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PubMed2001

The repeatability of serum carotenoid, retinoid, and tocopherol concentrations in specimens of blood collected 15 years apart.

Community-wide programs to collect blood for a research serum bank were carried out in Washington County, Maryland in 1974 and 1989. Of the 8395 persons who participated in both programs, 64 were controls in a nested case-control study of the association of antioxidant micronutrients with subsequent breast cancer, and 30 and 166 were controls in similar studies of lung and prostate cancer. Assay results for five carotenoids, two retinoids, and two tocopherols in samples of blood collected 15 years apart were thus available for comparisons of micronutrient concentrations. The mean Spearman rank order correlation coefficient for all comparisons was 0.44, with two coefficients greater than 0.60 and two less than 0.30. Blood pressure readings at the two blood collections had a mean rank order correlation coefficient of 0.46. Because blood pressure readings in 1974 were shown to be significantly predictive of atherosclerosis 15-18 years later, the present results suggest that ranked concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients from a single sample are sufficiently representative to be used as predictors of subsequent concentrations and are thus suitable for assessment as risk factors for subsequent illnesses.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Significance of collection of chick embryo blood specimen for the determination of hemoglobin folate].

A method for embryo-blood collection (about 100 microliters/embryo) from chorioallantoic blood vessels of day 10 White Leghorn chick embryo was developed and the embryonic hemoglobin folate concentrations (folate/hemoglobin, microgram/g) were measured by the microbiological assay on microtitre dried blood spots to test the hypothesis whether homocysteine (HCY) would increase in folate depletion during early development stage of embryo. The results showed folic acid (FA) and HCY having been placed in the enlarged air cell could quickly pass through inner shell membrane and chorioallantoic membrane, and enter into blood, on the highly vascularized membrane of chick embryo aged 10 days. After 5 micrograms FA were placed on the inner shell membrane, there was a striking increase of hemoglobin folate with a peak in 60 min at 22.26 micrograms/g, followed by a decline. In contrast, 8 mumol of D. L-HCY did not result in the obvious increase of embryonic hemoglobin folate during the total transient time course (0-480 min). By 60 min posttreatment the hemoglobin folate concentration for joint group (HCY 8 mumol + FA 5 micrograms/embryo) had obviously decreased in comparison with single FA group (P < 0.001). The results supported the above hypothesis mentioned. Moreover, both advantages and disadvantages of this method were evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prenatal maternal dried blood screening with alpha-fetoprotein and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin for open neural tube defect and Down syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate second-trimester prenatal screening for open neural tube defects and Down syndrome by use of dried blood specimen collection and transport. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of 7497 dried blood specimens from patients <35 years old was performed. Specimens were assayed for maternal blood alpha-fetoprotein and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. Patient-specific risks for both disorders were calculated and used to determine whether further evaluation was indicated. The study included an evaluation of the median and SD of analyte multiple of the median levels. RESULTS: The initial positive rate for open neural tube defect was 4.4% adjusted to 2.7% after ultrasonographic revision and collection of a second sample. The initial positive rate for Down syndrome was 3.6% adjusted to 2.8% after ultrasonographic revision. All seven cases of open neural tube defect were detected within the increased risk group. Six of 8 (75%) cases of Down syndrome were detected. The median alpha-fetoprotein multiple of the median was 3.5 in open neural tube defect cases and 0.6 in Down syndrome cases. The median free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin multiple of the median was 2.4 in Down syndrome cases. The SD (log e) of alpha- fetoprotein and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in 5868 unaffected white patients was 0.4022 and 0.5635, respectively. CONCLUSION: Second-trimester dried blood screening for open neural tube defects and Down syndrome can achieve screening efficiency comparable to serum-based protocols with distinct advantages over the conventional method of blood collection.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of a pneumatic-tube system for delivery of blood specimens to the blood bank.

