cereal crop soils, and the former two were 6.2 and 2.7 times higher than the latter. For other nutrients, organic matter in cereal crop soil was 249.4 Mg.hm-2, and that in plastic greenhouse and usual vegetable soil was 280.5 Mg.hm-2 and 269.3 Mg.hm-2, respectively, which were only 12.5% and 8.0% higher than that in cereal crop soils. The total-N in plastic greenhouse and usual vegetable soils was 37.5 Mg.hm-2 and 32.7 Mg.hm-2, which was 36.2% and 18.6% higher than that (27.5 Mg.hm-2) in cereal crop soils, respectively. The ammonium-N was 211.5 kg.hm-2 and 197.8 kg.hm-2, which was 29.6% and 21.2% higher than that (163.2 kg.hm-2) in cereal crop soils. The available-K was 6567.8 kg.hm-2 and 5523.6 kg.hm-2, which was 30.6% and 9.8% higher than that (5029.7 kg.hm-2) in cereal crop soils. Furthermore, serious nutrient leaching occurred in vegetable soil profiles due to over-fertilization and irrigation.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The cholesterol-lowering effect of a breakfast cereal containing psyllium fibre.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cholesterol-lowering effect of ready-to-eat cereal containing soluble fibre as psyllium (86%), oatmeal and barley on the plasma lipids of otherwise healthy men with mild hypercholesterolaemia, who were already eating a diet low in saturated fats. DESIGN: Double-blind crossover trial, lasting 12 weeks, in volunteers eating each cereal for six weeks at home, in Sydney and Newcastle (New South Wales). PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-one men (average age 50 years; range, 31-69 years) who had initial plasma (total) cholesterol concentrations of 5.8-8.8 mmol/L, but did not have major illness, obesity or diabetes, and were not on special diets or taking stool bulkers. INTERVENTION: One box of cereal was eaten each day: control, 60 g wheat/wheat bran (2 g soluble fibre); or test, 50 g of product containing psyllium/oats/barley (12 g soluble fibre). Subjects were allocated at random, when established on a low saturated fat diet, to wheat followed by psyllium cereal or psyllium followed by wheat cereal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations measured twice, four to seven days apart before the start of the trial and then after six weeks of eating each cereal. RESULTS: Compliance was excellent with both cereals. There were no significant differences in subjects' macronutrient intake or body weight between the two six-week periods. Total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations fell significantly on psyllium cereal, relative to wheat cereal, in both periods at both centres (mean -3.2% and -4.4%, respectively). There were no consistent changes in triglyceride or high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: This type of product, which is easy to consume on a daily basis, is a useful adjunct to the dietary management of mild hypercholesterolaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effect of infant cereals on zinc and copper absorption during weaning.

Zinc and copper absorption from five infant cereal products mixed with water, human milk, or cow's milk was measured using an in vivo absorption model (rat pup) involving gastric intubation of extrinsically radiolabeled diets. Whole-body copper 64 uptake, nine hours after intubation, ranged from 14% to 31% of the dose given for the different cereal combinations. The resultant bioavailability of copper from human milk-cereal combinations (23% to 26%) was significantly lower than that from human milk alone (38%). Whole-body zinc 65 uptake, nine hours after intubation, ranged from 13% to 54% of the dose given for the different cereal combinations. These values were significantly lower than the whole-body zinc 65 uptake from milk alone (61%). Zinc availability was lower (13% to 25%) from dry cereal combinations that contained phytic acid (oatmeal and high-protein varieties) compared with the ready-to-serve cereal-fruit combinations (24% to 54%). The highest zinc uptake (37% to 54%) was from rice-fruit combinations that do not contain phytic acid. We estimated the amounts of zinc and copper that would be absorbed from these cereal products and speculated on the potential impact of these foods on the weaning infant's zinc and copper nutriture. Depending on the feeding practices employed during the weaning period, it is apparent that infant cereals may compromise utilization of zinc and copper from milk diets during weaning.

Absorption↗
PubMed2006

Diet supplementation for 5 weeks with polyphenol-rich cereals improves several functions and the redox state of mouse leucocytes.

