Suppression of bath immunization in rainbow trout by contaminant bath pretreatments.
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Animals↗
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[European thermal baths and the role of Mondorf-les-Bains in this context. The therapeutic role of thermal baths at the dawn of the year 2000].
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Europe↗
Changes in plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations after taking a bath in hot deep seawater.
The use of deep seawater (DSW) in thalassotherapy has begun in Japan. To clarify the health effects of DSW on the human body, we investigated the changes in plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations, or subjective judgment scores, after bathing at rest in 9 healthy young men. Subjects were immersed for 10 minutes in DSW, surface seawater (SSW), and tap water (TW) heated to 42 degrees C. Plasma samples were collected before bathing, immediately after bathing, and 60 minutes after bathing. The scores were obtained by an oral comprehension test. In the DSW bathing, plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations showed no significant changes immediately after bathing or 60 minutes after bathing. In contrast, subjects who bathed in SSW showed a significant decrease in lactate concentrations 60 minutes after bathing compared with immediately after bathing. Subjects who bathed in TW showed a significant increase in lactate concentrations immediately after bathing compared with before bathing, and they showed a significant decrease in lactate and pyruvate concentrations 60 minutes after bathing. We found no significant change in the thermal sensation score in the DSW bathing, though significant differences were found between before and immediately after bathing in the SSW and TW groups. Moreover, the score decreased significantly 60 minutes after bathing compared to immediately after bathing in the TW bathing. Higher concentrations of salts contained DSW such as sodium, nitrate-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus, and silicate-silicon may have a good influence on human health. Although additional studies are needed to support our findings, DSW is the mildest water to the human body among the three kinds of water, since no significant changes in the items measured were found only in DSW.
Adolescent↗
Physiological and subjective responses to standing showers, sitting showers, and sink baths.
The purpose of this study was to investigate physiological and subjective responses during and after bathing in three different bathing methods. Eight healthy males bathed for 10 minutes, and then rested for 30 minutes. Three kinds of bathing methods - standing shower, sitting shower and sink bath - were adopted in this experiment. Water temperature and flow volume of the showers were kept at 41 degrees C and 11 liter/min, while water temperature of the bath was kept at 40 degrees C. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures and heart rate of the subjects were measured continuously during bathing and the subsequent 30-minute rest. Blood pressure and votes for thermal sensations were recorded before bathing, after 5 and 10 minutes of bathing, and 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after bathing. The following results were obtained. 1) Although rectal temperature rose, on the average, by 0.15 degrees C in all bathing methods, there were no significant differences among the three bathing methods at any time in the experiment. 2) Mean skin temperature (Tsk) during the sink bath was significantly higher than that in the standing or sitting shower. After bathing, Tsk of sink bath was slightly higher than those of the remaining conditions, but did not significantly differ among the bathing methods. 3) Heart rate increased gradually during all the bathing methods, however, only HR in the standing shower exceeded 100 beats/min which was significantly higher than those of the two remaining bathing methods. 4) Blood pressure (BP) decreased rapidly during the sink bath in contrast to an increased BP in the sitting and standing showers.
Adult↗
Early or late bath during the first stage of labour: a randomised study of 200 women.
OBJECTIVE: To compare obstetric outcome after a bath offered to women on two different occasions during the first stage of labour. The aim of the study was to determine whether an early bath affected the progress of labour and the use of analgesia when compared with a late bath during the first stage of labour. DESIGN: A randomised prospective pilot-study. SETTING: The delivery ward at Ostra Hospital in Göteborg. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred women, at low obstetric risk. INTERVENTIONS: The women were randomised to either the 'early bath group' or the 'late bath group'. The women in the 'early bath group' had a bath before a cervical dilatation of 5 cm, while the women in the 'late bath group' had a bath after the cervix was 5 cm dilated. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: The women in the 'early bath group' had a longer time period from established labour to delivery (9.8 hours) compared to the 'late bath group' (8.5 hours) (p < 0.004). A higher proportion of women in the 'early bath group' needed oxytocin administration (57%) compared to the 'late bath group' (30%) (p < 0.01). Epidural analgesia was used by 27% of the women in the 'early bath group' and by 9% in the 'late bath group' (p < 0.001). One baby in the 'early bath group' had clinical signs of infection and required antibiotic treatment. No cases of amnionitis or endometritis were present in the women. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings suggest that a bath during the first stage of labour should preferably be used after a cervical dilatation of 5 cm to avoid prolonged labour, and an increased use of oxytocin and epidural analgesia.
