Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CADAVER”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Formal procedural skills training using a fresh frozen cadaver model: a pilot study.

Graduating medical students are expected to be proficient in a number of procedural skills. A structured curriculum is infrequently available. In addition, the use of a mannequin tends to be unrealistic and students continue to have some anxiety when performing procedures on patients. This pilot study was designed to demonstrate the utility of a fresh frozen cadaver model in practicing procedural skills as compared to mannequins. Seven third-year students carried out a number of basic procedural skills using a mannequin model and a fresh frozen cadaver. We surveyed the students after they had carried out the procedures on the different models with regards to ease of procedure, the sense of realism and their success rate. The pilot course improved the overall confidence of the students in performing basic skills. In addition, despite the fact that the mannequin was somewhat easier to perform a number of procedures on, the fresh frozen cadaver was a more realistic model and the preferred model for practicing the skills. The fresh frozen cadaver is a feasible and valid instructional tool for training procedural skills and has the advantage of being more realistic than a typical mannequin model.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

The olfactory bulb and olfactory mucosa obtained from human cadaver donors as a source of olfactory ensheathing cells.

During the last decade, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been successfully applied in multiple experimental approaches aimed to repair damaged mammalian spinal cord. Some of these experiments have consequently been translated into clinical trials. Finding a reliable source of human OECs that is easily accessible and can ensure a sufficient number of cells is a major prerequisite for conducting studies on OEC-mediated spinal cord regeneration. Here, we present a procedure for obtaining olfactory bulbs (OBs) and olfactory mucosa (OM) simultaneously from adult cadaver heart-beating donors for OEC isolation and analyze some of the factors that may condition successful OEC culture. We show that the results of OEC culture from OBs (10 cases) correlated significantly with warm ischemia time (WIT) as well as the initial viability of the isolated cells. Efficient OEC culture was possible when the WIT for the OB was up to 20 min. Brain damage, assessed by determination of S100B serum level, was not related to the success of OEC culture from the OB. Cadaver OM (7 cases) was shown to be a more reliable source of human OECs than the OB. In most of the examined cases the efficacy of culturing OECs from cadaver OM obtained even 180 min after cardiac arrest was comparable to that of living patients. The method of obtaining OBs and OM from cadavers enables the use of an alternative source of primary adult human OECs for further preclinical and clinical studies on their neurotrophic properties.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The intubating laryngeal mask airway in fresh cadavers vs. paralysed anesthetised patients.

PURPOSE: To compare the performance of the intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILM) between fresh cadavers and anesthetised patients in terms of ease of insertion, oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP), in-vivo intracuff pressure, anatomical position (assessed fibreoptically) and ease of fibreoptic-guided intubation. METHODS: Twenty paralysed anesthetised patients and twenty cadavers (6-24 hr post-mortem) were studied. Groups were matched for height, weight and sex. Ease of insertion and ease of fibreoptic-guided intubation (number of insertion attempts and time to successful placement) were recorded. The OLP in-vivo intracuff pressure and anatomical position (judged fibreoptically) were measured at zero volume and after each additional 10 ml up to 40 ml. RESULTS: There were no differences in ease of insertion or ease of fibreoptic-guided intubation, OLP, in-vivo intracuff pressure or anatomic position between groups. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the performance of the ILM is similar for fresh cadavers and paralysed anesthetised patients. This suggests that the fresh cadaver is a suitable model for training and research.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of four different intra-articular injection sites in the knee: a cadaver study.

Although intra-articular knee injection is not a complicated procedure, it could be difficult to assess whether the tip of the needle lies free in the joint or is embedded in synovium or other intra-articular soft tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy rate of intra-articular injection using anteromedial (AM), anterolateral (AL), lateral midpatellar (LMP), and medial midpatellar (MMP) portals in cadavers. In this study 156 knees of 78 fresh cadavers were included. Anterolateral and AM injection to both knees of 39 cadavers (78 knees) were performed. MMP and LMP injection to both knees of other 39 cadavers were also performed. Accuracy rate was the highest (85%) in the AL injection portal and lowest in the MMP portal (56%). In conclusion, the accuracy obtained with use of the MMP portal was significantly lower than that obtained with the use of either the AM (P < 0.05), AL (P < 0.0001), or LMP (P < 0.05) portal. Although AL injection site resulted in good intra-articular delivery with 85% accuracy rate and with a lower incidence of soft tissue infiltration, the results were not statistically significant when compared to AM and LMP portals. Therefore, any of these three portals might be preferred depending on the experience of the physician. On the other hand, 100% accuracy could not be obtained through any portals in the study, which should be kept in mind when treating knee problems with intra-articular medications.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

An anatomical protrusion exists on the posterior hypopharyngeal wall in some elderly cadavers.

