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PubMed1987

Comparative susceptibility of hospital isolates of gram-negative bacteria to antiseptics and disinfectants.

The sensitivity of hospital isolates of Gram-negative bacteria to cationic antiseptics, mercuric chloride and two organomercury compounds has been measured. A comparison was made with laboratory strains of known sensitivity which acted as standards. All strains of Escherichia coli showed a uniformly high sensitivity to chlorhexidine diacetate; other organisms tended to be less sensitive to the biguanide. Quaternary ammonium compounds were less effective than chlorhexidine. Resistance to mercuric chloride was observed frequently, but there was little evidence of organomercurial resistance except in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2002

Chemotactic and chemokinetic properties of topical ophthalmic preparations.

PURPOSE: Chronic ocular inflammation can be due to a disease process or to iatrogenic factors that attract inflammatory cells to the anterior chamber. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of commonly used ophthalmic preparations on leukocyte migration. METHODS: A modified multi-well Boyden chamber was used to study the chemotactic and chemokinetic effects of 33 commercial ophthalmic preparations. To determine whether the chemotactic effect was a property of the commercial ophthalmic preparation or other chemicals present in the products, experiments were also done with some common preservatives and excipients. RESULTS: Of the drugs, 14 (42.4%) showed chemokinetic and/or chemotactic activity and 19 (57.6%) had either no effect or decreased neutrophil migration. Of the preservatives and excipients, 5 (62.5%) were found to be chemotactic. Eleven of 14 chemotactic drugs (78.6%) and 8 of 19 non-chemotactic drugs (42.1%) were positive for at least one chemotactic excipient. The correlation between chemotactic ophthalmic preparations and the presence of a chemotactic excipient in their composition was significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chemotactic activity was commonly found in commercial ophthalmic preparation. Furthermore, the presence of certain chemotactic preservatives and/or excipients was a contributing factor enhancing this property. Avoiding known chemotactic compounds or adjusting the intervals of the treatment may help to eliminate this iatrogenic component of the inflammatory process especially in patients with chronic ocular inflammation.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

Disinfection of fabrics and carpets artificially contaminated with calicivirus: relevance in institutional and healthcare centres.

Fabrics and carpets are used widely as surface coverings or linens in healthcare settings and are prone to contamination with infectious agents such as noroviruses (NoVs). Laundering, water cleaning and vacuuming are considered to be adequate for routine cleaning of these materials, but no standard procedure for their disinfection is available in case of contamination. Testing disinfectants for their efficacy against NoVs is difficult because these viruses cannot be cultivated in vitro. Therefore, feline calicivirus (FCV) has gained acceptance as a surrogate model for NoVs in disinfectant efficacy testing. The present study evaluated five disinfectants against FCV on various fabrics or carpets. FCV was dried on fabrics and carpets, followed by treatment with a given disinfectant for a defined contact time of 1, 5 or 10 min. The surviving virus was then eluted and titrated in Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells to determine virus inactivation. A disinfectant was considered to be effective if it inactivated at least 99% of the applied virus. Metricide, an activated dialdehyde-based product, was found to be the most effective disinfectant on all types of fabric and carpet, inactivating more than 99.99% of the virus in 1-10 min. In general, effectiveness of disinfectants increased with an increase in exposure time from 1 to 10 min. The disinfection of carpets was more difficult than the disinfection of fabrics; 100% polyester was the least amenable to disinfection. Only Metricide and Microbac-II (a phenolic compound) were able to inactivate 99% of FCV on 100% polyester. In summary, activated dialdehyde was found to be uniformly active against FCV on all types of material tested.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antibacterial activity of disinfectant solutions containing quaternary ammonium compounds for the storage of surgical instruments].

A survey conducted among the health managements and dispensary services of all Italian hospitals showed that disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium salts were most commonly used for the disinfection and storage of surgical instruments (66% of frequencies). It was therefore decided to run in vitro tests on the bactericidal activity of some of the more frequently used substances containing one or more of these salts as their active principle. Five were therefore examined against 8 hospital and 4 lab strains, namely three aqueous solution: 1% benzalkonium chloride plus 1% ethylbenzalkonium chloride; 0.6% alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, plus 0.185% diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethylbenzyl ammonium chloride monohdydrate and 0.133% diisobutylcresoxyethoxydimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride monohydrate; 0.1% dodecylbenzylammonium-N-diethyl alcohol chloride; and two alcoholic solutions: 0.1% alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; 0.25% benzalkonium chloride (F.U.).

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Receptor-independent effects of natural cannabinoids in rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro.