Adult↗
Bathing disability in community-living older persons: common, consequential, and complex.
OBJECTIVES: To identify the specific bathing subtasks that are affected in community-living-older persons with bathing disability and to determine the self-reported reasons for bathing disability. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: General community of greater New Haven, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 626 community-living persons, aged 73 and older, who completed a comprehensive assessment, including a detailed evaluation of bathing disability. MEASUREMENTS: Trained research nurses assessed bathing disability (defined as requiring personal assistance or having difficulty washing and drying the whole body), the specific bathing subtasks that were affected, and the main reasons (up to three) for bathing disability. RESULTS: Disability in bathing was present in 195 (31%) participants; of these, 97 required personal assistance (i.e., dependence), and 98 had difficulty bathing. Participants with bathing disability reported a mean+/-standard deviation of 4.0+/-2.4 affected subtasks. The prevalence rate of disability for the eight prespecified bathing subtasks ranged from 25% for taking off clothes to 75% for leaving the bathing position. The majority of participants (59%) provided more than one reason for bathing disability. The most common reasons cited by participants for their bathing disability were balance problems (28%), arthritic complaints (26%), and fall or fear of falling (23%). CONCLUSION: For community-living older persons, disability in bathing is common, involves multiple subtasks, and is attributable to an array of physical and psychological problems. Preventive and restorative interventions for bathing disability will need to account for the inherent complexity of this essential activity of daily living.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Underutilization of environmental adaptations for bathing in community-living older persons.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and utilization of environmental adaptations (home modifications and assistive devices) for bathing in community-living older persons with and without bathing disability. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: General community of greater New Haven, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred sixty-six community-living persons aged 73 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Trained research nurses performed a comprehensive assessment of bathing function, including an in-home evaluation of the bathing environment and self-reported utilization of environmental adaptations for bathing. RESULTS: The prevalence of most environmental adaptations for bathing was less than 50% and was only modestly greater in participants with bathing disability (range 6-54%) than in those without bathing disability (2-44%), although important differences in prevalence and utilization were observed according to the type of bathing disability. Participants who had difficulty (without dependence) with bathing were significantly less likely to have most of the environmental adaptations than participants who needed personal assistance (dependence) with bathing. These differences persisted in analyses that specifically evaluated the utilization of environmental adaptations for bathing transfers according to the type of disability with bathing transfers (59% of those with difficulty vs 88% of those with dependence, P<.001). CONCLUSION: Potentially valuable environmental adaptations are absent from the homes of many older persons with bathing disability and may be particularly underused by older persons reporting difficulty with bathing. To ameliorate or delay the progression of disability in community-living older persons, assessment and remediation strategies should be better targeted to bathing function across the continuum of disability.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Oxygen uptake and cardiovascular responses in control adults and acute myocardial infarction patients during bathing.
