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PubMed2002

Changes in body temperature pattern in vertebrates do not influence the codon usages of alpha-globin genes.

Codon usages are known to vary among vertebrates chiefly due to variations in isochore structure. Under the assumption that marked differences exist in isochore structure between warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals, the variations among vertebrates were previously attributed to an adaptation to homeothermy. However, based on data from a turtle species and a crocodile (Archosauromorpha), it was recently proposed that the common ancestors of mammals, birds and extent reptiles already had the "warm-blooded" isochore structure. We determined the nucleotide sequences of alpha-globin genes from two species of heterotherms, cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and bat (Pipistrellus abramus), and three species of snakes (Lepidosauromorpha), Naja kaouthia from a tropical terrestrial habitat, Elaphe climacophora from a temperate terrestrial habitat, and Hydrophis melanocephalus from a tropical marine habitat. Our purposes were to assess the influence of differential body temperature patterns on codon usage and GC content at the third position of a codon (GC3), and to test the hypothesis concerning the phylogenetic position at which GC contents had increased in vertebrates. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) using the present data and data for other taxa from GenBank indicate that the primary difference in codon usage in globin genes among amniotes and other vertebrates lies in GC3. The codon usages (and GC3) in alpha-globin genes from two heterotherms and three snakes are similar to those in alpha-globin genes from warm-blooded vertebrates. These results refute the influence of body temperature pattern upon codon usages (and GC3) in alpha-globin genes, and support the hypothesis that the increase in GC content in the genome occurred in the common ancestor of amniotes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Temporal patterns of body temperatures in the acute stage of stroke.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to describe the day-by-day temporal patterns of body temperatures in acute stroke and to delineate the differences in serial daily changes in body temperatures between intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and cerebral infarct (CI). METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 90 patients (32 with ICH and 58 with CI), admitted within 12 hours after the onset of stroke. Body temperatures were measured as the tympanic temperatures during the initial 6 days of hospitalization. Patients with clinical infections were excluded. The severity of stroke was assessed by Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS). SSS score < or = 30 was defined as severe stroke, and SSS score >30 as mild-to-moderate stroke. RESULTS: Mean body temperature was significantly higher in patients with ICH than those with CI in 0 approximately 12 hours; 12 approximately 24 hours, 24 approximately 48 hours, and 48 approximately 72 hours (all p<0.05) after the onset of stroke. Among patients with ICH, the body temperature was significantly higher in the severe group than the mild-to-moderate group during 24 approximately 48 hours and 48 approximately 72 hours (both p<0.05) after the onset of stroke. No significant difference in body temperatures was observed between patients with severe stroke and patient with mild-to-moderate CI. CONCLUSIONS: The serial time course of body temperature in the acute stage of stroke differs between ICH and CI. This study showed that, in ICH but not in CI, the elevation of body temperature has significant association with the stroke severity. Our results may help in the management of hyperthermia during acute stroke.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Age-related pattern in body composition changes for 18-69 year old women.

AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the age-related pattern in body composition changes for women 18-69 years old. A secondary objective was to assess the relationship between accumulated physical activity and body composition. METHODS: Anthropometric measures, including height, body mass, waist and hip circumference and skinfolds thickness, were taken from 441 healthy women placed in 5 age groups (group 1: 18-29 years, n=71; group 2: 30-39 years, n=69; group 3: 40-49 years, n=159; group 4: 50-59 years, n=92 and group 5: 60-69 years, n=50). Physical activity was assessed with a questionnaire. A 1-way ANOVA, with group 1 as the control and Pearson correlation coefficient were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Body Mass Index, fat mass and waist to hip ratio were all higher in the age groups of 40-49 years and above (21.8+/-0.4 kg/m(2), 14.7+/-0.6 kg, 0.73+/-0.01 for age group 18-29 years and 24.7+/-0.3 kg/m(2), 20.8+/-0.4 kg and 0.76+/-0.01 for age group 40-49 years, respectively; means+/-S.E.M; p<0.01 for all variables). In contrast, fat free mass remained unchanged in the age spectrum studied. Central adiposity, as indicated by the trunk to extremity skinfold ratio, increased after 50-59 years compared with the 18-29 years old group (p<0.01). Body fatness and central adiposity were associated with aging (r=0.16 to 0.46, p<0.05), but not with accumulated physical activity. CONCLUSION: The results of this cross-sectional study showed an age-related increase in body fatness and central adiposity with no detectable change in fat free mass in these women. These changes were not associated with physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

From larval bodies to adult body plans: patterning the development of the presumptive adult ectoderm in the sea urchin larva.

