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Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Trial of labor in women with breech presentation.

Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in a woman with breech presentation is a controversial issue. In this prospective study, 137 patients had a breech presentation. Of them, 27 (19.7%) met the protocol criteria for attempted vaginal delivery and desired a trial of labor. Thirteen (48%) achieved vaginal delivery, with no increase in fetal or maternal morbidity. Our data suggest that in selected patients, a trial of labor after a cesarean delivery with a breech presentation is a reasonable consideration.

Breech Presentation↗

[Mode of delivery and term breech presentation in the PREMODA cohort].

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to report labor and birth management practices for term breech presentation in France and Belgium in 2001-2002 and to describe indications for cesarean sections (before labor, emergency situations) in breech presentations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The PREMODA cohort is a survey population which included 19408 deliveries, 8108 of which were term breech presentations. RESULTS: Infants were delivered by cesarean section before labor (59.1%), emergency cesarean section during labor (18.4%) or vaginally (22.5%). The decision for cesarean section before labor was empirical (breech presentation) in 44.3% of the cases. Half of the cesarean sections performed during labor (n=704, 49.3%) were planned C-sections. Overall, 67.8% of the breech presentations were delivered during planned cesarean sections (before or during labor). When vaginal delivery was attempted, the rate of vaginal birth was 70%. CONCLUSION: These early results reveal a high rate of cesarean section as well as differences in inter-regional practices. Considering all cesarean sections performed before labor, the most frequent indication was an empirical decision because of the breech presentation. An increased rate of planned cesarean section does not reduce the rate of vaginal delivery when attempted.

Adult↗

Maternal posture for cephalic version of breech presentation: a review of the evidence.

BACKGROUND: Maternal posture is commonly recommended to promote cephalic version of breech presentation during pregnancy, but the few studies conducted to examine the efficacy of this obstetric practice are inconclusive. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the research evidence base for postural management of breech presentation. METHODS: This review critically examined the research on maternal posture for breech presentation using guidelines from the third United States Preventive Services Task Force. Database searches were conducted of Ovid Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, using the keywords "pregnancy," "maternal posture," "maternal position," "postural management," "breech," "presentation." Hand searches were conducted on reference citations from databases, and all research articles, commentaries, and reports of clinical cases were included. RESULTS: Conceptual and methodological issues in the individual studies posed threats to internal validity in each study. Interpretation of the nonsignificant results in the research reports is debatable because the randomized controlled trials were underpowered, and flaws in each study challenged validity of the results. Meta-analysis of previous findings may be inappropriate. CONCLUSIONS: Further research based on explicit theory and improved methods, including sufficient sample size, is needed to determine whether maternal posture promotes cephalic version for pregnant women with breech presentation.

Breech Presentation↗

[Breech presentation in multiple pregnancy].

A retrospective analysis of the ten-year experience with the delivery of twins in breech presentation was performed in this paper. Out of 17,300 deliveries there were 173 deliveries of twins which accounted for 1%. From that number there were 99 (57.2%) multiple deliveries where one or both of the twins were in breech presentation. Deliveries in this group were more frequently terminated surgically (31.8%) than in the whole population of deliveries of twins (x2 = 26,182; p less than 0.001). In this group of 99 deliveries, out of 198 twins 117 were born with the body mass less than 2,500 g (59.1%) and 56 (56.6%) pregnancies were terminated prior to 37th week of gestation. Perinatal mortality was greater in the group of twins with breech presentation (12.52:9.8%). Breech presentation put the fetus at risk due to two reasons--multiple pregnancy (high prematurity and newborn with the delay in fetal growth and development) on one hand and complications which may arise during the breech presentation on the other.

Adult↗

Can labor with breech presentation be induced?

Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of labor induction in women with a breech presentation, and an unripe cervix. We conducted a retrospective, matched-paired study on patients with breech presentation and an unripe cervix (n = 23), who underwent induction of labor using extra-amniotic saline instillation. The women were compared to three matched control groups: 46 women with vertex presentation and an unripe cervix, whose labor was induced by the same method, 23 with breech presentation who underwent a vaginal trial of labor, and 23 women with breech presentation who underwent a cesarean section without a trial of labor. In the study group, 12 women (52.2%) delivered vaginally. Rates of Apgar score, birth trauma, and maternal morbidity were similar in all groups. Induction of labor in patients with a breech presentation and an unripe cervix may be attempted in selected cases as it seems to be efficacious (vaginal delivery rate of 52.2%) and safe for both fetus and mother.

Adult↗

[Perinatal mortality of newborns with birth weights above 2,500 g and delivered from breech presentation (author's transl)].