Physiological responses before, during, and after three types of baths were determined in 18 patients who were 5 to 17 days postinfarction and 22 control adults. In the patients, oxygen consumption (VO2) averaged 6, 7, and 7 ml/kg/min, peak heart rate 105, 108, and 112 beats per minute, and rate pressure product 115, 120, and 111 for basin, tub, and shower bathing, respectively. Oxygen consumption during bathing was less than 3 times resting levels. The patients had a significantly lower VO2 during bathing than the control subjects. The patients' peak heart rates were higher than anticipated for the level of exertion, and sometimes exceeded the target heart rates used in predischarge testing. Peak heart rate and occurrence of dysrhythmia did not differ significantly between the three types of baths. In the women patients, rate pressure product was significantly higher after tub bath than after basin bath or shower. The subjects had no cardiovascular symptoms during bathing, rated all three baths as light exertion, and disliked the basin bath. The data show that the physiologic costs of the three types of baths are similar, differences in responses to bathing seem more a function of subject variability than bath type, and many cardiac patients can take a tub bath or shower earlier in their hospitalization. However, more research is needed to predict patients likely to have an exaggerated response to bathing and to develop clear guidelines for bath method selection and progression.
Adult↗
Dissipative quantum dynamics with the surrogate Hamiltonian approach. A comparison between spin and harmonic baths.
The dissipative quantum dynamics of an anharmonic oscillator coupled to a bath is studied with the purpose of elucidating the differences between the relaxation to a spin bath and to a harmonic bath. Converged results are obtained for the spin bath by the surrogate Hamiltonian approach. This method is based on constructing a system-bath Hamiltonian, with a finite but large number of spin bath modes, that mimics exactly a bath with an infinite number of modes for a finite time interval. Convergence with respect to the number of simultaneous excitations of bath modes can be checked. The results are compared to calculations that include a finite number of harmonic modes carried out by using the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method of Nest and Meyer [J. Chem. Phys. 119, 24 (2003)]. In the weak coupling regime, at zero temperature and for small excitations of the primary system, both methods converge to the Markovian limit. When initially the primary system is significantly excited, the spin bath can saturate restricting the energy acceptance. An interaction term between bath modes that spreads the excitation eliminates the saturation. The loss of phase between two cat states has been analyzed and the results for the spin and harmonic baths are almost identical. For stronger couplings, the dynamics induced by the two types of baths deviate. The accumulation and degree of entanglement between the bath modes have been characterized. Only in the spin bath the dynamics generate entanglement between the bath modes.
Journal Article↗
Effects of repeated carbon dioxide-rich water bathing on core temperature, cutaneous blood flow and thermal sensation.
We examined the effects of repeated artificial CO(2) (1,000 ppm) bathing on tympanic temperature (T(ty)), cutaneous blood flow, and thermal sensation in six healthy males. Each subject was immersed in CO(2)-rich water at a temperature of 34 degrees C up to the level of the diaphragm for 20 min. The CO(2)-rich water was prepared using a multi-layered composite hollow-fiber membrane. The CO(2) bathing was performed consecutively for 5 days. As a control study, subjects bathed in fresh water at 34 degrees C under the same conditions. T(ty) was significantly lowered during CO(2) bathing (P < 0.05). Cutaneous blood flow in the immersed skin (right forearm) was significantly increased during CO(2) bathing compared with that during fresh-water bathing (P < 0.05), whereas cutaneous blood flow in the non-immersed skin (chest) was not different between CO(2) and fresh-water bathing. Subjects reported a "warm" sensation during the CO(2) bathing, whereas they reported a "neutral" sensation during the fresh-water bathing. The effects of the repeated CO(2) bathing were not obvious for core temperature and cutaneous blood flow, but the thermal sensation score during the CO(2) bathing was reduced sequentially by repeated CO(2) bathing (P < 0.05). These thermal effects of CO(2) bathing could be ascribed largely to the direct action of CO(2) on vascular smooth muscles and to the activity of thermoreceptors in the skin. Serial CO(2) bathing may influence the activity of thermoreceptors in the skin.
Adult↗
Effects of oil and water baths on the hydration state of the epidermis.
