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PubMed2006

Biochemistry examinations and health disorder evaluation of Taiwanese living near incinerators and with low serum PCDD/Fs levels.

The main objective of this study was to establish background levels of serum PCDD/Fs and biochemistry of residents living near municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) which had been operating between 1 and 8 years, and also to examine the association between the serum PCDD/Fs levels and health outcomes of interest. Information on medical history, life-style, and dietary habits was obtained by questionnaire interview. Significantly elevated levels of glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were found in those with low to high serum PCDD/Fs levels (p<0.05), and PCDD/Fs levels were found to be positively associated with glucose levels, and marginally with GGT levels even after adjusting for age, sex, BMI and smoking status. Although no conclusive findings on health disorder were associated with the accumulation of serum PCDD/Fs in our study participants, we suggest that the current biochemistry examinations only reflect partially the physiological change in glucose modulation and liver function. However, the low serum PCDD/Fs level does not seem to be sufficient in eliciting pathological process for diabetes or liver-related diseases. The findings suggest that the human body's biochemistry functions such as liver and glucose modulation were affected by PCDD/Fs exposure at even these low serum PCDD/Fs levels found in the general population. Other biochemical functions therefore should be further analyzed, especially for hormone-related and immune functions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

First-trimester Down syndrome screening using dried blood biochemistry and nuchal translucency.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of free beta-hCG, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and nuchal translucency in a prospective first-trimester prenatal screening study for Down syndrome and trisomy 18. METHODS: Risks were calculated for Down syndrome and trisomy 18 based on maternal age and biochemistry only (n = 10,251), nuchal translucency only (n = 5809), and the combination of nuchal translucency and biochemistry (n = 5809). RESULTS: The study population included 50 Down syndrome and 20 trisomy 18 cases. Nuchal translucency measurement was done on 33 Down syndrome and 13 trisomy 18 cases. Down syndrome screening using combined biochemistry and ultrasound resulted in a false-positive rate of 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9%, 5.2%) and detection rate of 87.5% (95% CI 47%, 100%) in patients under age 35 years. In older patients, the false-positive rate was 14.3% (95% CI 12.7%, 15. 8%) and detection rate was 92% (95% CI 74%, 99%). For trisomy 18 screening, the false-positive rate was 0.4% (95% CI 0.24%, 0.69%) and detection rate was 100% (95% CI 40%, 100%) in younger patients, whereas in older patients the false-positive rate was 1.4% (95% CI 0. 9%, 2.0%) and detection rate was 100% (95% CI 66%, 100%). Using modeling, at a fixed 5% false-positive rate, the Down syndrome detection rate was 91%. Conversely, at a fixed 70% Down syndrome detection rate, the false-positive rate was 1.4%. CONCLUSION: First-trimester screening for Down syndrome and trisomy 18 is effective and offers substantial benefits to clinicians and patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A 2-year follow-up study of anti-neutrophil antibody in primary sclerosing cholangitis: relationship to clinical activity, liver biochemistry and ursodeoxycholic acid treatment.

A specific anti-neutrophil antibody was recently described in primary sclerosing cholangitis and was detected using an indirect immunoalkaline phosphatase method. The present study examined the relationship of this antibody with respect to time, clinical activity, liver biochemistry, histology and ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Fourteen patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis were followed up at regular intervals for 2 years. Clinical activity, liver biochemistry, histology and anti-neutrophil antibody titre were determined during the study period. A fluctuating course of the anti-neutrophil antibody was noted in both untreated patients and in those who were on ursodeoxycholic acid. This finding will have clinical implications if anti-neutrophil antibody is used to screen for potential primary sclerosing cholangitis in the future. The results suggest that several determinations of the antibody would need to be carried out over a period of time. No correlation was found between the antibody titre, clinical activity, liver biochemistry or histology. Anti-neutrophil antibody in primary sclerosing cholangitis probably has no pathogenic significance and is an epiphenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Biochemistry and structural DNA nanotechnology: an evolving symbiotic relationship.

