Genital stimulation as a trigger for neuroendocrine and behavioral control of reproduction.
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Amines↗
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Reproductive and behavioral control in the male and female cat with progestins: long-term field observations in individual animals.
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Animals↗
[Development of behavioral control in at-risk children--results of the Rostock longitudinal study after 10 years].
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Brain Damage, Chronic↗
Tolerance to effects of cocaine on schedule-controlled behavior: effects of fixed-interval schedule parameter.
Tolerance to the effects of cocaine on key pecking by pigeons, maintained by differently valued fixed-interval schedules of food presentation, was studied. Key pecking was established on a multiple fixed-interval 5-sec fixed-interval 30-sec fixed-interval 120-sec schedule. Cocaine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) was administered acutely and then chronically (i.e., before each session) in 5.6 mg/kg doses. Acute cocaine administration produced dose-related decreases in response rates under all three schedules. When cocaine was administered chronically, response rates either recovered fully, or increased to the extent that no reinforcers were missed during the sessions. The development of tolerance was not systematically related to the schedule value. Considered in relation to previous research, these results indicate that different control rates of reinforcement, within the schedules and parameters studied, do not contribute to tolerance to cocaine's behavioral effects.
Animals↗
Behavioral control of visual fixation of the rhesus monkey.
A paradigm for the control of visual fixation of the macaque monkey in vision experiments was described. Using a Maxwellian view, the procedure permits the placement of discrete test-light stimuli in a specific area of the retina as the monkey fixates a primary target. This procedure holds foveal fixation as other behaviorally significant visual stimuli are presented to the visual field. By a methods-of-limits procedure, the sensitivity of the monkey eye was measured at different retinal locations under both photopic and scotopic visual adaptation.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
The effects of acute and chronic phencyclidine on schedule-controlled behavior in the squirrel monkey.
The effects of acute and chronic administration of phencyclidine (PCP) were examined in five male squirrel monkeys trained to respond on a chain fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. Acute PCP (0.01-0.60) mg/kg i.m.) produced dose-related decreases in response rate during both components of the schedule. Both components were equally affected by the drug. The effects of the drug on fixed-interval response rate were dependent on the control rate of responding in corresponding segments of the interval. After the initial dose-response determination, the subjects were placed on an individualized regimen of chronic PCP administration lasting from 82 to 126 days, beginning with daily injections for 2 days alternating with saline injections for 2 days, progressing to four injections daily. No evidence of physical dependence was seen upon withdrawal of the drug. Redetermination of the dose-response function for PCP (0.03-1.0 mg/kg i.m.) demonstrated a nearly 2-fold shift to the right of both the fixed-interval and fixed-ratio dose-response curves, indicating tolerance. In addition, the subjects' behavior recovered sooner from a dose of PCP (0.60 mg/kg i.m.) given after the chronic regimen than from the same dose given before the chronic regimen. The results demonstrate that tolerance can occur to the behavioral effects of PCP in the squirrel monkey.
Animals↗
The effect of phencyclidine and ketamine on schedule-controlled behavior in the pigeon.
Pigeons were trained under a multiple schedule of food presentation with alternating 30-response fixed-ratio (FR-30) and 10-minute fixed-interval (FI-10) components. Average rates of responding were 2.9 and 0.55 responses/sec, respectively. Both phencyclidine (0.03-3.0 mg/kg i.m.) and ketamine (0.1-30.0 mg/kg i.m.) increased response rates at low doses while decreasing response rates at high doses during the FI-10 component. Only a dose-related decrease in response rates was seen in the FR-30 component with both phencyclidine and ketamine. In individual birds, the maximum rate increases in the FI-10 component ranged from 110% to 163% of the control rate. The rate increases in the FI-10 component depended on the control rate of responding. The effects of phencyclidine and ketamine were qualitatively similar to d-amphetamine (0.1-10 mg/kg i.m.).
Animals↗
Regulation of the right coronary circulation during a controlled behavioral stress in the conscious dog.