Cannabinoids can activate CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Since a CB(2) mRNA has been described in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC), we investigated a series of cannabinoids and derivatives for their capacity to stimulate RPMC. Effects of natural cannabinoids Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), Delta(8)-THC, endocannabinoids (anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide) and related compounds (N-decanoyl-, N-lauroyl-, N-myristoyl-, N-stearoyl- and N-oleoyl-ethanolamines; N-palmitoyl derivatives (-butylamine, -cyclohexylamine, -isopropylamine); and N-palmitoyl, O-palmitoylethanolamine), and synthetic cannabinoids including WIN 55,212-2, SR141716A and SR144528 were assessed for their capacity to induce histamine release or prime RPMC stimulated by compound 48/80. Only Delta(9)-THC and Delta(8)-THC could induce non-lytic, energy- and concentration-dependent histamine releases from RPMC (respective EC(50) values: 23.5+/-1.2; 53.4+/-20.6 microM, and maxima: 71.2+/-5.5; 55.7+/-2.7% of the total RPMC histamine content). These were not blocked by CB(1) (SR141716A) or CB(2) (SR144528) antagonists, but reduced by pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml). Endocannabinoids and analogues did neither induce histamine secretion, nor prime secretion induced by compound 48/80 (0.2 microg/ml). Delta(9)-THC and Delta(8)-THC induced in vitro histamine secretion from RPMC through CB receptor-independent interactions, partly involving G(i/o) protein activation.

Amides↗
PubMed1984

Effect of some quaternary benzylammonium salts on physiology of yeast.

In order to determine the biological activity of eight compounds belonging to a group of quaternary ammonium salts, their influence on the active methionine transport, the integrity of cell membranes, respiration, and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some other yeast species has been investigated. The earliest effect observed during ammonium salts action on yeast cells is an immediate methionine transport abolishment followed by its fast leakage, which indicates increasing cell membrane degradation. Gradual decline of other biological functions such as respiration and viability is thus a result of disintegration and lack of tightness of the cell membranes. The studied compounds are characterized by a rather unspecific spectrum of action on yeast resulting in irreversible damage of cell walls and cell membranes, which in consequence leads to cell death.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2002

Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in food-related bacteria.

Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents continues to be a major problem. The frequent use and misuse of disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in food-processing industries have imposed a selective pressure and may contribute to the emergence of disinfectant-resistant microorganisms. A total number of 1,325 Gram-negative isolates (Escherichia coli, other coliforms Vibrio spp., and Aeromonas spp.) and 500 Enterococcus spp. from food and food-processing industries and fish farming were screened for natural resistance to the QAC-based disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC). Of the 1,825 isolates, 16 strains, mainly from meat retail shops, showed low-level resistance to BC. None of the Enterococcus spp. from broiler, cattle, and pigs, the antibiotic-resistant E. coli from pig intestine and fish pathogens Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas spp. from the Norwegian fish farming industry were resistant to BC. The BC-resistant strains were examined for susceptibility to 15 different antibiotics, disinfectants, and dyes. No systematic cross-resistance between BC and any of the other antimicrobial agents tested was detected. Stable enhanced resistance in Enterobacter cloacae isolates was demonstrated by step-wise adaptation in increasing concentrations of BC. In conclusion, BC resistance among food-associated Gram-negative bacteria and Enterococcus spp. is not frequent, but resistance may develop to user concentrations after exposure to sublethal concentrations of BC.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

Quantitation of active ingredients and excipients in nasal sprays by high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and UV spectroscopy.

A study on the use of different analytical methodologies to determine active ingredients and excipients found in commercial nasal sprays is presented. Two of the developed methodologies consisted of separation techniques, i.e. high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, and the third one involved a UV-spectroscopic multicomponent procedure. The samples studied are characterized by a high viscosity and the existence of a large number of particles in suspension; therefore, special emphasis is paid on the sample preparation required by each methodology. Advantages and drawbacks of each analytical technique are also discussed in terms of speed of analysis, sensitivity and reproducibility. From this work it is observed that although the UV method needs the most laborious sample preparation, the total time required per analysis is the shortest one. The best reproducibility in terms of analysis time and quantitation of the analyzed compounds is obtained using HPLC. CE allows the determination of more components in the same sample.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2003

[The tolerability of nasal drugs with special regard to preservatives and physico-chemical parameters].

BACKGROUND: Recent technical developments allow preservative-free nasal drug application in multi-dose systems. New pharmaceutical formulations for better tolerable nasal sprays are now possible and consequently reformulations introduced to the market. Therefore, a representative and systematic overview on comparable products is mandatory. METHODS: Marketed nasal products in the indication groups: decongestants, antiallergics, care and wound-healing, hormones and saline solutions were tested for their cytotoxic properties according to DIN EN 30 993 - 5, pH, and osmolality. RESULTS: In all indication groups reformulation to preservative-free application resulted in significant increase of cell growth and reduction of cytotoxicity. Physico-chemical galenic properties are of considerable importance too. With decongestants tolerability is dependant on the concentration of the active compound. CONCLUSIONS: Our data lead to the conclusion that preserved nasal sprays are obsolete, when preservative-free alternatives are available. Attention should be paid to galenic properties and dosage of the active.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2000

[Quaternary ammonium salts in gynecology and obstetrics].

