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PubMed2026

Misalignment between ultra-processed status and 'better for you' claims on premix alcohol products.

BACKGROUND: Premix alcohol products (also known as ready-to-drink beverages) are a rapidly expanding alcohol category and frequently marketed using 'better for you' claims (e.g., 'Low sugar', 'Natural'). Little is known about the extent to which these products are ultra-processed or whether marketing claims align with ultra-processed status. This study aimed to address this evidence gap by auditing ingredient disclosure on premix products, assessing the ultra-processed status of these products, and determining the prevalence of 'better for you' claims with a particular focus on claims relating to ultra-processed status. METHODS: 534 premix alcohol products sold in major Australian retail outlets were assessed. Products were evaluated for compliance with mandatory ingredient disclosure, classified according to ultra-processed status based on the presence of indicators of ultra-processing (additives and other industrial ingredients), and analysed to determine the prevalence and types of 'better for you' marketing claims. RESULTS: Only 79% of assessed products displayed an ingredients list. Among compliant products, 98% contained at least one additive or ingredient indicative of ultra-processing, most commonly flavours, carbonating agents, colours, and sweeteners. One-third (33%) of products containing an ultra-processing indicator displayed a claim suggesting naturalness or minimal processing. Substantially higher proportions of ultra-processed products than non-ultra-processed products carried health-related claims. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Premix beverages available in Australia are overwhelmingly ultra-processed, yet many are marketed in ways that may mislead consumers about their composition and healthfulness. Stronger regulatory oversight of ingredient disclosure and marketing claims in this sector is urgently needed to support informed consumer decision-making.

Alcoholic Beverages↗

PubMed2026

Acute Stevia Consumption does not Alter Endocrine Responses in Individuals with Normal Weight, Overweight, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Stevia is a plant-based non-nutritive sweetener. Acute effects of stevia ingestion on glycemia and hormonal responses have not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE: This objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of beverages containing stevia alone and in combination with glucose on glycemic, hormonal, and appetite responses. METHODS: This study evaluated three cohorts of n=23 individuals with either normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for which each individual completed four test conditions in a randomized sequence crossover study design. The four test conditions were beverages containing stevia (75.6 mg steviol equivalents), water, glucose (30 g), and stevia+glucose (30 g glucose+75.6 mg steviol equivalents). Blood samples were collected before and for 180 min after beverage consumption. Assessments included net area under the curve (niAUC) and incremental maximal concentration values for plasma glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon, and PYY. Appetite was assessed with visual-analog scale questions and energy consumption during an ad libitum meal. RESULTS: Responses to the stevia beverage did not differ significantly from those for water alone, and stevia + glucose did not differ significantly from glucose alone for any of the three groups. CONCLUSION: Acute stevia consumption did not materially alter responses for glycemia or hormones involved in glucose and appetite regulation, appetite ratings, or energy intake at a subsequent meal. Clinical Trial Registry number and website where it was obtained: Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT05287906. Study Details | NCT05287906 | A Trial to Assess Steviol Glycosides on Acute Appetite Hormone Release | ClinicalTrials.gov.