An account is given of the problem of delivery from breech presentation, with reference being made to an analysis of childbirths over the last 14 years (1965 through 1978). -- Since the rate of premature births from breech presentation was found to be much higher than that generally recordable from vertex presentation, the gap being roughly by factor 4, reference in this paper has been restricted to children with birth weights above 2,500 g, defined as "mature" in a WHO recommendation, with the view to establish comparability between the data given in this paper, on the one, hand and the birth record on the basis of vertex presentation, on the other. -- Evidence is provided, by the example of 604 newborns delivered from breech presentation, that their intrapartum and postpartum mortality -- generally referred to as "purified" perinatal mortality, does not differ from figures quoted for comparable cases of vertex presentation. -- Another point made is that the vaginal route of delivery, except for complete extraction, is by no means necessarily inferior to caesarean section. Reduction of perinatal mortality, including morbidity, is considered to depend primarily on adequate labour monitoring. -- Taking into due consideration the considerable increase in maternal mortality and morbidity, the authors feel that the indications followed for termination of labour by caesarean section should be identical with those applicable to vertex presentation. -- The conclusion is drawn that delivery from breech presentation is a problem of premature birth rather than of positional abnormality.

Birth Weight↗

Route of delivery for the breech presentation: a conundrum.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the feasibility of resolving the controversy regarding route of delivery for breech presentation in a randomized, prospective fashion. STUDY DESIGN: The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-sponsored Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network, which is composed of 11 perinatal centers, was surveyed to determine the feasibility of a randomized clinical trial of cesarean section versus trial of labor for breech presentation. A review of the literature was performed to determine the experience of other investigators with designing and conducting an adequate prospective, randomized trial. RESULTS: Principal investigators and faculty from seven of 11 centers within the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network agreed to participate adn felt that they could adequately recruit patients for a trial in very-low-birth-weight infants. This would provide approximately 200 very-low-birth-weight fetuses in a breech presentation per year. Sample size calculations indicated that 1700 infants would be required. Investigators also had strong reservations about performing a trial of vaginal breech delivery for other gestational ages. A review of the literature indicates that other authors have encountered difficulty in attempting randomized clinical trials of this nature. CONCLUSIONS: The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network with its pool of 60,000 deliveries per year agreed that a randomized, controlled delivery route of labor in the 24- to 28-week breech presentation was not feasible in a reasonable period of time. A randomized clinical trial of larger fetuses in a breech presentation was also considered extremely difficult. These findings are similar to those of other authors who have attempted or proposed randomized clinical trials to determine the safety of planned vaginal delivery of the breech presentation at various gestational ages.

Breech Presentation↗

[Deciding criteria for vaginal delivery from breech presentation--effect on neonatal early and late morbidity].

In the past 20 years, breech presentation obstetrics has been characterised mainly by the work of Kubli (1975): "The safest and most simple way to prevent the foetal obstetric risk of breech presentation is the systematic Caesarean section." In the past, this resulted in judicial decisions in which due to vaginal delivery a child has been damaged and the doctor has been reproached for not performing a Caesarean section. In the report of the "Standardkommission BEL" (1983) as well as in the Guidelines for the Management of Breech Delivery (FIGO 1993), subtile criteria of decision were demanded for the vaginal delivery method. To an increasing extent clinics lack the necessary training for vaginal-operative delivery for breech presentation, followed by economic obligations and, as a result, in 1994 the frequency of Caesarean sections in cases of breech presentation was 86.9% in Bavaria. Investigations should be made as to whether it is actually necessary, for the benefit of the child, to subject a mother of a breech baby to such high-risk operations. From 1988 to 1995, 1116 breech babies were born in the Gynaecological Clinic Nürnberg, Dept. of Obstetrics. The case history of 650 children with a period of gestation > 32 weeks of pregnancy were evaluated: parity, period of gestation, method of delivery, condition after Caesarean section, premature rupture of the foetal membranes, position of legs, weight of child, Apgar score, umbilical artery pH, base excess in umbilical artery mval/l, transfer ratio to paediatric clinic, reason of transfer to paediatric clinic, rate and duration of intubation, cranial sonogram and electroencephalogram.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

[Cerebral damage following breech presentation].

445 single babies were born from breech presentation at the Obstetric Department of the Medical Faculty in Plzen in the years 1962 to 1966. The perinatal mortality was 71,9%. Intracranial bleeding was the most frequent cause of death. All survived children were examined by the pediatric neurologist and psychologist at the age of 9 to 13 years. 4,24% have suffered from cerebral palsy, 3,0% from epilepsy and 22,8% from minimal brain damage. Having analysed the methods of conducting the deliveries we found out that the best prognosis for survival as well as for psychomotoric development in breech presentation have the babies delivered by elective Caesarean section.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗

[Breech presentation: management (304 cases)].