Echinoderms are unique among bilaterians for their derived, nonbilateral adult body plan. Their radial symmetry emerges from the bilateral larval body plan by the establishment of a new axis, the adult oral-aboral axis, involving local mesoderm-ectoderm interactions. We examine the mechanisms underlying this transition in the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Adult ectoderm arises from vestibular ectoderm in the left vegetal quadrant. Inductive signals from the left coelom are required for adult ectodermal development but not for initial vestibule formation. We surgically removed gastrula archenteron, making whole-ectoderm explants, left-, right-, and animal-half ectoderm explants, and recombinants of these explants with left coelom. Vestibule formation was analyzed morphologically and with radioactive in situ hybridization with HeET-1, an ectodermal marker. Whole ectodermal explants in the absence of coelom developed vestibules on the left side or ventrally but not on the right side, indicating that left-right polarity is ectoderm autonomous by the gastrula stage. However, right-half ectodermal explants robustly formed vestibules that went on to form adult structures when recombined with the left coelom, indicating that the right side retains vestibule-forming potential that is normally suppressed by signals from the left-side ectoderm. Animal-half explants formed vestibules only about half the time, demonstrating that animal-vegetal axis determination occurs earlier. However, when combined with the left coelom, animal-half ectoderm always formed a vestibule, indicating that the left coelom can induce vestibule formation. This suggests that although coelomic signals are not required for vestibule formation, they may play a role in coordinating the coelom-vestibule interaction that establishes the adult oral-aboral axis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Drinking patterns and body mass index in never smokers: National Health Interview Survey, 1997-2001.

Alcohol could contribute to obesity. The authors examined the relation between drinking patterns and body mass index (BMI) (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) by pooling cross-sectional data from the 1997-2001 National Health Interview Surveys. Weighted analyses included 45,896 adult never smokers who were current alcohol drinkers. Height and weight were self-reported. In adjusted analyses, alcohol quantity and frequency had opposite associations with BMI. As quantity increased from 1 drink/drinking day to > or =4 drinks/drinking day, BMI significantly increased; in men, it increased from 26.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 26.3, 26.6) to 27.5 (95% CI: 27.4, 27.7), and in women, it increased from 25.1 (95% CI: 25.0, 25.2) to 25.9 (95% CI: 25.5, 26.3). As frequency increased from low quintiles of drinking days/year to high quintiles, BMI significantly decreased; in men, it decreased from 27.4 (95% CI: 27.2, 27.6) to 26.3 (95% CI: 26.2, 26.5), and in women, it decreased from 26.2 (95% CI: 26.0, 26.5) to 24.3 (95% CI: 24.2, 24.5). In stratified analyses of frequency trends within quantity categories, BMI declines were more pronounced in women than in men, but all linear trends were inverse and significant (p trend < 0.001). In all respondents combined, persons who consumed the smallest quantity the most frequently were leanest, and those who consumed the greatest quantity the least frequently were heaviest. Alcohol may contribute to excess body weight among certain drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of cleaning behaviour in the family Labridae: importance of body colour pattern.

The family Labridae contains numerous fishes known to act as cleaners in the wild. Previous studies suggested that a small body size and specific colour patterns may be prerequisites for cleaning. We investigated whether cleaning behaviour is linked to particular fish phenotypes. We first present a phylogeny based on partial 12S rRNA gene sequences of 32 wrasses sampled from different localities in the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and in the Mediterranean Sea. Secondly, descriptive data (fish body size, fish body shape and fish body colour patterns) were analyzed in a phylogenetic context using comparative methods. We found no relationship between fish cleaning behaviour and fish body size and shape, but instead a correlation between cleaning behaviour and the presence of a dark lateral stripe within wrasses. Our results suggest that the evolution of cleaning depends upon the presence of a dark median lateral stripe on the fish body surface.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Patterns in body mass distributions: sifting among alternative hypotheses.