Right coronary blood flow (CBF) was measured in 11 mongrel dogs during classical aversive conditioning (a 30 s tone followed by a 1 s 2-6 mA electrical shock). The cardiovascular response consisted of significant (P less than 0.01) increases in: mean arterial pressure (12.9%), systolic right ventricular pressure (RVP, 31.8%), d(RVP)/dt (49.9%) and heart rate (56.2%). The coronary vascular response to behavioral stress consisted of an immediate and significant increase in mean CBF (56.9%) coupled with a significant decrease in mean coronary vascular resistance (CVR, -28.5%). The mean CVR decrease was reduced by cardioselective beta-blockade (CBB) or cardiac pacing and eliminated by right stellectomy (RSGx). The combination of CBB with cardiac pacing resulted in a significant increase in mean CVR. alpha-adrenergic blockade with either phentolamine or prazosin, RSGx, and cardiac pacing significantly reduced the control mean CVR values. Thus, these data suggest that the right coronary response to stress is primarily mediated by the release of metabolic factors secondarily to an increased inotropic or chronotropic state. However, when these metabolic effects were controlled, mean coronary resistance no longer decreased but, rather, increased in response to the aversive stress. This increase could be eliminated by the addition of an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. These data further suggest that the coronary response to behavioral stress activates an alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction.
Animals↗
[Attitude to death and control behavior of medical students--a cross sectional study].
Within the scope of a cross-section study the Fear of Death Questionnaire (Hensle 1977), the Semantic Differential of the term Death (Potthoff 1980) and the IPC questionnaire (Krampen 1981) were submitted to n = 186 first- and second-year medical students and to n = 151 third- and fourth-year medical students. This was to trace the question how far the attitude toward death and the locus of control of medical students vary in the course of their education. In comparison with most of other respective publications our paper did not show any significant changes of their attitude toward death and their locuis of control neither. After more detailed analysis of the data discerning consideration of the fear of death questionnaire mentioned above is to be demanded prior to further use in medical fields. At least in view of medical students it's value regarding the construct validity is to be questioned. Concerning the Semantic Differential at least one adjective pair should be eliminated in future.
Adult↗
The effects of phencyclidine, ketamine, delta-amphetamine and pentobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior in the mouse.
The response of mice of breaking a light beam onto a photocell was programmed to produce food according to a multiple schedule with alternating 30-response fixed ratio, 300-second fixed interval (FR-30 FI-300 sec) components. Training was standardized for all mice, and stable patterns of responding that were similar to those described for other species and responses under this schedule developed quickly. The effects of pentobaribtal, delta-amphetamine, phencyclidine and ketamine were studied. At some dose, each of the four drugs produced an increase in rate of responding; the increase was proportionately greater at low rates of responding than at higher rates. At some dose range, delta-amphetamine, ketamine and phencyclidine produced dose-related increases in FI average rates were to 1.83, 1.25 and 1.32 times the control rate for delta-amphetamine (1 mg/kg), ketamine (100 mg/kg) and phencyclidine (3 mg/kg), respectively. Phencyclidine and ketamine thus showed some "amphetamine-like" effects in the mouse. Pentobarbital increased (1.25 times the control rate) both the FR and FI response rates at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Higher doses of pentobarbital progressively decreased both FR and FI response rates in a parallel fashion.
Animals↗
Effects of cocaine on locomotor activity and schedule-controlled behaviors of inbred rat strains.