The effects of bath-oil and tap-water baths were studied by non-invasive bioengineering methods. Measurements of water evaporation, electrical conductance and capacitance demonstrated an increase in cutaneous hydration for 20 min after both types of bath, with the larger increase occurring within the first 10 min. A small but significantly greater amount of water (12-27%) was bound in the skin following use of bath oil. However, measurements of evaporation, conductance and capacitance indicated no clear difference in the skin surface hydration following bath-oil and tap-water baths. Thus, the increase in the water-holding capacity of the skin resulting from bath oil is slight and of no real importance for skin-surface hydration immediately after bathing. There was no difference between 5-min and 20-min baths. Oil baths resulted in an increase in skin-surface lipids lasting at least 3 h, comparable to the effect of traditional moisturizing lotions. This lipidization of the skin surface may have protracted effects. In conclusion, the value of bath oil lies mainly in the general lipidization of the skin with potential improvement in dryness and scaling, i.e. effects which are complex and protracted. The direct hydration of the skin is of short duration and comparable to a tap-water bath. In comparison with lotions, use of an oil bath has the disadvantage that it is not practical for repeated daily treatment over the long period which is necessary for therapy to be effective. The present study on normal skin does not take into account other effects of bathing with or without the addition of oil.
Adult↗
The epidemiology of bathing disability in older persons.
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the burden of bathing disability over time; to determine whether the burden of bathing disability differs according to age, sex, and physical frailty; and to evaluate the relationship between disability in bathing and disability in other essential activities of daily living (ADLs). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: General community in greater New Haven, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred fifty-four community-living older persons aged 70 and older who were nondisabled (required no personal assistance) in four essential ADLs: bathing, dressing, transferring from a chair, and walking inside the house. MEASUREMENTS: Bathing disability, defined as the inability to wash and dry one's whole body without personal assistance, was assessed every month for up to 6 years, along with disability in dressing, transferring, and walking. RESULTS: Over the course of 6 years, 440 participants (58.4%) had at least one episode of bathing disability, and 266 (34.0%) had multiple episodes, with the duration of each episode averaging about 6 months. Whether assessed as number of episodes, duration of episodes, incidence rates, or number of months per 100 months, the burden of bathing disability was greatest in participants who were physically frail and was consistently higher in women than men and in participants who were aged 80 and older than those who were aged 70 to 79. Most episodes of bathing disability (86.1%) were not preceded in the prior month by disability in dressing, transferring, or walking, and nearly half (48.3%) were not accompanied at onset by disability in one or more of these other ADLs. In a multivariable model that included age, sex, and physical frailty, the onset of bathing disability increased the likelihood of developing disability in the other essential ADLs the following month fivefold (hazard ratio=5.1, 95% confidence interval=4.1-6.4). CONCLUSION: Disability in bathing may serve as a sentinel event in the disabling process. Given the recurrent nature of bathing disability, programs designed to enhance independent bathing will need to focus not only on the prevention of bathing disability, but also on the restoration and maintenance of independent bathing in older persons who become disabled.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Comparison of traditional and disposable bed baths in critically ill patients.
BACKGROUND: For bedridden patients unable to perform personal hygiene measures because of acute illness or chronic debilitation, the bed bath, with either the traditional basin or, more recently, disposable baths, has long been a measure for improving hygiene and costs. OBJECTIVE: To compare the traditional basin bed bath with a prepackaged disposable bed bath in terms of 4 outcomes: time and quality of bath, microbial counts on the skin, nurses' satisfaction, and costs. METHODS: Forty patients in surgical, medical, or cardiothoracic intensive care units received both types of bath on different days. Baths were observed, timed, and scored for quality. Cultures of the peri-umbilicus and groin were obtained before and after each bath. At the end of the study, nurses were interviewed about their preferences. RESULTS: Neither total quality scores nor microbial counts differed significantly between the 2 bath types. Significantly fewer products (P < .001) and less time were used, cost was lower, and nurses' ratings were significantly better with the disposable bath. CONCLUSION: The disposable bath is a desirable form of bathing for patients who are unable to bathe themselves in critical care and long-term care settings, and it may even be preferable to the traditional basin bath.