This study evaluated the suitability of delivering patient blood specimens to the blood bank by a hospital pneumatic-tube system. No significant discrepancies were found between duplicate pneumatic-tube and hand-carried specimens in ABO and Rh typing, Du and direct Coombs' testing, rouleaux formation, and antibody screening and identification. There were no significant differences in titers or scores of unexpected erythrocytic antibodies in duplicate pneumatic-tube and hand-carried specimens. No significant differences in antibody strength were detected between specimens from partially-filled and nearly full clot tubes delivered by pneumatic-tube. Our pneumatic-tube system may be safely used to transport patient blood specimens for routine type and crossmatch. Slight hemolysis in some pneumatic-tube specimens makes our pneumatic-tube system unsuitable for transporting blood specimens collected for evaluation of transfusion reactions.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of a finger prick blood collection method for the seroepidemiology of hepatitis B.

A finger prick-swab method of blood specimen collection was qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the conventional venipuncture method for HBsAg and anti-HBs determinations by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The new method consisted of pricking the finger, collecting 0.1-0.2 ml of blood with a cotton-wool swab, and eluting the swab in 1 ml of 1% bovine albumin in saline containing 0.1% sodium azide. Using chimpanzees seropositive for HBsAg or anti-HBs, comparisons were made of RIA results of: (a) whole blood, haemolysed blood, serum, and plasma; (b) paired finger prick samples and serum; (c) dilutions of finger prick samples and serum; and (d) different volumes of blood on swabs. Field studies were carried out at two institutions where hepatitis B was hyperendemic to compare results from paired finger prick and serum specimens assayed by the RIA and haemagglutination techniques. The laboratory studies showed that swab RIA values for anti-HBs were significantly lower than serum values and that for HBsAg, swab values were significantly higher than serum values. In HBsAg tests, the field studies showed 100% agreement between the two methods; in anti-HBs tests, the finger prick method showed 85% agreement with positive sera. Because of the logistics of collecting and processing blood serum, the finger prick-swab technique may be a valuable aid in large-scale seroepidemiological surveys for hepatitis B.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1980

The collection and handling of the blood alcohol specimen.

Proper collection, handling, and storage of the blood alcohol specimen are essential in medicolegal cases involving the question of sobriety. A standard operating procedure is necessary to ensure maximum reliability. Comments are offered on the advantages of using blood specimens in preference to urine or tissue specimens. The use of a conversion factor to obtain a calculated "presumed blood level" can be dangerous. Cautions and suggestions are offered regarding how and from where the blood should be obtained from a living person and during an autopsy. There are certain time limitations for storage of these blood-alcohol specimens. Each laboratory must establish its own limits for reliable storage, given the conditions in that laboratory. Unexpected and confusing results can lead to an erroneous interpretation if history, circumstances, type of injury, and survival time are not all carefully considered. Several possibilities for error in judgment are discussed.

Ethanol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The prevalence of feline A/B blood types in the Sydney region.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of A/B blood types in pedigree and crossbred cats in the Sydney region, and to estimate the associated risk of administering incompatible blood in an unmatched random transfusion. DESIGN: A prospective/retrospective study of blood specimens collected from both sick and healthy cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood was collected from 355 cats from the Sydney region over a 12-year period from 1992 to 2003. Specimens were obtained from 187 domestic crossbred cats (short and long-haired) and 168 pedigree cats. The blood type of each cat was determined by one of three different laboratories using standard methods that varied over the duration of the survey. RESULTS: The distributions of blood types obtained by the three laboratories were not significantly different. The prevalence of type-A, type-B and type-AB blood types in crossbred cats was 62%, 36% and 1.6%, respectively. This is the highest percentage of type-B cats so far reported for an outbred population of domestic cats, and is significantly higher than the 26% reported previously for cats in the Brisbane region. The calculated frequency for the type-B allele assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this feline population is 0.60; the corresponding frequency of the type-A allele is thus approximately 0.40. The calculated proportion of random transfusions from this population giving rise to an incompatible blood transfusion is 46%, with half of these being life-threatening events. The calculated proportion of random matings from this population at risk for developing neonatal isoerythrolysis is 23%. The distribution of A and B blood types for pedigree cats was in general agreement with data reported previously for cats in North America and Europe, suggesting that the distribution of blood types in these purebred populations is relatively consistent throughout the world. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of type B cats in the owned domestic and pedigree cat population is so high that blood typing or cross matching prior to transfusion should be mandatory, except in Siamese/Oriental cats.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1984