BACKGROUND: Cereals naturally contain a great variety of polyphenols, which exert a wide range of physiological effects both in vitro and in vivo. Many of their protective effects, including an improvement of the function and redox state of immune cells in unhealthy or aged subjects come from their properties as powerful antioxidant compounds. However, whether cereal-based dietary supplementation positively affects the immune function and cellular redox state of healthy subjects remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the effects of supplementation (20% wt/wt) for 5 weeks with four different cereal fractions on healthy mice. METHODS: Several parameters of function and redox state of peritoneal leukocytes were measured. The cereals, named B (wheat germ), C (buckwheat flour), D (fine rice bran) and E (wheat middlings) contained different amounts of gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, catechin, rutin and oryzanol as major polyphenols. RESULTS: In general, all cereal fractions caused an improvement of the leukocyte parameters studied such as chemotaxis capacity, microbicidal activity, lymphoproliferative response to mitogens, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) release, as well as oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSSG/GSH ratio, catalase (CAT) activity and lipid oxidative damage. We observed similar effects among the cereal fractions. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that some of these effects may due, at least partially, to the antioxidant activity of the polyphenols naturally present in cereals. Since an appropriate function of the leukocytes has been proposed as marker of the health state, a short-term intake of cereals seems to be sufficient to exert a benefit in the health of the general population. However, further studies are needed to assess the optimal doses and to find out which active polyphenols are able to mediate the observed physiological effects before recommending their regular consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Consumption of whole-grain cereals during weight loss: effects on dietary quality, dietary fiber, magnesium, vitamin B-6, and obesity.

OBJECTIVE: While various weight-management approaches produce weight loss, they may differ in dietary quality. We monitored changes in nutrient intakes in overweight and obese subjects on three different weight-management programs. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial (pilot study) with two 12-week phases: phase 1, weekly counseling; phase 2, monitoring only. SUBJECTS/SETTING: One hundred eighty nonsmoking, sedentary overweight and obese adults began this outpatient study; 134 (body mass index [calculated as kg/m(2)]=30.9+/-2.4; age=42.3+/-1.2 years) were used in analyses. INTERVENTION: Twenty-four weeks of exercise only (control group), hypocaloric diet plus exercise, or hypocaloric diet with fiber-rich whole-grain cereals plus exercise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At weeks 0, 12, and 24, diet quality was assessed by 3-day food records and body weight was measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS: The hypocaloric diet with fiber-rich whole-grain cereals plus exercise decreased energy intake more than exercise only (P=0.032). By week 12, the hypocaloric diet with fiber-rich whole-grain cereals plus exercise and the hypocaloric diet plus exercise decreased total fat more than exercise only, which was sustained in the hypocaloric diet with fiber-rich whole-grain cereals plus exercise at 24 weeks (P<0.001). At weeks 12 and 24, the hypocaloric diet with fiber-rich whole-grain cereals plus exercise reduced saturated fat intake more than exercise only. The hypocaloric diet with fiber-rich whole-grain cereals plus exercise increased total fiber, insoluble fiber (both P<0.001), magnesium (P=0.004), and vitamin B-6 (P=0.002) intakes more than the hypocaloric diet plus exercise and exercise only. Calcium and vitamin E intakes were inadequate in all groups. Weight loss was similar in the hypocaloric diet with fiber-rich whole-grain cereals plus exercise and the hypocaloric diet plus exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-reduction strategies may be associated with reduced intake of micronutrients, such as calcium and vitamin E. However, a hypocaloric diet with fiber-rich whole-grain cereal is effective for improving or maintaining other aspects of dietary quality during weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cadmium and lead in infant cereals--electrothermal-atomic absorption spectroscopic determination.