Structural DNA nanotechnology is derived from naturally occurring structures and phenomena in cellular biochemistry. Motifs based on branched DNA molecules are linked together by sticky ends to produce objects, periodic arrays, and nanomechanical devices. The motifs include Holliday junction analogues, double and triple crossover molecules, knots, and parallelograms. Polyhedral catenanes, such as a cube or a truncated octahedron, have been assembled from branched junctions. Stiff motifs have been used to produce periodic arrays, containing topographic features visible in atomic force microscopy; these include deliberately striped patterns and cavities whose sizes can be tuned by design. Deliberately knotted molecules have been assembled. Aperiodic arrangements of DNA tiles can be used to produce assemblies corresponding to logical computation. Both DNA structural transitions and branch migration have been used as the basis for the operation of DNA nanomechanical devices. Structural DNA nanotechnology has been used in a number of applications in biochemistry. An RNA knot has been used to establish the existence of RNA topoisomerase activity. The sequence dependence of crossover isomerization and branch migration at symmetric sites has been established through the use of symmetric immobile junctions. DNA parallelogram arrays have been used to determine the interhelical angles for a variety of DNA branched junctions. The relationship between biochemistry and structural DNA nanotechnology continues to grow.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry in biochemistry.

Over the last 20 years, biological MS has changed out of all recognition. This is primarily due to the development in the 1980s of 'soft ionization' methods that permit the ionization and vaporization of large, polar, and thermally labile biomolecules. These developments in ionization mode have driven the design and manufacture of smaller and cheaper mass analysers, making the mass spectrometer a routine instrument in the biochemistry laboratory today. In the present review the revolutionary 'soft ionization' methods will be discussed with particular reference to electrospray. The mass analysis of ions will be described, and the concept of tandem MS introduced. Where appropriate, examples of the application of MS in biochemistry will be provided. Although the present review will concentrate on the MS of peptides/proteins and lipids, all classes of biomolecules can be analysed, and much excellent work has been done in the fields of carbohydrate and nucleic acid biochemistry.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed2003

Does breast feeding influence liver biochemistry?

OBJECTIVE: It is assumed that early feeding can affect liver biochemistry because breast-fed infants have a higher risk of hyperbilirubinemia than formula-fed infants. The authors sought to determine how feeding mode affected liver biochemistry in healthy term infants. METHODS: Healthy term infants were followed up during infancy with a monthly questionnaire about feeding mode. Blood samples were obtained at 2, 6, and 9 months. Liver biochemistry (serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and bilirubin), total insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), and insulin growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were determined at all ages. RESULTS: Mean AST and bilirubin were significantly higher in breast-fed infants at 2 and 6 months. In addition, mean albumin levels were higher in breast-fed infants at 2 months. Alkaline phosphatase, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and lactic dehydrogenase levels did not differ between the feeding groups. AST levels did not correlate significantly with bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, or lactic dehydrogenase values. There was a strong positive association between AST and IGF-I at 2 months (r = 0.47, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Cytomegalovirus infection, vitamin K deficiency, and macromolecular forms of AST could be an explanation for a higher AST level among breast-fed infants. However, no other clinical or paraclinical sign of liver disease was seen, all infants were given oral vitamin K, and the AST did not rise to levels comparable to those seen in individuals with macromolecular AST. The authors speculate the most likely explanation of the elevated AST is induction of hepatocytes by factors in human milk. This is supported by the higher albumin levels in breast-fed infants and the positive association between AST and IGF-I.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

Effect of rosiglitazone on serum liver biochemistries in diabetic patients with normal and elevated baseline liver enzymes.

OBJECTIVES: Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are recommended to be used cautiously in diabetics with mild elevations in liver enzymes and not to be used in those with alanine aminotransferase>2.5 upper limit normal (ULN). However, studies are not adequate that evaluated the risk of TZD hepatotoxicity in diabetics with elevated liver enzymes. We conducted a study to test if diabetics with elevated liver enzymes have increased risk for hepatotoxicity from rosiglitazone (only TZD available on our formulary). METHODS: This study consisted of two cohorts of patients prescribed rosiglitazone since January 2000. Cohort 1: 210 diabetics with elevated baseline liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST)>40 IU/L and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT)>35 IU/L) who received rosiglitazone, and cohort 2:628 diabetics with normal liver enzymes who received rosiglitazone. Elevations in liver biochemistries over a 12-month period after initiating rosiglitazone were characterized into mild to moderate or severe elevations and into "Hy's rule" based on published criteria. RESULTS: Compared to cohort 2, patients in cohort 1 did not have higher incidence of mild to moderate (10% vs 6.6%, p=0.2) or severe elevations (0.9% vs 0.6%, p=0.9) in liver biochemistries. Similarly, the incidence of liver biochemistry abnormalities meeting the Hy's Rule was statistically not different between the two cohorts (0% vs 0.3%, p=0.9). The frequency of discontinuing rosiglitazone therapy during the follow-up was similar between cohorts 1 and 2 (8.6% vs 8.1%, p=1.0). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that diabetics with elevated baseline liver enzymes do not have a higher risk of hepatotoxicity from rosiglitazone than those with normal enzymes.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1997

Oral vanadyl sulphate does not affect blood cells, viscosity or biochemistry in humans.

Vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4) is used to improve performance in weight training athletes. Concerns about its safety have arisen because vanadium compounds may cause anaemia and changes in the leukocyte system. In this study, the effects of oral VOSO4 (0.5 mg/kg/day) on haematological indices (red and white cell and platelet counts, red cell mean cell volume and haemoglobin level), blood viscosity (haematocrit, plasma viscosity and blood viscosity at 10s-1 and 100s-1 shear rates) and biochemistry (lipids and indices of liver and kidney function) were investigated in a twelve week, double blind, placebo controlled trial in 31 weight training athletes. Blood viscosity was evaluated at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks and haematological indices and biochemistry were measured before and at the end of treatment. Both the treatment group and placebo group showed increases in haematocrit (3.3-3.6%) and blood viscosity (9-11% at 100s-1 shear; 35-38% at 10s-1 shear) but there were no significant effects of treatment. Similarly there were no treatment effects on haematological indices and biochemistry. Concerns about the adverse effects of oral vanadyl sulphate on blood are not supported by the results of this trial.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Influence of Ganoderma lucidum on blood biochemistry and immunocompetence in horses.

The characteristic ingredients of Ganoderma lucidum, such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, nucleic acids and small proteins, have been found and proved to have many special pharmacological properties. Mice and rats have been extensively used to investigate the effects of G. lucidum. Experiments with horses as an animal model for investigating the effects of G. lucidum have never been reported. The purpose of this investigation was to understand the influence of G. lucidum feeding on blood biochemistry and immunocompetence in horses. Complete blood count (CBC) and blood biochemistry were surveyed routinely. Cellular-mediated immunity was monitored by flow cytometry to survey the percentage changes of CD5+, CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The effect of G. lucidum on humoral immunity was experimented by fast plate agglutination test to survey the change and manifestation of the titer of specific anti-egg albumin antibodies in the serum after egg albumin injection. The findings on CBC and blood biochemistry indicated that G. lucidum was quite safe to horses. Experimental result on cell-mediated immunity showed that G. lucidum could increase the percentage of CD5+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in PBLs (p < 0.001). Experimental result on humoral immunity showed that G. lucidum could help the horses to produce a significantly higher quantity of specific antibodies in a shorter time (p < 0.001).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Effects of cortisone and testosterone on diaphragmatic function and biochemistry in the rabbit.

The effects of cortisone and testosterone on in vivo diaphragmatic function and biochemistry were assessed in rabbits to determine whether androgens can prevent the effects of corticosteroids on diaphragmatic function and biochemistry and what mechanisms of muscle function may be altered. Cortisone altered respiratory muscle endurance and diaphragmatic glycogen and lactate levels but had little effect on diaphragmatic strength. Testosterone had no significant impact on diaphragmatic strength, endurance, or biochemistry. However, concomitant administration of testosterone with cortisone blunted the effect of cortisone on respiratory muscle endurance, even though it failed to block the effects of cortisone on diaphragmatic glycogen and lactate levels. Alterations in respiratory muscle endurance were not due to low- or high-frequency contractile fatigue of the diaphragm or diaphragmatic glycogen depletion or lactate accumulation in any of the treatment conditions. On the other hand, alterations in central drive played a dominant role, as evidenced by alterations in inspiratory duty cycle and a falloff in the intensity of central drive during loading. Although the exact mechanisms underlying the alterations in central drive remain unknown, concomitant administration of androgens with corticosteroids blunted the impact of corticosteroids on respiratory muscle function.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Assays for prolactin: guidelines for the provision of a clinical biochemistry service.

This paper summarises the views of the authors on the provision of a prolactin assay service. We discuss the pathophysiology of prolactin secretion and the clinical indications that arise from that. We cover the rather complex issue of the definition of normal and elevated prolactin levels. From these considerations, certain guidelines on the analytical performance of prolactin assays and their provision in a clinical biochemistry service are given. The extent to which currently available methods and performance as revealed by the UK External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) match these guidelines are described and certain conclusions are reached. Finally, probable future developments are briefly discussed. The main conclusions and recommendations are as follows: Reagents of appropriate quality are available to enable prolactin immunoassays to be provided in UK clinical biochemistry laboratories. These are provided either separately or in the form of kits from both commercial and NHS sources. There is no requirement for individual laboratories to undertake their own antiserum production or prolactin iodination. Acceptable performance (as defined using internal QC procedures and the UK EQAS) is achievable using these reagents/kits, although one commercial kit shows a consistent marked negative bias. Reference ranges, including 'normal ranges', show considerable between-centre variability. Many centres have not established their own ranges, even those using in-house methods. Reference ranges for use in clinical biochemistry laboratories are proposed in this report. Some general guidance on the provision of a prolactin service is given, although this does not differ in principle from that appropriate for other peptide hormone analytes. There is no evidence that centres with small workloads perform any worse than average, although it may be more cost-efficient for such centres to send the samples elsewhere. As with other peptide analytes, non-isotopic immunometric methodology is likely to replace current radioimmunoassay methods in the near future.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