Understanding how animals interact with their environment is critical for evaluating, mitigating and coping with anthropogenic alteration of Earth's biosphere. Researchers have attempted to understand some aspects of these interactions by examining patterns in animal body mass distributions. Energetic, phylogenetic, biogeographical, textural discontinuity and community interaction hypotheses have been advanced to explain observed patterns. Energetic and textural discontinuity hypotheses focus upon the allometry of resource use. The community interaction hypothesis contends that biotic interactions within assemblages of species are of primary importance. Biogeographical and phylogenetic hypotheses focus on the role of constraints on the organization of communities. This paper examines and organizes these various propositions about species body mass distributions and discusses the multiple competing hypotheses, how their predictions vary, and possible methods by which the hypotheses can be distinguished and tested. Each of the hypotheses is partial, and explains some elements of pattern in body mass distributions. The scale of appropriate application, relevance and interpretation varies among the hypotheses, and the mechanisms underlying observed patterns are likely to be multicausal and vary with scale.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Food intake patterns and body mass index in observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: To review studies of patterns of food intake, as assessed by diet index, factor analysis or cluster analysis, and their associations with body mass index or obesity (BMI/Ob). DESIGN: Systematic literature review MEDLINE search with crosscheck of references. STUDIES: Thirty observational studies relating food intake patterns to anthropometric information were identified and reviewed. Food intake patterns were defined using a diet index, factor or cluster analysis in 12, nine and nine studies, respectively. Measures of body mass were made concurrently with the diet assessment in all studies, and only in a few cases were the primary outcomes related to BMI/Ob. RESULTS: The food intake patterns identified could, in most factor or cluster analysis studies, be categorised as: (a) meat, fatty, sweet or energy dense foods; (b) vegetables, fruit, whole grain and low-fat foods; or (c) by high alcohol consumption. The diet indexes were designed to capture a high diversity and/or food combinations matching the recommendations. The relationships with BMI/Ob were inconsistent-ten studies found that intake patterns, which we categorised as fatty, sweet or energy dense were positively associated with BMI/Ob, while similar patterns in four other studies were negatively associated with BMI. The significant associations between diet index score and BMI/Ob were consistently negative, while the associations between factor scores or cluster membership and BMI/Ob were less clear in terms of food intake pattern. Men and women had similar food intake patterns, but food intake patterns were less often positively associated with BMI/Ob in women. In 11 studies, there were no significant associations between food intake pattern and BMI/Ob. CONCLUSION: This review showed that no consistent associations could be identified between BMI or Ob and food intake patterns, derived from diet index, factor analysis or cluster analysis. However, the heterogeneity of food intake patterns identified by such analyses and the lack of gold standards for the application of these techniques hampers consistent analysis of a relation between food intake patterns and health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Behavioral variables and development of a central pattern of body fat from adolescence into adulthood in normal-weight whites: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.

Associations were investigated between the amount of physical activity, energy and macronutrient intake, smoking behavior, alcohol intake, and a central pattern of body fat (subscapular skinfold thickness and waist circumference) measured six times between the mean ages of 13 and 27 y in a healthy white population. Subjects (84 males, 98 females) were participants in the longitudinal Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. In longitudinal analyses, alcohol intake was positively associated with the subscapular skinfold thickness (beta = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.16) in males. In females, the subscapular skinfold thickness was negatively associated with physical activity (beta = -0.10. 95% CI: -0.15, -0.05) and, unexpectedly, energy intake (beta = -0.25, 95% CI: -0.31,-0.19), whereas a positive association was found with carbohydrate intake (beta = 0.09. 95% CI: 0.02, 0.16). In both sexes, the mean value of behavioral variables, obtained from the mean value in adolescence and the values obtained at 21 and 27 y of age was not significantly associated with the subscapular skinfold thickness or waist circumference at the mean age of 27 y, except for a small positive association between physical activity and the subscapular skinfold thickness in males (R2 = 2.3%).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia to body fat pattern in south Asians and Europeans.

Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance are associated with centrally-distributed obesity. These disturbances are especially prevalent in people of South Asian (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi) descent. We examined the relationship of glucose intolerance to body fat pattern in a population survey of 2936 men and 537 women of South Asian and European origin living in London, UK. In both groups glucose intolerance (defined as diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance) was more strongly associated with waist-hip girth ratio than with skinfolds or body mass index. The associations between body mass index and glucose intolerance were fully accounted for by waist-hip ratio. In European men with normal glucose tolerance fasting insulin levels were more strongly correlated with body mass index than with waist-hip ratio. Physical activity scores were lower in South Asians than in Europeans but no statistically significant associations between glucose intolerance and low physical activity were detectable. Leisure-time physical activity scores were inversely correlated with 2 h insulin levels in both groups. In contrast with other studies these results suggest that a specific effect of intra-abdominal fat deposition underlies the association between glucose intolerance and obesity. The association between hyperinsulinaemia and obesity is less specific for centrally-distributed fat. When measured appropriately waist-hip ratio is the most valid anthropometric index for identifying individuals whose obesity predisposes them to glucose intolerance.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seven-year incidence and progression of obesity. Characterization of body fat pattern evolution in low-income Mexico City urban population.