Dysfunction of the cricopharyngeus is a common cause for dysphagia in the elderly and results in the appearance of the cricopharyngeal bar on a barium swallow radiological examination. However, manometrically normal relaxation of the cricopharyngeus has been observed in patients with a permanent cricopharyngeal bar, which implies that some structural changes may occur in the pharyngoesophageal wall. The aim of this study was to examine the macro-microscopic morphological features in the posterior hypopharyngeal wall of elderly human cadavers. Using dissection, histology, and E12 sheet plastination methods, we examined 31 human cadavers (15 females and 16 males; age 60-97 years with a mean of 77 years). We found that about one-third of the cadavers (29%, 9 out of 31) had an anatomical cricopharyngeal protrusion on the posterior hypopharyngeal wall. The protrusion presented two different appearances: a transverse ridge (2 females and 4 males, age 60-91 years) and a tongue-like fold (1 female and 2 males, age 71-86 years). The existence of the anatomical protrusion in the elderly cadaver suggests that such a structural change may become a physical barrier to affect the normal deglutition in the living elderly and should be carefully considered when interpreting radiological and manometrical examinations and with the management of dysphagia.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Improving laparoscopy in embalmed cadavers: a new method with a lateral abdominal wall muscle section.

BACKGROUND: Rigor mortis can be a problem when laparoscopy is performed in embalmed cadavers for surgical training. METHODS: To improve the laparoscopic view, a new technique for managing the abdominal wall with a cutaneous-subcutaneous flap, pneumoperitoneum (14-15 mmHg), and a progressive (step-by-step) bilateral section of the lateral muscles of the abdomen was attempted in 10 embalmed cadavers. The degree of abdominal wall increase was calculated by measuring changes in the size of the abdominal wall after each step. Improvement in the peritoneal laparoscopic view was also assessed. RESULTS: For abdominal wall size, no constant relationship was observed between initial (after creation of the pneumoperitoneum) and final increment (after each muscular layer section). Cumulative degrees of increase in the dimensions of the abdominal wall were the only parameters that showed a significant difference among the four groups of cadavers. Bilateral sectioning of both oblique muscles was sufficient to obtain an adequate view of the abdominopelvic cavity; thus, the risk of an unexpected peritoneal opening during sectioning of the transversum abdominis muscle was obviated. CONCLUSIONS: In embalmed cadavers, the laparoscopic view in the presence of a pneumoperitoneum can be facilitated by a section of the lateral muscles of the abdomen, with a previous cutaneous-subcutaneous flap. To obviate an incidental opening of the peritoneum, resulting in air leakage, preservation of the deep muscular layer is advisable.

Abdominal Wall↗
PubMed2006

Histological and morphometric study of the arterial route from the intercostal/lumbar artery via the Adamkiewicz artery to the anterior spinal artery using elderly cadavers with or without aortic aneurysms.

The Adamkiewicz artery originates from the lower intercostal/lumbar artery, runs along the vertebral roots of the spinal nerve, and communicates with the anterior spinal artery. In graft replacement for an aortic aneurysm, the lower intercostal/lumbar artery should be reconstructed to maintain the arterial blood supply to the lumbar spinal cord via the Adamkiewicz artery. To date, there are few reports on the histological characteristics of the arterial pathway from the aorta to the anterior spinal artery via the Adamkiewicz artery as well as the pathway in the Adamkiewicz artery. In addition, there is a possibility that this arterial pathway was degenerated by the aortic aneurysm. In this study, we attempted to reveal the histological characteristics of the arterial pathway by using elderly cadavers with or without unruptured aortic aneurysm. Specimens were obtained from 190 elderly cadavers (fixed in 10% formalin). These cadavers included 16 cases of aortic aneurysms. We collected fragments of the intercostal/lumbar artery, its dorsal branch, the Adamkiewicz artery, and the anterior spinal artery. After routine histological procedures, several staining procedures were performed for each section. A morphometric study was conducted at the light-microscopic level. The Adamkiewicz artery is composed of a thick intima that contains multiple thick elastic fiber layers and, probably, numerous intimal smooth muscle cells. Among the cadavers, the intimal thickness varied significantly in the intercostal/lumbar artery and the Adamkiewicz artery; it tended to be constant, irrespective of luminar dilatation in the Adamkiewicz artery, in contrast to other arteries. No significant difference was observed between the specimens with or without unruptured aortic aneurysms in all the parameters that were measured. The Adamkiewicz artery appeared to be capable of adapting to acute and chronic changes in systemic status that develop with aging because of its thick intima that contained numerous smooth muscles and elastic fibers. Against various events of systemic circulatory dysfunctions such as hypertension, its unique morphology suggested that this artery may play the critical role of a modulator, or even a barrier, that is intercalated along the arterial route to the lumbar cord.