UNLABELLED: BUT: Try to precise the optimal management in 1997 face a breech presentation. METHOD: Between January 1991 and December 1995, 304 cases of breech presentations were listed at the maternity of Pavillon Victor Olivier (Lille). From these 304 breech presentations, all parities blended, the authors have analysed the mode of delivery of these patients, distinguishing the para one from the multiparous women and the preterm babies from the other babies. From this study and a review of the literature, were discussed the criterions which can help the practitioner to determine the mode of delivery of these fetus. RESULTS: The results show a cesarean section (cs) rate of 51% (41% of first intention cs and 10% of second intention cs were realized only for primiparity + breech presentation and 67% of the para one women benefited from a first intention cs 8.72% of vaginal deliveries were complicated, and 5 fetal injuries were noted without sequel. On 296 live new-borns, only 2 cases of fetal death were perhaps due to the vaginal delivery. Fetal mortality is principally reliable at the prematurity and the congenital malformations, but finally, not due to mode of delivery. CONCLUSION: The difficulty is to determine rigorous criterions of selection to authorize a vaginal delivery without spoil the fetal pronostic. The major criterions are a perfect radiopelvimetry, an estimated fetal weight < 3800 g for the para one women and < 4300 g for the multiparous woman, a well flexed fetal head, favorable obstetric conditions ond the absence of maternal or fetal complications. The primiparity is not an indication of systematic cesariean section.

Breech Presentation↗

[The effect of preventive cesarean section in breech presentation on perinatal mortality].

This study is based upon 1229 infants delivered from breech presentations who were investigated for the influence of the prophylactic Caesarean section carried out with primiparae after their 36th week of pregnancy in 1972, on perinatal mortality. The periods under report, i. e., 1966 to 1971 and 1972 to 1975, were compared with one another. The incidence of Caesarean sections carried out in breech presentations increased from 11.6% to 52.2%. With a premature birth rate of 22.1% and 20.9%, respectively, the uncleaned perinatal mortality decreased from 109.2% to 96.5%, whereas the cleaned one dropped from 73.3% to 64.2%. As to mature infants delivered vaginally or by Caesarean section, there was no significant difference in death rates. The worse prognosis for breech presentation infants given birth by pluriparae could be confirmed. The high portion of underweight infants amounting to 78.0% and 82.9%, respectively, in the total number of perinatal deaths illustrates the main problem of the breech presentation births.

Birth Weight↗

[Frequency and distribution of breech presentation during pregnancy and labor (authors transl)].

On 975 pregnant women treated and delivered during 1973 at the Heidelberg University department of obstetrics 3780 ultrasound examinations were carried out. The frequency of breech presentation related to the duration of pregnancy and the likelyhood of breech presentation at term were calculated. Breech presentation can be seen as physiologic in 70% of early pregnancies. After the 33rd week it is below 10%, after the 38th week 4%. The probability of breech presentation at term at nay given stage before the 30th week is below 10%. After de 31st week this rises steeply up to a maximum of 66% after the 37th week. These influences of parity on these 2 data are described. The relationship between a low placenta and breech presentation is mentioned. These results are discussed.

Breech Presentation↗

External cephalic version for breech presentation before term.

BACKGROUND: External cephalic version (ECV) of the breech fetus at term (after 37 weeks) has been shown to be effective in reducing the number of breech presentations and caesarean sections, but the rates of success are relatively low. This review examines studies initiating ECV prior to term (before 37 weeks' gestation). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of a policy of beginning ECV before term (before 37 weeks' gestation) for breech presentation on fetal presentation at birth, method of delivery, and the rate of preterm birth, perinatal morbidity, stillbirth or neonatal mortality. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (April 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2005), MEDLINE (1965 to April 2005), EMBASE (1988 to April 2005), and Controlled Clinical Trials randomised controlled trials registry (April 2005). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of ECV beginning before term (before 37 weeks' gestation) compared with a control group in women with breech presentation before term. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed eligibility and trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies are included. One study reported on ECV that was undertaken and completed before 37 weeks' gestation compared to no ECV. No difference was found in the rate of non-cephalic presentation at birth. One study reported on a policy of ECV that was initiated before term (33 weeks) and up until 40 weeks' gestation and which could be repeated up until delivery compared to no ECV. This study showed a decrease in the rate of non-cephalic presentation at birth (relative risk 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.77). One study reported on ECV started at between 34 to 35 weeks' gestation compared to beginning at 37 to 38 weeks' gestation. Although findings were not statistically significant, a 9.5% decrease in the rate of non-cephalic presentation at birth and a 7% decrease in the caesarean section rate were reported when ECV was started early. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Compared with no ECV attempt, ECV commenced before term reduces non-cephalic births. Compared with ECV at term, beginning ECV at between 34 to 35 weeks may have some benefit in terms of decreasing the rate of non-cephalic presentation, and caesarean section. Further trials are needed to confirm this finding and to rule out increased rates of preterm birth, or other adverse perinatal outcomes. A large pragmatic trial is ongoing (www.utoronto.ca/miru/eecv2).