Adult↗
Drowning of babies in bath seats: do they provide false reassurance?
AIMS: To investigate the problem of children drowning in bath seats by examining case reports, by looking at the epidemiology of bath drowning in children under two years of age and by reviewing the literature. METHODS: We describe two babies: one who drowned and one nearly drowned in the bath whilst in a bath seat. We examined the RoSPA/RLSS UK database of cases of children under two years drowning in the bath for the years 1989-2003. Cases are ascertained through a press cutting system. We conducted an all language literature search of original articles, references, textbooks and conference abstracts 1951-October 2004 in 11 standard databases. RESULTS: The two cases illustrate how parents can have a false sense of security with bath seats. We found six cases of babies under two years drowning in the UK associated with bath seats in the time period 1989-2003. They were all boys: five of the six were under one year of age. This compared with 47 children of similar age drowning in the bath not associated with a bath seat. The literature is sparse with only four papers since 1966. DISCUSSION: A baby drowning after being placed in a bath seats is a rare but definite cause of death. Bath seats appear to give a false sense of security (even if not encouraged by the manufacturers). It is unclear whether putting a baby in a bath seat represents an increased risk of drowning compared with a baby without a seat. Without knowing the numbers of mothers that use bath seats it is difficult to come to firm conclusions on the risks to babies. New research is needed to clarify this issue. Whether in a seat or not it is clear that the main risk to babies in the bath is being left unsupervised.
Drowning↗
Japanese paediatricians' judgement of the appropriateness of bathing for children with colds.
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the decisions which Japanese paediatricians make regarding bathing a child with a common cold. METHODS: A total of 486 printed questionnaires were mailed to paediatricians systematically sampled from the list of members of the Japanese Pediatric Association. The questionnaire included two main questions. (i) Do you permit a 2- to 4-year-old child with a common cold to take a bath? (ii) If the answer to (i) was 'yes', what conditions should limit bathing of such children, and if the answer was 'no', why do you forbid bathing? In addition, the questionnaire included the age and sex of the practitioner, and the type and location of the practice. RESULTS: A total of 269 paediatricians returned questionnaires (response rate 55%); of these, 88% permitted a child with a cold to take a bath. Of these paediatricians, 5% permitted it without any conditions. The main conditions for taking a bath indicated by these paediatricians were 'no fever' (72%), 'not in a severe physical condition' (27%) and 'after 2 or 3 days from onset' (19%). Thirty-nine paediatricians indicated a specific body temperature at which bathing was appropriate. One-third of these paediatricians did not permit bathing at body temperatures above 38 degrees C. Of the 31 paediatricians (12%) who answered that a child with a cold should not take a bath, 61% were concerned for the physical well-being of the child. However, 29% provided no supporting evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Japanese paediatricians' judgements concerning bathing of a child with a cold are related to the effects of bathing on physical condition. Bathing immersed up to the neck does not always affect physical conditions. It is necessary to establish appropriate parental and patient education concerning bathing of children with colds.
Adult↗
[Incidence rates for accidents associated with bathing services for the aged in Japan].
OBJECTIVES: To reveal incidence rates for accidents with bathing services for the aged in Japan. DESIGN: A postal questionnaire survey. PARTICIPANTS: Of 444 councils providing bathing services, we sent a postal questionnaire to 102 which had experienced accidents. MEASUREMENTS: Timing of the start of provision of bathing services, the total number of bathing services in 2000, and the number of accidents due to bathing services during the last five years in both home-visiting and facility bathing services. ANALYSES: In addition we estimated the total number of bathing services per one council for five years to yield the incidence of accidents per 10,000 bathings for the 444. Finally we estimated the total number of accidents due to bathing services in Japan. RESULT: Replies were received from 95 (93%) councils. The total number of bathings per council over five years was 4245.0 +/- 4637.7 for home-visits, and 22,235.3 +/- 37,259.4 in facilities. The incidence rates for accidents per 10,000 bathings in 95 councils which experienced accidents were 1.33 and 0.28, respectively. The rates for all 444 councils were 0.204 and 0.067, and the total numbers of accidents due to bathing services were estimated to be 63.1 in home-visits and 149.1 in facilities throughout Japan. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that providers' attention should be drawn to the higher incidence of accidents with home-visit than with facility bathing services.