BACKGROUND: There are no prospective data regarding the natural history of obesity in Mexico. The objective of this research was to investigate the incidence and progression of obesity in a low-income sector of Mexico City and to characterize evolution of body fat pattern distribution. METHODS: We carried out a population-based, prospective survey. Total on-site population was 15,532 persons; we determined as eligible all 35 to 64-year-old men and nonpregnant women for a total of 3,505. We interviewed at baseline 3,319 (94.7%) individuals and examined 2,282 (65.1%). At follow-up approximately 7 years later, we interviewed 1,764 (77.3%) subjects and examined 1,594 (69.9%). Measurements for all participants included height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip circumference, and subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness. Overweight was defined as BMI > or = 25 and < or = 29.9 kg/m2, while grade 1 obesity was BMI >or = 30 and < or = 34.9 kg/m2, grade 2 was > or = 35 and < or = 39.9, and grade 3, > or = 40 kg/m2. RESULTS: At baseline, prevalence of overweight was 48.6%, and grade 1 obesity, 22.7%, grade 2, 5.1%, and grade 3 obesity was 1.4%; at follow-up, these were 45.2, 25.8, 6.6, and 2.3%, respectively. At baseline, mean BMI in women was 29.1 +/- 0.16 kg/m2 and in men, 27.3 +/- 0.15 kg/m2; at follow-up, it reached 29.4 +/- 0.17 kg/m2 in women and 27.4 +/- 0.16 kg/m2 in men. Waist circumference increased from mean of 99.7 +/- 0.44 cm in women to 101.2 +/- 0.42 cm; in men, mean waist circumference rose from 95.2 +/- 0.38 to 96.7 +/- 0.39 cm. CONCLUSIONS: The obesity epidemic in this population possesses serious proportions that increase risk for severe metabolic consequences. There is a need for intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of Babesia microti infection on feeding pattern, engorged body weight, and molting rate of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae).

Effects of Babesia microti Franca on the pattern of feeding time, the body weight of engorged ticks, and the molting rate of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, were determined. Using the Syrian golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse), as an animal model, we found no significant differences in patterns of feeding time determined for both larvae and nymphs that fed on B. microti-infected and uninfected hamsters. However, an infection of B. microti in hamsters delayed engorgement of the ticks. The presence of B. microti had no adverse effects on the body weight of engorged ticks. The mean body weight of groups of 5 engorged larvae fed on infected hamsters was not significantly different from that on uninfected hamsters. The mean body weight of individual nymphs that fed on infected hosts was significantly higher than that on uninfected hosts. Larvae fed on infected hamsters molted in greater numbers than those fed on uninfected hamsters. However, there was no significant difference in molting rates of nymphs derived from infected and uninfected hamsters. In addition, greater body weights and higher molting rates were observed in both larvae and nymphs that fed on uninfected white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, compared with those on uninfected hamsters. Nymphs fed on mice spent a significantly longer time achieving repletion than those on uninfected hamsters. We suggest a mutualistic relationship in the interactions between B. microti and I. scapularis. This mutualism may potentially enhance the long-term coexistence and survival of both species. Furthermore, we suggest that the pattern of feeding time, the body weight of engorged ticks, and the molting rate of immature I. scapularis are host-dependent.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Body weight patterns from 20 to 49 years of age and subsequent risk for diabetes mellitus: the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity in middle age is a well-known risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the importance of weight and weight gain at younger ages is less certain. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of body weight patterns from 20 to 49 years of age with the subsequent risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. SETTING: An ongoing longitudinal study of former medical students. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred sixteen white men without diabetes at 50 years of age. MEASUREMENTS: Weight and height measured in medical school, then assessed by mailed questionnaire to 49 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME: Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus based on physician self-report. RESULTS: During 14 255 person-years of follow-up, there were 35 incident cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (2.5 per 1000 person-years). After simultaneous adjustment for age, physical activity, lifetime maternal history of diabetes, and smoking, body mass indexes (BMIs; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) at 25, 35, and 45 years of age were all strongly associated with diabetes risk (relative risks for overweight [BMI> or =25.0] vs. not overweight, >3.0; all Ps<.05), as were maximum and average BMI to 49 years of age. The relationship of BMI at 25 years of age to diabetes risk was substantially attenuated by adjustment for BMI at 45 years of age and average BMI, but was independent of weight change, weight variability, or maximum BMI. CONCLUSION: In men, overweight at 25 years of age strongly predicts diabetes risk in middle age, largely through its association with overweight at 45 years of age and high average BMI to 49 years of age.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The spatial patterns of Lewy bodies, senile plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in dementia with Lewy bodies.