The Poser criteria for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) includes clinical, paraclinical and laboratory information. We studied the influence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biochemistry results on the categorisation of patients with suspected MS. A retrospective study was made of 138 patients who had CSF samples sent over a 1 year period to the laboratory for examination for oligoclonal bands. Using the Poser criteria, 23 patients were diagnosed as having definite MS and one patient as probable MS. Cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry upgraded the categorisation from probable to definite MS in 16 of these 24 patients (66%). In this study, we found oligoclonal bands to be more sensitive in the diagnosis of MS (96%) than either the concentration of IgG in the CSF (43.5%) or the IgG expressed as a percentage of the total protein in the CSF (71%). We conclude that CSF biochemistry is a valuable investigation in the evaluation of patients with suspected MS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

An agromedicine initiative for first-year medical students, 1998-2004: biochemistry seminar proves feasible.

This report describes a 20 class-hour, 10-session seminar on agromedicine-oriented topics, delivered as part of a basic science course for medical students (biochemistry) at the Medical University of South Carolina. The course was initiated in 1998 and continued through 2004. The preceptors are family medicine and agricultural research professors. Concepts from primary care, epidemiology, entomology, toxicology, and food science appeal strongly to the first-year medical student group (limited to 10 students). The agromedicine/environmental medicine seminar series is one of 16 research seminars available for in-depth study. As part of the course in biochemistry, this seminar has earned positive evaluations from medical students who expect to widen their perspective on global health and the environment. Seminar topics include food safety, farm trauma, nutraceuticals, crop protection, insect-borne disease, occupational health and safety, diet and cancer, birth defects, and bioengineering. Seventy medical students have participated in the interdisciplinary seminar. They perceive environmental science as affecting the health of their patients and as an essential part of their preparation for curative and preventive medicine. Readers may find medical school curriculum committees more receptive to accepting and continuing an agromedicine offering if it can be incorporated in a basic science course such as biochemistry or pharmacology.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Biochemistry of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-derived peptides: the endocrine heart revisited.

BACKGROUND: Since the discovery of cardiac hormones almost 25 years ago, a vast amount of clinical research has identified the cardiac natriuretic peptides and their precursors as markers of heart failure. It even seems likely that the pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP)-derived peptides in plasma may become the most frequently measured peptides in the daily diagnosis and control of therapy. In contrast, the biochemistry of the peptides has received less attention. METHODS: Published data available on the National Library of Medicine (NLM) were used as the basis for the review. OUTCOME: This review shows that the present understanding of the biochemistry of peptides is far from complete. In particular, cellular synthesis, including posttranslational precursor maturation, is poorly understood. Moreover, elimination of the precursor fragments is unknown. Elucidation of the molecular heterogeneity of proBNP products will therefore contribute to the understanding of the endocrine heart and may also have important diagnostic consequences. Above all, the different proBNP-derived peptides may not always be equal markers of the same pathophysiologic processes. A different metabolism and peripheral elimination may also impose new and peptide-specific limitations for diagnostic use. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to focus more on the biology of the proBNP-derived peptides. In turn, new insight into the biochemistry could pave the way for more sensitive and disease-specific assays in the clinical setting.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Chymotrypsin effects on the determination of sperm parameters and seminal biochemistry markers.

BACKGROUND: Few reports of the effects of treatment with chymotrypsin on the determination of sperm parameters and seminal biochemistry markers are documented. METHODS: Sperm parameters of 63 liquefied and 27 non-liquefied samples, untreated or treated with chymotrypsin, were evaluated using computer-assisted semen analysis. In addition, biochemistry markers such as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alpha-glucosidase and fructose in 50 liquefied and 39 non-liquefied samples, untreated or treated with chymotrypsin, were determined. RESULTS: Treatment with chymotrypsin had no effect on sperm concentration, motility, motility a and b, straightness, curvilinear velocity, straight line velocity, average path velocity and beat cross frequency in both liquefied and non-liquefied semen. However, linearity (p=0.025) decreased and the amplitude of the lateral head (p=0.029) increased significantly in non-liquefied semen after treatment with chymotrypsin. The levels of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alpha-glucosidase and fructose in seminal plasma were unaffected by chymotrypsin, regardless of liquefaction status. CONCLUSIONS: Chymotrypsin had no effects on the detection of sperm parameters and biochemistry markers, and could be used to treat non-liquefied samples before semen analysis in the andrology laboratory.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2003