Appetite↗

PubMed2026

Distal versus proximal radial access for diagnostic cerebral angiography: comparative outcomes and learning curve analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Distal transradial access (dTRA) is an alternative to proximal transradial access (pTRA) for neuroangiography, but comparative real-world data and evidence on its early learning curve remain limited. We compared procedural performance and access-site complications between dTRA and pTRA and evaluated the early learning curve of dTRA. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 470 diagnostic cerebral angiography procedures, representing 421 unique patients, performed via radial access at a single center between January 2025 and February 2026, including 237 dTRA and 233 pTRA procedures. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI) category, aortic arch type, and antiplatelet/anticoagulant use, procedural performance, and clinically assessed access-site events were compared between groups. Radial artery occlusion (RAO) was assessed by postoperative bedside pulse examination and confirmed with Doppler ultrasound when clinical findings were uncertain. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of RAO, persistent bleeding or repeated compression, hand edema, and a composite access-site event endpoint. Because repeated procedures occurred in a subset of patients and event counts were limited, first-procedure sensitivity analysis and analyses of infrequent outcomes were interpreted cautiously. The dTRA learning process was assessed in the first 100 dTRA cases performed by a single operator using multivariable regression, cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis, segmented trend analysis, and phase-based comparisons. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups, including age, male sex, BMI category, aortic arch type, and antiplatelet/anticoagulant use. Compared with pTRA, dTRA was associated with more puncture attempts (3.0 [2.0-4.0] vs 2.0 [1.0-3.0], P < 0.001), longer puncture time (2.0 [1.0-5.0] vs 2.0 [1.0-3.0] min, P = 0.003), lower first-pass success (19.4% vs 35.2%, P < 0.001), and a higher crossover rate (11.4% vs 6.0%, P = 0.037). However, dTRA was associated with a lower clinically assessed RAO rate (2.5% vs 7.7%, P = 0.011). On multivariable analysis, pTRA was independently associated with higher odds of RAO (OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.26-8.49, P = 0.015) and the composite access-site event endpoint (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.55-6.28, P = 0.001). Similar findings were observed in a sensitivity analysis restricted to the first procedure per patient. In the first 100 dTRA cases, cumulative dTRA experience was independently associated with shorter total procedure time (beta = -0.074 min/case, P = 0.009), while CUSUM and moving-average analyses suggested that the major learning effect occurred within approximately the first 10-15 cases. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective single-operator cohort, dTRA was associated with lower clinically assessed RAO than pTRA despite greater access difficulty. The early learning effect was mainly reflected in shorter total procedure time. These findings support the feasibility of dTRA but should be interpreted cautiously given the study's observational design and limited anatomical data.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

A Sentiment-Based Comparison of AI- and Physician-Generated Empathic Statements in Palliative Care.

CONTEXT: Empathic communication promotes trust in patient-provider relationships. As healthcare integrates artificial intelligence (AI) into patient communication, we have yet to understand how these models' communication compares to that of physicians. OBJECTIVES: Our primary objectives were to examine patient preferences for AI-generated vs. palliative care physician-generated empathic statements addressing fear and anxiety around cancer treatment, and to analyze associations between linguistic features and patient preferences. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of the PALL-AI trial, a randomized controlled survey comparing cancer patients' preferences of AI- to physician-generated empathic statements. Physicians and AI were provided the same prompt with a maximum sentence length. Patient preferences for each statement were measured in blinded surveys. We analyzed sentiment of the statements using the Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER) and the National Research Council Canada (NRC) Emotion Lexicon. We evaluated associations between sentiment scores and patient preferences using Spearman's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: A total of 105 patients completed blinded surveys, preferring the AI-generated statement 72.4% of the time. VADER sentiment analysis showed all three AI statements displayed positive sentiment, while all three physician statements displayed negative sentiment. Controlling for statement length, AI statements used twice as many positive words as human statements. However, they contained a similar number of negative words. Of the eight NRC emotions, "trust" and "joy" demonstrated the strongest correlations with patient preference. CONCLUSION: Patients preferred AI-generated statements around cancer care over those from palliative care physicians when standardized for prompt and statement length. Analysis shows AI-generated statements contain more positive language which may be the factor driving patient preference toward AI.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles as food-based nanocarriers: Mechanisms, functional applications, and future perspectives in food systems.

Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are a promising type of postbiotic nanoparticle derived by fermentation of probiotics, and have gained growing interest as a potential application in food science and nutrition. These are lipid bilayer vesicles of nanoscale, which are naturally released by probiotic cells and contain a wide variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. Moreover, PDEVs are highly stable, biocompatible, and can be easily engineered to have surfaces with high functionality, which makes them good candidates in functional engineering. In contrast to traditional live probiotics, PDEVs overcome the difficulties of preserving microbial viability during processing and storage, thus providing superior safety, stability, and predictable biological performance. This is a systematic review of the various functions of PDEVs in food systems. We conclude on the processes through which PDEVs control intestinal barrier integrity, alter gut microbiota composition, and alter host immune responses, and their potential to enhance gut health when added to functional foods. In addition to their health-promoting effects, PDEVs have shown significant potential as natural antimicrobial agents to preserve food and as effective nanocarriers of hydrophobic bioactive compounds, including fucoxanthin, to improve their stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. Moreover, PDEVs can be used as new regulators of microbial fermentation. However, it should be noted that a lot of the evidence that is available is still preliminary and the effectiveness of these applications in real food-processing and storage conditions has not been fully proven. Although they have potential, there are a number of challenges that still hinder the widespread use of PDEVs in the food industry. These involve the creation of scalable and cost-effective production processes, batch-to-batch consistency, vesicle stability in a variety of food matrices, and regulatory and safety considerations. Other emerging engineering approaches, such as surface functionalization and cargo loading, are also discussed in this review and could further increase the specificity, functionality, and application versatility of PDEVs in food systems. Moving forward, the incorporation of PDEVs into the next generation functional foods, novel food preservation methods, and customized nutrition plans should be prioritized in future studies. Further developments in these fields can make PDEVs useful platforms at the interface of food microbiology, nanotechnology, and human health.