Effects of cocaine on several behaviors considered to be reflective of psychomotor stimulation were compared in F344/CR1BR and NBR/NIH inbred rat strains. Effects of cocaine on locomotor activity were compared with effects on either bar-press or nose-poke responses maintained under a multiple fixed-interval 3-min, timeout 1-min schedule of food presentation. In locomotor activity experiments, NBR rats were twice as active as F344 rats under baseline conditions and displayed dose-dependent increases in locomotion (5-20 mg/kg). Maximal increases in locomotor activity of F344 rats were only 200% compared to 1000% in NBR rats. In contrast to locomotor activity, no strain differences in the effects of cocaine were observed under the schedules of food delivery. Bar-pressing under the fixed-interval schedule was increased to a maximum of 150% of control in both rat strains. Nose-poke responding under the fixed-interval schedule was not significantly increased, but timeout rates were increased in both strains. These results suggest that NBR and F344 rats do not differ in general sensitivity to stimulant effects of cocaine but exhibit marked differences in responsivity to cocaine that are dependent upon the behavior studied. Further delineation of the behavioral specificity of strain differences in sensitivity to cocaine should help to identify neurobiological substrates underlying unique biologically determined responses to cocaine.
Animals↗
Influence of stressor predictability and behavioral control on lymphocyte reactivity, antibody responses and neuroendocrine activation in rats.
The present experiments were designed to study the influence of prediction and control of electric shocks on various aspects of immune function, and the possible intermediate role of glucocorticoid hormones. After two sessions of inescapable footshocks, the reactivity of splenocytes to concanavalin A was reduced by one third. This effect was completely reversed when each shock was preceded by a warning stimulus, even though the adrenocortical response was the same in both conditions. In another experiment, rats were submitted to ten sessions of continuous avoidance in a shuttle-box and a group of yoked animals received the same footshocks without any relationship to their shuttling behavior. Although yoked rats displayed a reduced reactivity of splenocytes to lectins, animals of the avoidance group had a reduced antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, no difference was observed in the corticosterone or prolactin response. These data further support the importance of psychological factors on stress-induced changes in immune functions. Furthermore, they demonstrate that various aspects of the immune system are differentially affected by behavioral factors and the results argue against a major role for the adrenocortical system in mediating these changes.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Associative brain systems as the behavioral control apparatus based on the dominant and conditioned reflex].
The main statements of author's conception concerning the associative brain systems (thalamoparietal and thalamofrontal) as the behaviour control systems are presented. The participation of associative systems in performance of the high brain functions ensures due to the entrance of the whole information spectrum of biological and signal significance into them and to the presence of neuronal plastic mechanisms, the mechanisms for retrieval the whole behaviour programs from the long-term memory and the ability of short-term storing of behaviour programs and estimation of their adequacy on the ground of dominant and conditioning mechanisms.
Animals↗
Rat exploratory behavior controlled by intracranial self-stimulation improves the study of place cell activity.
This report is limited to the description of a procedure that should help to resolve the question whether firing fields of hippocampal place cells are relatively stable or modifiable by learning. Rats implanted with lateral hypothalamic electrodes for rewarding intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) were trained to explore a circular open field (100 cm in diameter) while their locomotion was tracked by a computerized video system which also delivers ICSS whenever the animal's exploration has met certain experimenter defined criteria. The 3 following conditions were examined. (1) Homogeneous exploration of the entire field: ICSS was delivered after the animal repeatedly visited 5 equal segments of the field (central annulus and remainders of the 4 quadrants), entered randomly located circular areas of the field, and/or traveled a criterion distance. (2) Place field contingent reward or non-reward: ICSS was delivered when the animal entered a circular area (23 cm in diameter) corresponding to the place field after a previous visit to a similar area outside the place field. These conditions were reversed in the following task. (3) Delayed reward: ICSS was delivered when the animal entered the circular area and remained in it for 2 s. Each condition was tested for 600 s or until 50 ICSS were delivered. The behavioral procedures described make it possible to propose an experimental protocol that allows examination of the same place cell under conditions of homogeneous exploration with a segment condition or randomly distributed reward and under conditions with the place field signaling reward or non-reward. The delayed reward condition increases the accuracy of the target location and allows assessment of the phasic versus tonic nature of the place cell firing.
Animals↗
The behavioral control of obesity: a descriptive analysis of a large-scale program.