Because infant cereals are an important component of the infant diet from the fourth month of life onwards and therefore contribute to the dietetic intake of metals by infants, cadmium and lead were measured in samples of cereals commercially available in Spain. For this purpose an electrothermal atomic absorption (ET-AAS) method for determining cadmium and lead in these products was studied. The ET-AAS instrumental conditions and temperature/time furnace program were selected. The analytical parameters of the method (linearity, detection and quantification limits and precision) show its usefulness in measuring cadmium and lead in infant cereal products. The method was applied to eight different types of infant cereals from four different manufacturers, in all 29 different infant cereal products commercially available in Spain. The cadmium and lead contents of milk-free infant cereals range from 6.6 to 35.8 ng/g and from 36.1 to 305.6 ng/g, respectively, while the ranges corresponding to milk-added infant cereals are 2.9-40.0 ng/g for cadmium and 53.5-598.3 ng/g for lead. The cadmium and lead contents of cereal products of the same type from different manufacturers is responsible for the large confidence intervals and made it impossible to detect significant differences among the different products. Given the values found for lead and the correlation between chronic exposure to low lead doses and neuropsychological damage in early childhood, efforts should be made to reduce lead contamination.

Cadmium↗
PubMed2000

Breakfast cereal consumption in young children: associations with non-milk extrinsic sugars and caries experience: further analysis of data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5-4.5 years.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between breakfast cereal consumption and non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) intake and the possible implications of this for caries in preschool children. METHODS: Data from the 1995 UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of children aged 1.5-4.5 years were reanalysed. Four-day weighed food records and dental examinations were available on 1450 children living in private households in Britain. Children were classified by tertiles (age-adjusted) according to the proportion of energy derived from breakfast cereals, and the amount of NME sugar from cereals. There were no significant differences in social class background between any of the groups. RESULTS: Children with diets high in breakfast cereals as a proportion of total energy (top third) had lower proportional intakes of NMES, compared with low consumers of cereals (lowest third). Consumption of sweetened cereals was positively associated with NMES intake. However, caries experience was unrelated to breakfast cereal consumption, whether presweetened or not. CONCLUSIONS: Although presweetened cereals are relatively high in NMES, their cariogenic potential is probably minimal in the circumstances in which they are normally consumed.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2004

Alkylresorcinols as markers of whole grain wheat and rye in cereal products.

The alkylresorcinol (AR) content of Swedish wheat grain samples, as well as of cereal ingredients and cereal foods containing wheat and rye, was determined. The average total AR content in Swedish wheat was 412 microg/g (ranging between 227 and 639 microg/g), which is lower than that in Swedish rye analyzed in a previous study. The relative composition of AR homologues was consistent for wheat samples and differed markedly from that of rye. Notably, the ratio of the homologues C17:0/C21:0 was approximately 0.1 in wheat and approximately 1.0 in rye, indicating that it can be used to distinguish between those two cereals. The AR content in cereal foods commonly consumed in Sweden varied widely, from nondetectable levels in white wheat flour and products not containing the outer parts of wheat and/or rye to >900 microg/g in some whole grain rye products. AR content in cereal foods was calculated from their recipes using average AR values for the cereal ingredients determined in this study. As there was a good correlation between calculated and analyzed AR levels in cereal foods (R2 = 0.91), it is possible to estimate the proportion of whole grain wheat and/or rye in a given cereal product on the basis of AR content and C17:0/C21:0 ratio. ARs appear to be good markers of whole grain wheat and rye in foods, and their analysis may be an objective way to identify foods rich in whole grain wheat and/or rye or brans thereof.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of the temporal intake of cereal and dairy products in Irish adults: implications for developing food-based dietary guidelines.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the temporal distribution of the intake of cereal and dairy products in the Republic of Ireland. DESIGN: The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey established a database of habitual food and drink consumption using a 7-day food diary. The database also recorded the time and day of food consumption. Mean intakes of cereal and dairy products were calculated for time of the day and day of the week. RESULTS: At the weekend, the percentage of consumers decreased for nearly all cereal and dairy products. White bread, total cereals, full-fat milk and total dairy intakes were significantly lower at the weekend (P<0.01) compared with weekdays. Intakes of cereal and dairy products over time of the day showed clear mealtime or snacking patterns when the number of consumers was controlled for. White bread, wholemeal bread, total cereals, full-fat milk, reduced-fat milk and total dairy intakes showed mealtime peaks for morning, afternoon and evening. When examined by tertile of intake, tertile of percentage energy from fat and tertile of fibre intake, intakes of cereal and dairy products over time of the day and day of the week were similar to trends described above, regardless of the tertile. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal analysis of the intakes of cereal and dairy products did not reveal any unusual trends in this population. However, the significant methodological issues raised in this paper will be of benefit to other aspects of research in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lead and cadmium in some cereal products on the Finnish market 1990-91.

