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PubMed1995

The neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis.

New revisions of diagnostic categories have produced the most recent classification systems, namely DSM-IV and ICD-10. The diagnostic approaches exemplified by these two nomenclatures are very similar to one another and represent a return to descriptive psychiatry in which careful observation of symptoms, signs, and course of mental diseases become the diagnostic criteria themselves. In many ways, these newest classification schemata can be considered a return to phenomenological psychiatry perhaps best exemplified at the start of this century by Emil Kraepelin. Thus, recent developments in psychiatric diagnosis can be thought of as "neo-Kraepelinian". Because they represent a relatively radical change from psychodynamic approaches to evaluation and diagnosis, they can also be called "revolutionary." This paper traces the roots of current diagnostic systems and compares and contrasts these systems to the classification schema described by Kraepelin. Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia are used as an example of how diagnostic conventions have changed dramatically over the past 50 years. Discussion of the implications of this neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis is included.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1974

Dr. K.C. Chaudhuri.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1999

Getting the diagnosis right: beyond El Escorial.

The development and endorsement of the 'El Escorial criteria' by the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in 1990 and subsequent revision of these guidelines in April 1998 has provided physicians with a much needed tool in the secure diagnosis of ALS. However, even today, over 100 years since ALS was first described by Charcot, when asked to define ALS most neurologists will answer that ALS remains an extremely difficult disease to diagnose early and therefore to manage optimally. Despite the WFN's admirable commitment to optimising the management of ALS the definition of the early stages of ALS is still not clear. To appreciate why this remains so, the development of our understanding of ALS as documented by case reports in the literature will be discussed in this paper.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed2002

[The standard textbook on racial hygiene by Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, and Fritz Lenz as viewed by the psychiatric and neurological communities from 1921 to 1940].

The textbook "Human heredity and Racial Hygiene" by Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, and Fritz Lenz went through five editions between 1921 and 1940. In contemporary journals, it received almost only positive review articles and was considered to be the standard textbook on racial hygiene in the Weimar Republic. After Hitler's takeover in 1933, it became the "scientific" basis for eugenic sterilization programs. In that year, the Nazis enacted a law allowing the involuntary sterilization of persons with diseases thought to be hereditary, mostly neurological and psychiatric disorders. Using review articles on the book, the position of neurologists and psychiatrists towards racial hygiene is analyzed. We describe how they prepared and maintained the acceptance of eugenic politics in the medical profession by praising the standard work on racial hygiene.

Eugenics↗
PubMed1998

[The young Heine. Case history of pseudologia phantastica].

The young Heinrich Heine showed signs of pseudologia phantastica. While studying the diaries of his greatuncle, he identified with the latter. The underlying factors of this psychopathological development are discussed in this paper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

On naming H2 haplotypes: functional significance of MHC class Ib alleles.

George D. Snell began defining and naming the H2 haplotypes many years ago by histogenetic typing. Since then, a few haplotypes have been given an additional letter, such as bc for strain 129, to show that they are minor variants from the prototype (b). But by and large, differences in nonclassical class I antigens have been known (only?) to those in the field without being acknowledged by a separate haplotype symbol. Thus, strains BALB/c and NZB/BlNJ are both considered H2d and strains C3H/HeJ and B10.BR are both called H2k, although each pair differs in the TL and Qa1 antigens. In parallel with the interest in nonclassical class I antigens, the need for an appropriate haplotype nomenclature is growing. The haplotypes that require splitting are b, d, k, q, and s; the symbol bc should be retained and used, and, for the other haplotypes, the suffix 2 denotes a Qa1a haplotype with highly TL-positive thymocytes.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Review of the " Chirurgia" of Giovanni de Vigo: estimate of his position in the history of surgery.

Giovanni de Vigo, who was born in at Rapallo, Italy, lived in the early Renaissance period (1450-1525). In 1503, De Vigo became the personal surgeon to Pope Julius II. He wrote a surgical book, " Practica Copiosa in Arte Chirurgia," which was completed in 1514 and published in Latin. It was translated into English by Richard Traheron and printed by Edward Whytchurch in 1543. Vigo's " Chirurgia" consists of nine books ranging from a consideration of anatomy necessary for a surgeon, to sections on abscesses, wounds, ulcers, benign and malignant tumors, fractures and dislocations, pharmaceuticals, ointments and plasters, as well as sections on dentistry, exercise, diet, syphilis, among others. De Vigo introduces a novel approach for treating mandible dislocations and describes a trephine he invented, as well as a number of new instruments. Examination of his surgical piece demonstrates that he had a broad spectrum of knowledge in surgery based in part on the ancient Greek and Arabic medical literature but mainly on his personal experience. Giovanni de Vigo contributed significantly to the revival of medicine in the sixteenth century, and he can be considered as a bridge between Greek medicine of antiquity, Arabic medicine, and the Renaissance.

General Surgery↗