Actins↗
PubMed1991

A strategy to increase the donor pool: use of cadaver lungs for transplantation.

A shortage of suitable donors is a serious obstacle to the widespread application of isolated lung transplantation for end-stage lung disease. We hypothesized that lung tissue likely remains viable for a sufficient period of time to allow for safe postmortem retrieval of lungs for transplantation. Studies were conducted in a nonsurvival model of canine lung allotransplantation. Donor animals were sacrificed, and subsequent lung harvest was delayed for 1 hour, 2 hours, or 4 hours. Pulmonary retrieval was then performed in a standard fashion, flushing the lung block with modified Euro-Collins solution. Lungs were then stored for 4 hours before single allotransplantation. Recipient animals were maintained anesthetized, and followed up for 8 hours. By occlusion of the pulmonary artery and bronchus to the native lung, recipient animals were forced to survive solely on the transplanted lung, with a constant inspired oxygen fraction of 0.40. All 5 recipient animals of 1-hour cadaver lungs survived the 8-hour observation period with excellent hemodynamics and gas exchange. Two of 5 recipients of 2-hour cadaver lungs survived the observation period, whereas a third animal survived for 5 hours with excellent gas exchange. One of 4 animals transplanted with a 4-hour cadaver lung survived the observation period. Retrieval of lungs from cadavers whose hearts are not beating may prove to be a safe and effective method to increase the pulmonary donor pool.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of a free radical scavenger on cadaver lung transplantation.

The pulmonary donor pool would increase substantially if lungs could be safely transplanted after cessation of circulation. To determine whether the addition of the free radical scavenger dimethylthiourea to the perfusate of cadaver lungs could improve graft function, canine donors were sacrificed, and lungs retrieved 2 hours after death. In a blinded fashion, dimethylthiourea was added to the modified Euro-Collins solution and infused into recipients (n = 9) perioperatively; a placebo was included in the perfusate of control animals (n = 9). Donor animals were ventilated with 100% oxygen only during flush and harvest. Recipients were rendered dependent upon the single left transplanted lung by occlusion of the right pulmonary artery and bronchus 1 hour after transplantation. Ventilation was maintained at a constant inspiratory oxygen fraction of 0.4. Recipients were followed up for 8 hours or until death. Three of 9 control animals survived the 8-hour observation period, whereas 6 of 9 recipients of cadaver lungs harvested with dimethylthiourea survived the observation period. Two deaths in the dimethylthiourea group occurred after 7 hours, implying that the effects of the ischemia and reperfusion injury were ameliorated by the use of this agent in this model. This study supports the notion that perfusate modification may improve the yield of cadaver lung retrieval and may allow for transplantation of lungs harvested from cadavers after cessation of circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Purification and characterization of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from human cadaver liver.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from human cadaver liver was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 150 kDa. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was dissociated into a single fragment with a molecular mass of 39 kDa. In contrast, fresh lymphocyte enzyme extract showed a major band with a molecular mass of 75 kDa and a minor band of 39 kDa. Fresh liver enzyme was inhibited by S-adenosylmethionine while the purified enzyme from human cadaver liver was not inhibited. These observations suggest that human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is composed of two identical subunits of 75 kDa each but is cleaved into a major single band due to autolysis in cadaver liver. The purified cadaver enzyme was a FAD-specific protein. The pH optimum was 6.6 for methylenetetrahydrofolate-NADPH oxidoreductase, 6.5 for methyltetrahydrofolate-menadione oxidoreductase, and 7.2 for NADP-menadione oxidoreductase. The Km values of human liver methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase were 17 microns for NADPH and 38 microns for methyltetrahydrofolate in the reduction of menadione, and 12 microns for NADPH in the reduction of methylenetetrahydrofolate.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2006

In vitro study of foot kinematics using a dynamic walking cadaver model.