Evaluated a behavoiral treatment program for 147 obese patients in a Weight Control Clinic. Weight losses during treatment averaged 11.01 pounds with large inter-S variability. Unlike past studies, patients continued to lose weight during a 6-month follow-up period. Weight loss was associated with age and initial degree of obesity, but other demographic and psychological variables failed to predict success in treatment. A critical examination of the attrition problem was carried out to determine the relationship between patient variables and the propensity to terminate treatment prematurely. Results demonstrate the utility of bahvioral treatment procedures for obesity, yet further research is needed to reduce attrition and to facilitate long-term maintenance of weight loss.
Adult↗
Effects of self-generated rules on the development of schedule-controlled behavior.
College students responded under a multiple differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 5-s fixed-ratio 8 schedule, with components alternating every 2 min. After 40 programmed minutes of acquisition and 12 min of maintenance, without notice, both schedules changed to extinction for 28 min. During acquisition, between alternations of the multiple schedule, some subjects were asked to develop rules describing the schedule contingencies. Other subjects were given these same rules between alternations, and a third group neither received nor were asked to develop rules. By the end of the acquisition phase, self-generated-rule subjects were more likely to show schedule-typical behavior than were subjects not asked to generate rules. The behavior of those given rules was similar to those asked to generate rules at the end of acquisition, but yoked-rule subjects acquired schedule-typical behavior at a quicker rate. By the end of extinction, during the period corresponding to the previous fixed-ratio interval, all no-rule subjects who had earned points during acquisition and maintenance were responding at a rate of less than 30 responses per minute. Only 3 of the 9 self-generated-rule subjects and 2 of the 5 yoked-rule subjects were similarly responding at this low rate. Results suggest that asking subjects to develop self-rules facilitates acquisition, but can retard extinction. Results also suggest that self-generated rules function similarly to external rules.
Adult↗
Evaluation of the pharmacological similarities between phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine: effects on schedule-controlled behavior.
In an effort to determine the degree to which the repeated administration of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) results in the development of tolerance to its disruptive effects on operant responding as well as cross-tolerance to the effects of acutely administered amphetamine, water-deprived rats were first trained on a fixed-ratio 5 (FR-5) schedule for water presentation. Dose-response curves for the effects of PPA and amphetamine (administered IP, 15 min presession) were then determined (ED50 = 35.0 and 2.6 mg/kg, respectively) followed by the chronic administration of 40.0 mg/kg PPA (administered IP, 15 min prior to each session). When responding returned to prechronic rates, the dose-response curves were redetermined for both PPA (ED50 = 220 mg/kg) and amphetamine (ED50 = 4.8 mg/kg). In a second set of rats, trained under similar conditions, it was observed that pretreatment with alpha-methyltyrosine (AMT, 100 mg/kg IP, 2 h presession) antagonized the disruptive effects of both PPA and amphetamine, whereas pretreatment with reserpine (0.31 mg/kg, IP, 12 h presession) antagonized the disruptive effects of PPA, but exacerbated the disruptive effects of amphetamine. In a separate experiment, the repeated administration of PPA 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg IP resulted in no long-lasting depletions of rat striatal dopamine, serotonin, or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations. These observations indicate that PPA and amphetamine share a similar mechanism of action to the degree that cross-tolerance develops, but which is nonetheless dissociable with respect to their differential sensitivity to antagonists and their neurotoxic efficacy.
Amphetamine↗
Effects of ethylketazocine and morphine alone and in combination with naloxone on schedule-controlled behavior in pigeons.
The behavioral effects of morphine and ethylketazocine were compared in pigeons responding under multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedules of food presentation. Both morphine and ethylketazocine produced dose-related decreases in rates of responding maintained under either schedule. Maximal effects of morphine were observed about 15-45 min after injection and typically lasted the entire session (about 60 min). Effects of ethylketazocine had a faster onset (maximal effects were observed within 15 min after injection), and shorter duration (effects diminished within the session). Ethylketazocine and morphine had similar potencies. Dose-effect curves for both drugs were shifted to a similar degree by naloxone.
Analgesics, Opioid↗