Probiotics↗

PubMed2026

O'nyong-nyong virus adaptive mutations in non-structural protein 1 and 3 enhance RNA replication and overcome FHL1 requirement.

Arthritogenic alphaviruses, like o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), cause debilitating musculoskeletal diseases and are geographically expanding. To predict their emergence, we seek to better understand evolutionary mechanisms that enable changes in virus tropism. Here, we identify adaptive mutations in the ONNV non-structural proteins (nsPs) that arose during cellular serial passaging and enabled ONNV to infect non-permissive Lunet cells. Using shotgun proteomics, we show that this human hepatoma cell line lacks the four-and-a-half-LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1), an essential host factor in ONNV RNA replication. Individual single nucleotide mutations in the nsP1 ring-aperture membrane-binding and oligomerization domain, the nsP3 macrodomain, and the nsP3 opal stop codon overcome FHL1 deficiency in Lunet cells by enhanced RNA replication. These findings demonstrate how subtle genomic changes in nsPs can profoundly influence alphavirus replication and tropism.

LIM Domain Proteins↗

PubMed2026

New World screwworm: a re-emerging parasitic threat.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: New World screwworm (NWS) is an emerging parasitic threat in Central America and Mexico, which is spreading northward into the southern United States. Here we highlight the changing epidemiology, lifecycle of the NWS fly, clinical presentation, identification, treatment, and potential complications of NWS myiasis. RECENT FINDINGS: Despite decades of successfully containing NWS flies south of the Darien Gap in southern Panama, NWS flies reemerged in the Central America region in 2023 and have continued to spread northward ever since. On 3 June 2026, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) confirmed the identification of an NWS infestation in a young calf in southern Texas. In addition to describing the current epidemiology of the NWS outbreak, we present information about clinical presentation and management of NWS myiasis in patients and include representative cases of patients who experienced NWS myiasis. SUMMARY: This review provides important epidemiologic and clinical updates to an emerging parasitic threat so clinicians can understand the risks and clinical management for patients with suspected NWS myiasis.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Post-exercise rehydration: a randomized cross-over trial comparing a 100% fruit juice, a glucose-based sports drink, and water.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that sports drinks may improve rehydration, compared to water, an effect likely achieved by manufacturing sports drinks to contain carbohydrates and sodium. However, there is a growing preference for natural products and a "food first" approach to sports nutrition. Fruit juices naturally contain similar concentrations of carbohydrates to sports drinks, but fruit juices may produce a more stable blood glucose profile. Fruit juices also naturally contain electrolytes, particularly potassium, but their potential as effective rehydration alternatives to sports drinks, which have higher sodium concentrations, is not well understood. This study compared the rehydration efficacy and glucose responses following consumption of a 100% fruit juice (Raw Hydrate®; FRU), a glucose-based sports drink (SPO), and water (WAT) after exercise-induced hypohydration. Importantly, rehydration beverages were matched for water volume, rather than total volume, to ensure that any potential differences in water balance were not due to unequal water volumes between trials, a limitation affecting previous rehydration research. METHODS: After familiarization, 17 adults (age: 28 ± 8  years; BMI: 23.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2) completed three trials in a randomized cross-over design. The participants cycled in the heat (~35°C) to induce ~2% body mass loss (BML), then rehydrated over a 1 h period in a laboratory (~21°C) with a water volume equivalent to 150% of BML from either FRU, SPO, or WAT. This was followed by an additional 4 h of seated rest (5 h rehydration period), when blood glucose was measured (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, and 2 h after beverage consumption), and all urine produced was collected. RESULTS: During the 5 h rehydration period, there was no effect of trial on total urine volume (FRU: 1266 ± 403 mL, SPO: 1338 ± 361 mL, WAT: 1394 ± 360 mL; P = 0.156) or water retention (FRU: 42 ± 12%, SPO: 37 ± 10%, WAT: 35 ± 11%; P = 0.059). The blood glucose area under the curve differed by trial (P < 0.001), with all beverages significantly different from each other (FRU: 10.12 ± 0.72 mmol/L/2h, SPO: 12.48 ± 1.34 mmol/L/2h, WAT: 7.90 ± 0.47 mmol/L/2h; P < 0.003). CONCLUSION: Rehydration efficacy was similar between all beverages, but each elicited a distinct glycemic response. For sports drink consumers seeking a natural alternative or implementing a "food first" nutritional strategy, switching to a 100% fruit juice will not compromise rehydration effectiveness, but may elicit a lower blood glucose response. Although, it should be noted that an additional three participants were withdrawn from the study because of gastrointestinal issues after consuming the 100% fruit juice. This was likely a product of the present study's design, where a large volume of 100% fruit juice (average ~2,300 mL) was consumed in a short period of time (1 h). Whilst this is a commonly used study design to robustly assess the rehydration efficacy of different beverages, future studies should distribute fluid intake over a longer duration, in order to improve ecological validity and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal issues.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Resistance versus concurrent training with three assigned protein targets in middle-aged and older women: a randomized 2 × 3 factorial trial.