There is a dearth of information on navicular, cuboid, cuneiform and metatarsal kinematics during walking and our objective was to study the kinematic contributions these bones might make to foot function. A dynamic cadaver model of walking was used to apply forces to cadaver feet and mobilise them in a manner similar to in vivo. Kinematic data were recorded from 13 cadaver feet. Given limitations to the simulation, the data describe what the cadaver feet were capable of in response to the forces applied, rather than exactly how they performed in vivo. The talonavicular joint was more mobile than the calcaneocuboid joint. The range of motion between cuneiforms and navicular was similar to that between talus and navicular. Metatarsals four and five were more mobile relative to the cuboid than metatarsals one, two and three relative to the cuneiforms. This work has confirmed the complexity of rear, mid and forefoot kinematics. The data demonstrate the potential for often-ignored foot joints to contribute significantly to the overall kinematic function of the foot. Previous emphasis on the ankle and sub talar joints as the principal articulating components of the foot has neglected more distal articulations. The results also demonstrate the extent to which the rigid segment assumptions of previous foot kinematics research have over simplified the foot.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of fungi detected in human cadavers.

We examined and identified fungi flora found growing on two human cadavers. The main isolate colonized on the surfaces of the skin and bones was morphologically identified as Eurotium repens. The genus Eurotium usually inhabits soil and exhibits osmophilic properties. Because the cadavers contained abundant organic materials, Eurotium species formed ascomata and conidia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe in detail the species of fungus obtained from human cadavers. Because the detection of some species of fungus found in human cadavers may reveal the local habits of them, more forensic cases is needed to develop fungi into the forensic tool.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Nurses' responses to organ procurement from nonheartbeating cadaver donors.

Brain-dead donors (ie, heartbeating cadaver donors) have been an accepted source of transplantable organs for many years. Clinicians in some medical centers are considering nonheartbeating cadaver donors (ie, patients who decide to discontinue life-support measures and become organ donors) as another source of transplantable organs. This study explored registered nurses' responses to caring for nonheartbeating cadaver donors and described their intentions to care for such donors, their reactions to caring for them, and the meaning of these reactions and intentions. The nurses interviewed expressed resentment at the intrusion of technology; they preferred brain-dead status in organ donors; they feared legal repercussions from families; they speculated about nonheartbeating cadaver donors' ability to feel pain, and they expressed concern about withdrawing life-support measures, honoring patients' wishes, allocating nursing care as a scare resource, and witnessing family members' pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Influence of acute tubular necrosis on first cadaver kidney transplant function.

Prolonged cold storage following intracellular electrolyte flushing increases the probability of significant acute tubular necrosis after cadaver kidney transplantation. The renal function of primary cadaver kidney grafts was compared in 68 recipients who required dialysis and 92 who did not require dialysis during the first week after transplantation. All kidneys were retrieved from beating-heart cadaver donors by our center, flushed with ice-cold intracellular electrolyte solution and cold-stored until transplantation at our hospital. Recipients requiring dialysis during the first week after transplantation received kidneys with a significantly longer cold storage time (27.4 plus or minus 10.2 versus 23.2 plus or minus 7.6 hours) and had significantly higher 1-month serum creatinine nadirs (2.1 plus or minus 1.3 versus 1.5 plus or minus 0.6 mg./dl.). Actuarial kidney graft survivals and serum creatinine levels 1 to 5 years after grafting were not significantly different. Acute tubular necrosis following primary cadaver kidney transplantation does not adversely affect long-term function of kidney grafts flushed with intracellular electrolyte solution and cold-stored until transplantation.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1982

Effect of donor surgeon on first cadaver kidney transplant function.

Community urologists and general surgeons were recruited into a cadaver kidney program in 1976. This study from 1 center compares 41 primary cadaver kidney grafts retrieved by community hospital retrieval teams to 60 primary cadaver kidney grafts retrieved by a center-based transplant team. Of the kidneys 100 were preserved with Collins' C2 flushing followed by simple cold storage and 1 was preserved with pulsatile machine perfusion. Cold storage time ranged from 9 to 44.5 hours in the community hospital kidney group and from 11 to 44 hours in the university hospital group. There was no significant difference between the 2 kidney retrieval teams with respect to 1) incidence of acute tubular necrosis, 2) 1-month serum creatinine nadir of surviving grafts, 3) 1 and 2-year serum creatinine levels and 4) actuarial graft survivals up to 5 years. Community hospital retrieval teams can provide kidneys as satisfactory for transplantation as a center-based transplant team and are a valuable resource for cadaver kidney transplant programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Chest injuries after active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) in cadavers.