We have summarized chemical, physical, and microbiological characteristics of Quaternary Ammonium Salts: particularly, benzalchromium chloride and didecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride characteristics were analyzed. These compounds may act as antimicrobial agents in different way: 1) they are surface-active agents and will denature protein or cause dissociation of an enzyme from its prosthetic group; 2) they may alter the cell permeability of bacteria and yeasts; 3) they may stimulate the glycolysis reaction and 4) may inhibit oxidation of lactate. These latest activities may play a role in maintenance of physiologic microbial ecology of vagina or in the re-establishment of the vaginal ecosystem after vaginitis or vaginosis. We have also summarized the physiologic variation of vaginal ecosystem during the different phases of women's life and the microbiology of vagina during vaginitis and vaginosis. The results of more recent studies about the therapeutic role of quaternary ammonium compounds in vulvo-vaginal infections an in vaginosis are synthetically reported. We concluded that quarternary ammonium compounds are efficacious, handy and safe, in obstetrics and gynecology. A very good compliance and low costs of these compounds suggest that they may be used alone as well in association with specific antimicrobial agents in the treatment of most of gynecological infections, and particularly in bacterial vaginosis.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1982

[Comparative study of fungicidal activity in vitro of various quaternary ammonium compounds used in ophthalmology].

A study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity in vitro of 5 quaternary ammonium compounds. N cetylpyridinium was found to be particularly active against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. The association of N cetylpyridinium and of neosynephrine, found in various eye drop compositions, resulted in potentation of the antifungal activity of this quaternary ammonium.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of a new quarternary ammonium compound against TB.

Ten of 12 strains of Mycobacteria (11 M. tuberculosis, 1 M. bovis) including 7 resistant strains were found to be sensitive to tetradecyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium fluoride (TDBAF) at a concentration of 15-7.75 micrograms/ml (end point 10 micrograms/ml). A single multi-resistant strain of M. tuberculosis and a culture of M. bovis were also sensitive but at a slightly higher level.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Sensitivity of marine bacteria to several disinfectants used in the fish processing industry. I. Homologous and heterologous resistance of Pseudomonas and Moraxella ssp].

It was shown that ability of developing resistance to QAC by Moraxella ssp. is limited, while marine strains of Pseudomonas sp. are able to develop both homological and heterological resistance to Sterinol and Laurosept. Five months storage in medium without QAC caused partial loss of resistance of strains which previously gained resistance to this compound. None of the tested marine bacteria strains was able to get resistance against Chloramina T. Strains with developed resistance to Laurosept and Sterinol became more sensitive to Chloramina T. On the other hand, as a result of contact of the same bacteria with sublethal doses of Chloramina T increase of sensitivity to QAC was observed.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed1985

Determination of demecarium bromide and related compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of demecarium bromide and related process intermediate and companion products is described. The compounds of interest are separated by isocratic reversed-phase chromatography on a mu Bondapak CN column using UV detection. The reproducibility of the method and stability of demecarium bromide is demonstrated. Applications presented for the method include quantitation of demecarium bromide in aqueous solutions and control of the raw material.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed1978

Virucidal activity of some quaternary ammonium compounds.

Four different quaternary ammonium compounds were tested by microtechniques for evaluating their activity against the type species of six viral groups very frequently involved in human and animal pathology. Three disinfectants showed good activity against five of the representative viruses under test, while the fourth proved less effective. Poliovirus type 1 was found to be completely resistant.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial preservative effectiveness of natural peptide antibiotics.

The constantly growing resistance of microbes to drugs and other substances which fight microbial infections leads to search for new antimicrobial substances. Among substances which attract the scientists attention are antimicrobial peptides. Such compounds are quite common in nature and belong to the most important elements of the innate immune system of all living organisms. Numerous antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from insects, amphibians, mammals, plants and bacterial species. In this study we investigated the in vitro activity of two animal peptides, citropin 1.1 and protegrin 1 alone and in combination against microbial strains proposed for the evaluation of preservatives: Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. The results of the antimicrobial preservative effectiveness were compared to the values received for benzalkonium chloride, popular preservative of medicines and cosmetics.

Amphibian Proteins↗
PubMed2005

Effects of single and repeated exposure to biocidal active substances on the barrier function of the skin in vitro.

The dermal route of exposure is important in worker exposure to biocidal products. Many biocidal active substances which are used on a daily basis may decrease the barrier function of the skin to a larger extent than current risk assessment practice addresses, due to possible skin effects of repeated exposure. The influence of repeated and single exposure to representative biocidal active substances on the skin barrier was investigated in vitro. The biocidal active substances selected were alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC), boric acid, deltamethrin, dimethyldidecylammonium chloride (DDAC), formaldehyde, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide, sodium bromide, and tebuconazole. Of these nine compounds, only the quaternary ammonium chlorides ADBAC and DDAC had a clear and consistent influence on skin permeability of the marker compounds tritiated water and [(14)C]propoxur. For these compounds, repeated exposure increased skin permeability more than single exposure. At high concentrations the difference between single and repeated exposure was quantitatively significant: repeated exposure to 300 mg/L ADBAC increased skin permeability two to threefold in comparison to single exposure. Therefore, single and repeated exposure to specific biocidal products may significantly increase skin permeability, especially when used undiluted.

Adult↗