Accidental Falls↗
The role of bath seats in unintentional infant bathtub drowning deaths.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to quantify and characterize the role of bath seats in infant mortality from bathtub drowning. METHOD: Risk analysis of bathtub drowning deaths for infants aged 6-10 months was performed using data available from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), birth and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for US resident infants from 1990-1998, and bath seat ownership from the American Baby Group and industry sales data compiled by NPD to estimate bath seat use. The analysis computes the relative risks of infant drowning based on estimates of bath seat use with a cohort design and explores the potential confounding by a range of factors. RESULTS: In-depth analysis of the unintentional bathtub drowning deaths of American infants aged 6-10 months for the years 1994 through 1998 revealed 40 infant drowning deaths associated with bath seats and 78 deaths not associated with bath seats. Based on available data on sales and use that suggest approximately 45% of infants in this age group use bath seats, the existing data do not support a hypothesis that bath seats increase the risk of bathtub drowning for infants. Bath seats are not intended or marketed as safety devices, and analysis of the existing, albeit limited, data suggests that they either have no effect or they may provide some slight unexplained protection against unintentional bathtub drowning risks (with an odds ratio for the risk of drowning with a bath seat vs without a bath seat of approximately 0.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-0.9]). Although all potential confounders cannot be fully explored due to incomplete data and large uncertainties remain, this analysis suggests that the US CPSC made the appropriate decision not to ban bath seats in response to petitions it received in 1994 and 2001. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing market sales and surveys of reported bath seat use were associated with decreasing unintentional infant bathtub drowning risks. Rigorous risk analyses should be conducted when considering regulating products to ensure that regulation does not inadvertently increase injury risks. Analysis of the factors associated with these deaths suggests that additional efforts are needed to ensure that caregivers do not leave infants unattended in the bathtub and to collect data that will further improve our understanding and management of these risks.
Age Factors↗
[A study on the effect of cold applications using a sponge bath in healthy adults].
This study was a quasi-experimental research study to test the characteristics of temperature regulation according to sponge bath methods of cold application. Thirteen volunteers were selected from among nursing college students according to an established criteria using a purposive sampling technique. Four different cold application methods were used: (1) tepid water sponge bath at 28 degrees C, (2) 20% alcohol sponge bath at 28 degrees C, (3) 40% alcohol sponge bath at 28 degrees C and (4) tepid water sponge bath at 28 degrees C plus an ice bag to the head. Changes in rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, mean body temperature, heat content change and thermal discomfort during the cold application were measured at 5 minute intervals over a 120 minute period. The data collection period was from Dec. 20, 1988 to Feb. 3, 1989. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple regression, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test and Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS-X Program. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Five general hypothesis were tested. Hypothesis 1 that "Change in heat content will be decreased for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected. (tepid water sponge bath: after 10 minutes of cold application, 20% alcohol sponge bath: after 25 minutes of cold application: 40% alcohol sponge bath: after 45 minutes of cold application, tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head: after 80 minutes of cold application). Hypothesis 2 that "Thermal discomfort will be changed for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected after 5 minutes of cold application. Hypothesis 3 that "Change in heat content will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted except 0-5, 0-10, 0-65, 0-105 and 0-120 minute. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 4 that "Thermal discomfort will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted at 15, 20, 35, 45, 75, 80, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115 and 120 minute of cold application time. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 5 that "The higher the change in heat content, the higher the thermal discomfort during the cold application time" was accepted for between 10-60 and 75 minute of cold application.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Acclimatization↗