Lead and cadmium contents were determined in representatively collected (commercial mills, wholesalers) samples of rye flour, breakfast cereals, porridge flakes, muesli cereals and pasta products. The samples were digested by heating them overnight in concentrated HNO3. Lead and cadmium concentrations were determined by GFAAS using a platform and (NH4)H2PO4 as a matrix modifier. ARC/CL coded wheat flour and other reference materials (NBS 1567a, BCR no. 189, BCR no. 191) were employed for the analytical quality control. Lead and cadmium contents found in the above samples were generally much lower than the present tolerance limits in Finland (300 micrograms/kg and 100 micrograms/kg respectively). The mean cadmium and lead contents of rye flours studied were very low, being 9 micrograms/kg and 16 micrograms/kg respectively. The mean contents of lead and cadmium in wheat-based breakfast cereals were 22 and 42, in rye products 19 and 26, in oats 17 and 2, in maize products 11 and 18 and in rice products 31 and 10 micrograms/kg, respectively. The mean contents of lead and cadmium in muesli cereals were 34 and 27 micrograms/kg. Remarkably high cadmium contents were found in some pastas made from imported durum wheat. The mean cadmium content of all past products was 79 micrograms/kg with a range of 26-182 micrograms/kg. Lead contents were low, with a mean of 18 micrograms/kg, and a range of 8 to 66 micrograms/kg. Cereals contribute about 59% of the average total dietary cadmium intake in Finland. Nearly 60% of the total cereal consumption is wheat and 27% rye. Since rye has a lower cadmium content than wheat, rye is preferable to wheat. About 15% of lead is derived from cereals. As the total intake of heavy metals is very low in Finland, there is no need to alter cereal consumption.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1984

The influence of ready-to-eat cereal consumption at breakfast on nutrient intakes of individuals 62 years and older.

From 7-day food diaries of a cross-sectional sample of American elderly individuals (n = 561), breakfast consumption patterns were assessed and related to average daily nutrient intake patterns. Results indicated that, in general, breakfast consumption made a significant contribution to the average elderly individual's daily nutrient intake and, in particular, breakfasts containing ready-to-eat cereal had a greater impact on nutrient intake levels than did breakfasts not containing ready-to-eat cereal. More specifically, elderly individuals who had ready-to-eat cereal at breakfast 4-7 times during the week surveyed consumed significantly less (P less than or equal to 0.05) fat and cholesterol and significantly more fiber, carbohydrate, total sugar, protein, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamins B6, B12, and A, iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, and zinc at the breakfast meal than those who had no ready-to-eat cereal at breakfast. Fewer statistically significant differences between the two groups were evidenced when vitamin/mineral supplement usage was included in the analysis. Average daily intake levels of frequent consumers of ready-to-eat cereal were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) greater than those of nonconsumers for all dietary components except protein, fat, cholesterol, vitamin E, and sodium when supplement usage was excluded from the calculations. When supplements were included, significant differences between the two groups decreased to nine dietary components. Comparison of the average nutrient composition of breakfasts containing ready-to-eat cereal and those not containing ready-to-eat cereal revealed those including ready-to-eat cereal contained significantly greater quantities of all nutrients assessed regardless of whether or not vitamin/mineral supplements were included in the calculations.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Cholesterol-lowering effects of soluble-fiber cereals as part of a prudent diet for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.