Breech Presentation↗

[Optimum delivery methods in breech presentation].

In 581 cases of breech presentation during the years 1966--1974 in 90% of cases delivery was possible vaginally. We prefered the method of Lövset und Veit-Smellie. Casarian section was performed in 9,5% of the cases, the mortality of the newborns was 14%. Without the premature newborns (less than 1000 gr), the cases of intrauterine deaths and not viable children with malformations the mortality was 5,6%. The perinatal mortality of the children or more than 2500 gr was merely 0,69%. The general enlargement of the indication for Caesarian section is not recommended.

Adult↗

Moxibustion for correction of breech presentation: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Traditional Chinese medicine uses moxibustion (burning herbs to stimulate acupuncture points) of acupoint BL 67 (Zhiyin, located beside the outer corner of the fifth toenail), to promote version of fetuses in breech presentation. Its effect may be through increasing fetal activity. However, no randomized controlled trial has evaluated the efficacy of this therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of moxibustion on acupoint BL 67 to increase fetal activity and correct breech presentation. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, open clinical trial. SETTING: Outpatient departments of the Women's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, and Jiujiang Women's and Children's Hospital in the People's Republic of China. PATIENTS: Primigravidas in the 33rd week of gestation with normal pregnancy and an ultrasound diagnosis of breech presentation. INTERVENTIONS: The 130 subjects randomized to the intervention group received stimulation of acupoint BL 67 by moxa (Japanese term for Artemisia vulgaris) rolls for 7 days, with treatment for an additional 7 days if the fetus persisted in the breech presentation. The 130 subjects randomized to the control group received routine care but no interventions for breech presentation. Subjects with persistent breech presentation after 2 weeks of treatment could undergo external cephalic version anytime between 35 weeks' gestation and delivery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fetal movements counted by the mother during 1 hour each day for 1 week; number of cephalic presentations during the 35th week and at delivery. RESULTS: The intervention group experienced a mean of 48.45 fetal movements vs 35.35 in the control group (P<.001; 95% confidence interval [CI] for difference, 10.56-15.60). During the 35th week of gestation, 98 (75.4%) of 130 fetuses in the intervention group were cephalic vs 62 (47.7%) of 130 fetuses in the control group (P<.001; relative risk [RR], 1.58; 95% CI, 1.29-1.94). Despite the fact that 24 subjects in the control group and 1 subject in the intervention group underwent external cephalic version, 98 (75.4%) of the 130 fetuses in the intervention group were cephalic at birth vs 81 (62.3%) of the 130 fetuses in the control group (P = .02; RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02-1.43). CONCLUSION: Among primigravidas with breech presentation during the 33rd week of gestation, moxibustion for 1 to 2 weeks increased fetal activity during the treatment period and cephalic presentation after the treatment period and at delivery.

Adult↗

Perinatal mortality in breech presentation sibships.

OBJECTIVE: To compare perinatal mortality in breech presentation delivered vaginally and by cesarean in individual births and in sibships. METHODS: A national, population registry-based study, 1967-1994, was conducted, with maternal record linkage of sibships, comprising the first to the third birth of a mother. The main outcome was perinatal mortality. Odds ratios of perinatal mortality were calculated and adjusted by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall relative perinatal mortality was 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.1, 4.5) in breech compared with nonbreech presentation and 5.4 (95% CI 4.7, 6.2) in vaginal compared with cesarean delivery. The relative perinatal mortality in breech compared with nonbreech presentation was lowest in birth order one compared with birth orders two and three. In breech vaginal delivery compared with cesarean delivery, the opposite effect of birth order was found. The highest perinatal mortality was found in a current breech presentation of a sibship with no previous breech births. In birth subsequent to breech births, perinatal mortality was more or less independent of current presentation, without respect to delivery method. The increased perinatal mortality in breech presentation is explained partly by its association with other risk factors for perinatal death. CONCLUSION: Women with recurring breech presentation represent a lower risk of adverse perinatal outcome. This might be explained by a biologic mechanism or by increased quality of antenatal care. An increased mortality in subsequent nonbreech siblings after a breech presentation was surprising.

Breech Presentation↗

Do breech presentations in twins and singletons run different risks?

We have compared breech twins and breech single births in a population recorded between 1974 and 1978 in 10 Belgian maternity centers. In 190 twin pregnancies, 38 first and 65 second twins were delivered in breech presentation. These twins were compared to 853 singleton breeches, of which 95 delivered by cesarean section were excluded. Data were stratified according to birthweight. No significant difference between twins and singletons was found in terms of perinatal mortality rates. However, Apgar scores below 7 at 5 minutes were significantly less numerous among first twins than among singletons. Therefore, first twins in breech presentation might be at lower risk of fetal distress. This difference should be taken into account in the management of first twins presenting by the breech.

Apgar Score↗