[Blood collection].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of blood collected on filter paper for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a commercial enzyme immunoassay in detecting antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 using whole-blood specimens collected onto filter paper. Results obtained with specimens collected onto filter paper were comparable with those obtained with the corresponding serum or plasma specimens.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Accuracy of drawing blood through infusing intravenous lines.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of peripheral intravenous lines as an alternative route for obtaining blood samples. DESIGN: Quasiexperimental. SETTING: Wilford Hall Medical Center, a regional level I trauma center and military teaching hospital in San Antonio, Tex. SAMPLE: A convenience sample of 64 subjects was enrolled between September 1997 and June 1998. OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparative analysis of a complete blood count and chemistry, using the patients as their own control, on the same Coulter Analyzer and Boelrringer Mannheim/Hitachi 747-200. RESULTS: A total of 559 values were evaluated. Only 2.5% of the specimens exceeded the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act standards. None of the values was clinically significant. CONCLUSION: Intravenous devices, if used properly, are reliable tools for blood specimen collection. They yield accurate analyte levels that may used in the treatment of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Antibodies and immunoglobulin levels in sera from patients with African paragonimiasis (author's transl)].

96% of the P. uterobilateralis patients and 86.5% of the P. africanus patients showed a positive reaction with the homologous antigen in the passive haemagglutination test (PA). Common antigens of the two species were demonstrated by cross reactions. About 75% of the Paragonimus sera reacted also with the heterologous antigen with titres greater than or equal to 1:160. The PA test can be useful in the evaluation of the efficacy of treatment and is well suited for seroepidemiologic purposes. The complement fixation (CF) test was not suitable for serodiagnostic or seroepidemiologic studies nor for the assessment of the cure of African Paragonimiasis since antibodies persisted for at least one year after treatment. Comparative studies on levels of IgA, IgE, IgG and IgM seems to be of no diagnostic value in African paragonimiasis because no significant correlation between immunoglobulin concentration and paragonimiasis could be recognized. Very high IgE levels--up to 100 times higher than in Europeans--were found in nearly all sera. Shipment of filter papers blood specimens collected from P. africanus patient resulted in a significant decrease of antibody reactivity in all sera, the loss being about 30% in the parasitologically proven patients.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1999

Heparin in plasma samples causes nonspecific binding to histones on Western blots.

We observed an artifactual reactivity on Western blots when heparin was used as the anticoagulant in collected blood specimens. This nonspecific interaction was found to be due to immunoglobulin aggregates that bound to cellular proteins, in particular histones. Nonspecific interaction was not observed in fresh heparinized samples, but was present in samples frozen for long-term storage. Other anticoagulants such as EDTA, oxaloacetate and sodium citrate did not cause this nonspecific reactivity. Although adding heparin to serum could reproduce the nonspecific reactivity on Western blots, other immunological tests such as ELISA or indirect immunofluorescence were not affected by the use of heparinized plasma. Enzymatic digestion of heparinized samples with Heparinase I removed the artifactual reactivity, leaving specific antigen-antibody interactions unaffected. Therefore, we advise caution in the interpretation of Western blotting experiments when blood or other tissue fluid specimens are collected in heparin.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed2000

Diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome from stored filter paper blood specimens.

BACKGROUND: Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO) syndrome is a recessively inheritable metabolic disease with deficiency of cholesterol and accumulation of dehydrocholesterols, caused by a defect in the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Biochemical methods for identification of affected individuals, even prenatally, have been developed. Reliable genetic counselling is now possible. AIM: To find a method of proving or disproving whether a child in whom SLO syndrome had been suspected but not confirmed during lifetime had in fact died of the SLO syndrome. METHODS: Lipid extracts of stored filter paper blood specimens collected at the national neonatal metabolic screening were used. The ratio of dehydrocholesterols to cholesterol was measured by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The ratio of 8-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol in stored filter paper specimens clearly distinguished affected infants from normal infants. SLO syndrome was thus proven in two children who had died more than seven years earlier. CONCLUSION: It is possible to diagnose SLO syndrome from dried paper specimens, even when the samples were collected more than a decade ago. Genetic counselling is available for families of affected children who died before the discovery of the defect in cholesterol synthesis.

Biomarkers↗