Soluble-fiber breakfast cereals were examined for their cholesterol-lowering ability in 58 male patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients followed a step 1 diet for a minimum of 6 wk, then were randomly assigned to groups incorporating either corn flakes or one of two soluble-fiber cereals (pectin enriched or psyllium enriched) in the diet for an additional 6 wk. During the diet-only phase, total cholesterol dropped 3.8%. During the cereal-plus-diet phase, total and LDL cholesterol values of the pectin-enriched cereal group dropped an additional 2.1% (P = 0.243) and 3.9% (P = 0.16), respectively, and they dropped 5.9% (P = 0.005) and 5.7% (P = 0.034), respectively, in the psyllium-enriched cereal group. During the cereal-plus-diet phase, no significant effects on HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, or body weight were found within or between any cereal groups. These results support use of soluble-fiber cereals as an effective and well-tolerated part of a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A psyllium-enriched cereal for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children: a controlled, double-blind, crossover study.

Psyllium, a water-soluble fiber, has been shown to lower total serum and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations in adult hypercholesterolemic subjects and may be effective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children. The effects of a psyllium-enriched cereal were compared with a matched control cereal in a double-blind, crossover fashion in 25 children, 6-18 y old, with hypercholesterolemia. After an 8-wk diet-stabilization period, the subjects were randomly assigned to receive the active or control cereals for 6 wk, followed by a 6-wk washout period and a 6-wk crossover treatment period. Whereas no changes were noted in total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations during consumption of the control cereal, significant changes were seen during the psyllium-cereal periods [0.31 mmol/L (12.1 mg/dL) and 0.28 mmol/L (10.9 mg/dL); P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively]. The psyllium-enriched cereal was well tolerated throughout the trial. Consumption of the psyllium-enriched cereal resulted in a modest 7% reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with the control cereal when used in this pediatric hypercholesterolemic sample. Psyllium offers a potential adjunct to a low-fat diet for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the pediatric population because of its ease of incorporation into various foods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Is intake of breakfast cereals related to total and cause-specific mortality in men?

BACKGROUND: Prospective studies suggested that substituting whole-grain products for refined-grain products lowers the risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. Although breakfast cereals are a major source of whole and refined grains, little is known about their direct association with the risk of premature mortality. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively evaluated the association between whole- and refined-grain breakfast cereal intakes and total and CVD-specific mortality in a cohort of US men. DESIGN: We examined 86,190 US male physicians aged 40-84 y in 1982 who were free of known CVD and cancer at baseline. RESULTS: During 5.5 y, we documented 3114 deaths from all causes, including 1381 due to CVD (488 myocardial infarctions and 146 strokes). Whole-grain breakfast cereal intake was inversely associated with total and CVD-specific mortality, independent of age; body mass index; smoking; alcohol intake; physical activity; history of diabetes, hypertension, or high cholesterol; and use of multivitamins. Compared with men who rarely or never consumed whole-grain cereal, men in the highest category of whole-grain cereal intake (> or = 1 serving/d) had multivariate-estimated relative risks of total and CVD-specific mortality of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.94; P for trend < 0.001) and 0.80 (0.66, 0.97; P for trend < 0.001), respectively. In contrast, total and refined-grain breakfast cereal intakes were not significantly associated with total and CVD-specific mortality. These findings persisted in analyses stratified by history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Both total mortality and CVD-specific mortality were inversely associated with whole-grain but not refined-grain breakfast cereal intake. These prospective data highlight the importance of distinguishing whole-grain from refined-grain cereals in the prevention of chronic diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Casein phosphopeptides improve zinc and calcium absorption from rice-based but not from whole-grain infant cereal.