BACKGROUND: Evidence is limited regarding whether assigned protein targets modify responses to resistance training (RT) alone or to the same RT program plus cycling (concurrent training [CT]) in middle-aged and older women. This randomized 2 × 3 factorial trial examined bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived skeletal muscle mass (SMM; primary outcome), other body composition outcomes, muscular and functional performance, and cycle-derived estimated VO₂max. METHODS: In this randomized 2 × 3 factorial trial, 108 women aged 40-77 years were assigned to 12 weeks of supervised RT or CT (identical RT followed by cycling) and protein targets of 0.8, 1.6, or 2.2 g·kg-1·d-1. Baseline-adjusted ANCOVA tested training × protein interactions and marginal training and protein effects. Complete-case analyses included 83 participants. RESULTS: For SMM, no training-condition × protein-target interaction (p = 0.856), marginal protein-target effect (p = 0.726), or marginal training-condition effect (p = 0.273) was detected. CT had a lower baseline-adjusted week-12 BFP than RT (adjusted difference, -2.04 percentage points; 95% CI, -2.94 to -1.14; p < 0.001). RT had a higher baseline-adjusted week-12 leg-press estimated 1-RM than CT (CT - RT: -6.68 kg; 95% CI, -8.32 to -5.04; p < 0.001), whereas CT had a higher baseline-adjusted week-12 cycle-derived estimated VO₂max (adjusted difference, 4.53 mL·kg-1·min-1; 95% CI, 3.80 to 5.25; p < 0.001). No detectable marginal protein-target effects or training-condition × protein-target interactions were observed for the key secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: No detectable differences in SMM or key secondary outcomes were attributable to assigned protein target. Compared with RT, CT favored estimated aerobic fitness and BFP, whereas RT favored leg-press strength. Because CT included additional cycling and greater exercise exposure, these differences cannot be attributed solely to training modality. Null protein findings do not establish equivalence among doses.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Comprehensive study on pesticide residues and mycotoxins in freeze-dried strawberries and raspberries.

Freeze-dried fruit has gained popularity because it preserves the flavour and nutritional value of fresh fruit while providing extended shelf life. Despite this, there are concerns regarding its chemical safety. This study evaluated 58 freeze-dried fruit products from the Czech retail market, focusing on potential contamination. Pesticide residues and mycotoxins were determined using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Overall, 111 pesticide residues (or their metabolites) and 3 mycotoxins were quantified. After applying processing factors, 12 pesticide residues exceeded EU maximum residue limits. Prohibited substances, including carbofuran, omethoate, and haloxyfop, were detected. Tenuazonic acid was found in 71% of samples, while alternariol and tentoxin were detected less frequently. More than half (54%) of strawberry samples contained 10 or more pesticide residues, indicating potential cumulative exposure concerns, particularly for children with lower body weight. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of freeze-dried fruits and further assessment of dietary exposure.

Pesticide Residues↗

PubMed2026

Chemical and sensory profiling of fermented, washed, and artificially flavored coffee beans: Insights into flavour quality, authenticity, and food safety implications.