In a prospective study of 38 cadavers of patients older than 18 without previous chest injury or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), active compression-decompression (ACD) resuscitation manoeuvres were performed to determine possible factors influencing sternal and/or rib fractures. ACD was performed for 60 s, with compression and decompression forces being continuously recorded. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was applied. Factors analyzed were age, gender, use of a compression cushion beneath the piston of the ACD device (Ambu CardioPump), and maximal compression and decompression forces. After ACD, the cadavers were autopsied and thoracic injuries were assessed. There was a significant correlation between sternal fractures and gender (P = 0.008), and between rib fractures and age (P = 0.008). Women were found to have a higher risk for sternal fractures, whereas older patients had a higher risk for rib fractures. Maximal compression force was another factor in sternal and/or rib fracture (P = 0.048). Even though a significantly higher incidence of sternal fractures was observed when the compression cushion was used (P = 0.045), inclusion of this variable in the regression analysis only marginally improved the prediction for correct classification of sternal fractures. In conclusion, when well controlled ACD-CPR is performed in cadavers, age is the most important factor determining the incidence of rib fracture. Sternal fractures were more common in female cadavers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Effect of surgical cricothyrotomy on the unstable cervical spine in a cadaver model of intubation.

Cricothyrotomy is indicated for patients who require an immediate airway and in whom orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation is unsuccessful or contraindicated. Cricothyrotomy is considered safe with cervical spine (c-spine) injury; however, the amount of c-spine movement that occurs during the procedure has not been determined. In this experimental study, an established cadaver model of c-spine injury was used to quantify movement during cricothyrotomy. A complete C5--6 transection was performed by using an osteotome on 13 fresh-frozen cadavers. Standard open cricothyrotomy was performed on each cadaver, with c-spine images recorded in real time on fluoroscopy, then transferred to video and Kodachrome still images. Outcome measures included movement across the C5--6 site with regard to angulation expressed in degrees of rotation and linear measures of axial distraction and anterior-posterior (AP) displacement expressed as a proportion of C5 body width. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics to determine mean change from baseline in each of three planes of movement. Significance was assumed if 95% confidence intervals did not include zero. A significant amount of movement was observed with regard to AP displacement (6.3% of C5 width) and axial distraction (-4.5% of C5 width, indicating narrowing of the intervertebral space). These correspond to 1--2 mm AP displacement and less than 1 mm axial compression. No significant angular displacement was observed. In conclusion, cricothyrotomy results in a small but significant amount of movement across an unstable c-spine injury in a cadaver model. This degree of movement is less than the threshold for clinical significance.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1999

Cadaver versus living donor kidneys: impact of donor factors on antigen induction before transplantation.

BACKGROUND: It is widely recognized that living-related donor (LRD) renal allografts have a higher overall graft survival than cadaver donor transplants. We tested the hypothesis that part of this is attributable to LRD kidneys being obtained under optimal conditions from healthy donors, whereas cadaveric kidneys may have experienced injury as a result of inflammatory events around the time of brain death. METHODS: We have performed a comparative immunohistochemical analysis of pretransplant donor biopsies from cadaveric (N = 65) and LRD (N = 29) kidneys to determine any differences that may predispose them to subsequent damage. Cryostat sections were stained with antibodies to leukocytes, adhesion molecules, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR antigens, and the expression was assessed semiquantitatively. RESULTS: High levels of endothelial E-selectin and proximal tubular expression of HLA-DR antigens, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were detected in biopsies from cadaveric kidneys, whereas expression of these markers was markedly reduced in LRD kidneys. High levels of tubular antigen expression were significantly associated with traumatic death, prolonged ventilation, and episodes of infection in cadaver donors. Furthermore, the expression of pretransplant tubular antigens in cadaver donor kidneys was significantly associated with early acute rejection following transplantation, suggesting that such kidneys are predisposed to subsequent immune-mediated attack following transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: These results may explain, in part, the superior outcome of LRD allografts compared with cadaver renal allografts.

Adult↗