The spatial patterns of Lewy bodies (LB), senile plaques (SP), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) were studied in ubiquitin-stained sections of the temporal lobe in cases of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), which varied in the degree of associated Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. In all patients, LB, SP, and NFT developed in clusters and in a significant proportion of brain areas, the clusters exhibited a regular periodicity parallel to the tissue boundary. In the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (LOT) and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), the clusters of LB were larger than those of the SP and NFT but in the hippocampus, clusters of the three lesions were of similar size. Mean cluster size of the LB, SP, and NFT was similar in cases of DLB with and without significant associated AD pathology. LB density was positively correlated with SP and NFT density in 42 and 17% of brain areas analyzed, respectively, while SP and NFT densities were positively correlated in 7% of brain areas. The data suggest that LB in DLB exhibit similar spatial patterns to SP and NFT in AD and that SP and NFT exhibit similar spatial patterns in DLB and AD. In addition, in some instances, clusters of LB appeared to be more closely related spatially to the clusters of SP than to NFT.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Correlations between the circadian patterns of body temperature, metabolism and breathing in rats.

It had been demonstrated previously that the circadian patterns of activity and state of arousal are not essential for the manifestation of the daily patterns of pulmonary ventilation (V(E)), tidal volume (V(T)) and breathing frequency (f). In this study we investigated the extent of the linkage between the circadian pattern of breathing and those of body temperature (T(b)) and metabolic rate (oxygen consumption, V(O2), and carbon dioxide production, V(CO2)). Rats were instrumented for measurements of T(b) (by telemetry), and placed in a chamber for continuous 13-day period of measurement of breathing (by a modification of the barometric methodology), and of V(O2) and V(CO2) (by an open flow method). After the first 4 days in control conditions under a 12 h light:12 h dark (L:D) cycle, a perturbation was introduced on day 4, with an L-phase prolongation of 12 h, and on day 9, with an D-phase prolongation of 12 h. During the control days 1-4, all variables had daily oscillations (higher values in D), in phase with each other. During the perturbations (days 4-13), changes in T(b), V(O2) and V(CO2), averaged over the whole period, correlated significantly better with f than with V(T). Day-by-day X-Y loops indicated that V (E), V(T) and f could lead significantly the changes of T(b), V(O2) and V(CO2), and that these relations changed throughout the perturbation period. In addition, f and V(T) did not change necessarily in phase with each other. It is concluded that neither the oscillation in T(b) nor that in metabolism can be considered the direct cause of the daily oscillation of breathing. Presumably, the circadian pattern of breathing reflects the interplay of the daily patterns of many variables, none acting as the primary guide of the breathing daily rhythm.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Nanos and Pumilio are essential for dendrite morphogenesis in Drosophila peripheral neurons.

Much attention has focused on dendritic translational regulation of neuronal signaling and plasticity. For example, long-term memory in adult Drosophila requires Pumilio (Pum), an RNA binding protein that interacts with the RNA binding protein Nanos (Nos) to form a localized translation repression complex essential for anterior-posterior body patterning in early embryogenesis. Whether dendrite morphogenesis requires similar translational regulation is unknown. Here we report that nos and pum control the elaboration of high-order dendritic branches of class III and IV, but not class I and II, dendritic arborization (da) neurons. Analogous to their function in body patterning, nos and pum require each other to control dendrite morphogenesis, a process likely to involve translational regulation of nos itself. The control of dendrite morphogenesis by Nos/Pum, however, does not require hunchback, which is essential for body patterning. Interestingly, Nos protein is localized to RNA granules in the dendrites of da neurons, raising the possibility that the Nos/Pum translation repression complex operates in dendrites. This work serves as an entry point for future studies of dendritic translational control of dendrite morphogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Changes in the frequency distribution pattern of body weight in patients with major depression.

To compare the frequency distribution of body weight of the depressed patients with that of a standard group and to evaluate the change in distribution during treatment, body weight was measured in 106 depressed inpatients with major depressive disorder as defined by DSM-III criteria both on admission and on discharge. The body weight distribution in the depressed patients skewed towards a high frequency of lower weights on admission but shifted to the normal pattern on discharge. In women, this tendency was more obvious and was statistically significant. The body weight distribution in the depressed patients with melancholia maintained high frequencies of lower body weight on discharge, while that in those without melancholia did not, suggesting that there could be a difference in the pattern of body weight distributions between those with endogenous and nonendogenous depression. Three tricyclic antidepressants examined (imipramine, clomipramine and desipramine) did not seem to have the side effect of pathological weight gain in the frequency distribution pattern.

Adult↗