Screening for trisomy 21 in twins using first trimester ultrasound and maternal serum biochemistry in a one-stop clinic: a review of three years experience.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of screening for fetal trisomy 21 in the first trimester of twin pregnancies by a combination of maternal serum biochemistry and ultrasonography. DESIGN: Three year retrospective review of screening performance. SETTING: District General Hospital maternity unit. POPULATION: All women booked to receive routine antenatal care at Harold Wood Hospital between 1 June 1998 and 30th September 2001. The population included 13,940 women of all ages presenting with pregnancies between 10 weeks 3 days and 13 weeks 6 days gestation. Of these, 230 had a twin pregnancy. METHODS: Women booked into the clinic were offered screening using a combination of maternal serum free beta-hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Women at increased risk of carrying a fetus with trisomy 21 or trisomy 13/18 (>/=1 in 300 at sampling) were offered counselling and an invasive diagnostic procedure. Follow up of the outcome of all pregnancies was carried out. For women who on examination were at 14 weeks of gestation or greater, or for women presenting as late bookers beyond 14 weeks, screening was performed in the same time frame using only maternal serum free beta-hCG and alpha-fetoprotein. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The first trimester detection rate for trisomy 21 and all aneuploides, false positive rate, uptake of screening, uptake of invasive testing in women identified at increased risk and fetal loss rates after invasive testing. RESULTS: Overall, 97.4% of the women with twins (224/230) accepted first trimester screening. The rate of detection of trisomy 21 was 75% (3/4). Fetal death at presentation was found in 3.4% of fetuses (16/460). Of women who accepted screening, 4.3% (10/230) presented too late for fetal nuchal translucency measurement and 10.0% of women (23/230) presented too early. A risk for trisomy 21 was calculated for each fetus based on the individual fetal nuchal translucency thickness and the maternal biochemistry. The false positive rate among those eligible for first trimester screening was 9.0% (19/206) of pregnancies and 6.9% of fetuses (28/412). Uptake of invasive testing was 59% (10/17) with chorionic villus sampling in eight cases and amniocentesis in two. No fetal loss occurred within 28 days of chorionic villus sampling and no loss occurred after amniocentesis. One case of trisomy 21 was identified for every three invasive procedures. CONCLUSIONS: First trimester screening for trisomy 21 in twin pregnancies is both theoretically possible and practically achievable using a combination of nuchal translucency thickness and maternal serum biochemistry. However, dilemmas for the mother and health professionals when both nuchal translucency thickness measurements are normal might suggest that greater reliance be placed on the nuchal translucency thickness risk alone when counselling women about invasive testing.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Comparison of serum biochemistry between specific pathogen-free and conventional aged Wistar rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences in serum biochemistry between specific pathogen-free (SPF) and conventional aged Wistar rats. METHODS: Coulter-JT Analyzer was used to measure the values of serum biochemistry in the two grades of rats. RESULTS: The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, Fe, P, glucose, uric acid (UA), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were very significantly different between male and female Wistar rats of either conventional or SPF grade (P<0.01), which also had significant difference in albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (P<0.05). Between male aged Wistar rats of the two grades, the differences of TP, albumin, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, TC, TG, blood glucose, ApoA1, ApoB, UA, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), LDL, and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) were very significant (P<0.01), with also significant differences in ALT, Fe, Mg (P<0.05). Between the female rats of the two grades, the serum levels of ALT, TP, albumin, A/G ratio, ALP, TG, BUN, creatinine, Fe, ApoA1, APOB, HDL, LDL, and bile acids were very significantly different (P<0.01), and Mg was significantly different (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Different microbiological profiles affect serum biochemistry of aged Wistar rats.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Preparing the biochemistry laboratory for the next outbreak: lessons from SARS in Singapore.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging disease characterised by fever and atypical pneumonia and caused by a novel coronavirus. Singapore was affected by the global pandemic in early 2003, with 238 cases and 33 deaths. Samples sent to the biochemistry laboratory made up the majority (69%) of all SARS samples, yet remained a minority (29%) of total biochemistry workload. This paper describes the problems encountered and solutions adopted by the biochemistry laboratory at the designated SARS hospital in coping with this epidemic. It provides practical advice for laboratories planning for the handling of samples from future outbreaks.

Journal Article↗