BACKGROUND: Casein phosphopeptides (CPP) are phosphorus-rich peptide fragments of casein, assumed to contribute to the high bioavailability of calcium from milk. METHODS: The effect of casein phosphopeptides on calcium and zinc absorption from infant foods was investigated. Twenty-two men and women were given single test meals extrinsically labeled with Ca and Zn. Absorption was calculated from measurements on whole-body retention of the radioisotopes. Each subject was given either rice-based cereal (n = 11) or whole-grain cereal (n = 11) on three occasions together with 250 ml water and added 0, 1, and 2 g CPP in random order. One serving of rice-based cereal contained 481 mg Ca and 1.29 mg Zn; whole-grain cereal contained 541 mg Ca and 1.77 mg Zn. One and 2 g of CPP contributed with additional 69 and 138 mg Ca, respectively. RESULTS: From rice-based cereal, fractional calcium absorption was not affected by CPP addition (mean +/- SD): 16.0 +/- 4.0% (no CPP), 17.6 +/- 4.5% (1 g CPP), and 15.8 +/- 4.3% (2 g CPP), while the total quantity of calcium absorbed was significantly improved: 7 +/- 19 mg, 97 +/- 25 mg, and 98 +/- 26 mg, respectively (p = 0.0004). Fractional zinc absorption as well as total quantity of zinc absorbed were increased with addition of CPP: 19.4 +/- 9.0% (0.25 +/- 0.12 mg), 25.2 +/- 7.5% (0.33 +/- 0.10 mg) and 23.9 +/- 5.4% (0.31 +/- 0.07 mg) at the three CPP levels (p = 0.04). From whole-grain cereal, CPP had no effect on the percentage or actual quantity of calcium absorbed: 17.0 +/- 3.2% (92 +/- 18 mg), 17.2 +/- 4.5% (105 +/- 27 mg), and 15.0 +/- 4.6% (102 +/- 31 mg), respectively. Zinc absorption was also not influenced by CPP: 16.0 +/- 5.1% (0.28 +/- 0.09 mg), 15.3 +/- 3.1% (0.27 +/- 0.06 mg) and 18.1 +/- 4.4% (0.32 +/- 0.08 mg), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CPP addition improved calcium and zinc absorption from rice-based cereal, while no effect was seen from whole-grain cereal.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Skin-prick test and RAST responses to cereals in children with atopic dermatitis. Characterization of IgE-binding components in wheat and oats by an immunoblotting method.

BACKGROUND: Hypersensitivity to cereals may occur via inhalation or ingestion. Although cereals are essential in the daily nutrition, only little information is available of the allergens causing symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to analyse the IgE immune-response to various cereals and specific cereal fractions of wheat and oats in children with severe AD and correlate the results with challenge studies. METHODS: Skin-prick tests (SPT) with a NaCl suspension of wheat, oats, rice, corn, millet and buckwheat and the ethanol soluble gliadin fraction of wheat were performed to 34 wheat/oats challenge positive or negative children with AD. Simultaneously serum total IgE and specific IgE antibody radioallergosorbent test (RAST), levels to wheat, oats and gluten were determined. In addition serum samples of these 34 AD patients and five age matched controls were analysed with IgE immunoblotting using neutral and acidic protein extracts of wheat and oats. RESULTS: From the 34 AD children 33 were SPT positive with wheat and 18 with oats. Positive RAST to wheat and oats could be detected in 32 and 30 samples respectively. From the oral wheat challenge positive children 12/14 appeared positive with gliadin SPT and revealed positive RAST to gluten, but each of the wheat challenge negative were negative in SPT with gliadin. In immunoblotting using neutral and acidic fractions of cereals the IgE binding with sera of challenge positive children showed the most intensive staining, but no correlation was found between different staining patterns and the clinical wheat sensitivity. The 26, 38 and 69 kDa bands in wheat and the 46 and 66 kDa in oats could be classified as major IgE binding proteins of these cereals (> 50% of the sera were positive). SPT with rice, corn, millet or buckwheat was positive in 16/34 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive IgE staining to neutral/acidic soluble proteins in wheat and oats was seen, with major IgE binding to 26, 38 and 69 kDa proteins in wheat and 46 and 66 kDa in oats, but no specific IgE staining patterns correlating with clinical cereal sensitivity were found. The strong association between the positive oral wheat challenge and the positive SPT with the ethanol soluble gliadin suggests that also gliadin is an important allergen in wheat-allergic children with AD. The allergens in rice, corn, millet and buckwheat should be better studied before they can be recommended as alternatives for cereal allergic children.

Allergens↗