This study establishes an integrated framework combining chemical profiling, sensory analysis, and molecular mechanism evaluation to compare flavour quality and authenticity among fermented, washed, and artificially flavored coffees. GC × GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-HRMS showed that fermented samples had markedly higher ester and aromatic alcohol levels (total esters 74.5 ± 7.8 mg kg-1; phenylethanol 27.5 ± 3.2 mg kg-1, p < 0.01), enhancing fruity-floral notes. Washed coffees contained the highest organic acid concentrations (45.2 ± 3.8 mg kg-1, p < 0.01), supporting brightness and umami. Artificially flavored coffees exhibited elevated exogenous aromatics (vanillin 21.5 ± 3.1 mg kg-1) but significantly fewer Maillard products (p < 0.05) and reduced flavour retention (55% after 14 days). Molecular docking revealed higher theoretical binding affinities for naturally generated compounds, suggesting a potential molecular basis for their greater sensory persistence. The framework supports constructing coffee quality fingerprints and verifying flavour authenticity.

Flavoring Agents↗

PubMed2026

Effects of 12 weeks of resistance and concurrent training with graded protein intakes on lipid profile, kidney and liver biomarkers in middle-aged to older women.

PURPOSE: To examine secondary lipid, kidney-related, and liver-enzyme responses to three protein intakes during resistance training (RT) alone or the same RT plus cycling (CT) in middle-aged to older women. METHODS: In this randomized 2×3 factorial trial, 108 women aged 40-77 years were assigned to RT or CT and 0.8, 1.6, or 2.2 g kg-1 d-1 protein for 12 weeks. This complete-case secondary analysis included 83 participants. Linear mixed-effects models tested Time × Training, Time × Protein, and Time × Training × Protein effects, with false-discovery-rate-adjusted omnibus tests and Holm-adjusted contrasts. RESULTS: Triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B decreased and HDL-C increased in all conditions. Lipid changes differed by protein condition, and several were more favorable with CT; however, CT comprised RT plus additional cycling and greater exercise exposure. Urea, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, the blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio, and cystatin C increased, whereas three eGFR estimates decreased. Responses differed mainly between 0.8 and the two higher protein conditions, with little evidence of differences between 1.6 and 2.2 g kg-1 d-1. ALT, AST, and GGT differed by protein condition; AST and GGT also showed training-dependent responses. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary and exercise interventions modified lipid and clinical-chemistry responses. Because energy and food composition were not fully matched and CT added cycling to RT, the findings do not isolate protein dose or exercise modality. Changes in eGFR estimates and liver enzymes do not establish organ injury or long-term safety.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Evolutionary conservation of heat shock proteins in Blattodea and their roles in wing morphogenesis and ovarian development of Blattella germanica.

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are essential molecular chaperones for protein homeostasis and stress responses. However, the Hsp repertoires and functions in Blattodea remain underexplored. Our genome-scale survey of nine Blattodea species revealed 37-46 conserved Hsp90, Hsp70, and DNAJ (Hsp40) genes, with DNAJ the most abundant and Hsp90 the least. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the evolutionary conservation of three Hsp90, seven Hsp70, and 29 DNAJ subclades in Blattodea. Selection pressure analysis revealed predominant purifying selection (dN/dS ≪ 1) across lineages, strongest in DNAJ and highest in Hsp90 conservation. In Blattella germanica, expression of six representative BgHsp genes progressively increased during development, peaking in fifth-instar nymphs. Tissue expression profiling revealed that BgHspA1-2/3/4 were predominantly expressed in legs, BgDNAJB5 and BgHsp90AB1-2 were enriched in the fat body, and BgHsp90AB1 was highly expressed in the head. dsRNA injection targeting conserved Hsp gene regions achieved 61.9-94.1% knockdown of all six target genes. RNAi knockdown of six BgHsp genes disrupted wing morphogenesis, causing distinct phenotypes: wing whitening (56.7%, dsBgHspA1-4), unequal length (66.7%, dsBgHspA1-3; 76.7%, dsBgDNAJB5), and wing wrinkling (70%, dsBgHspA1-2; 63.3%, dsBgHsp90AB1; 76.7%, dsBgHsp90AB1-2). During ovarian formation, the developmental delay was most severe in the dsBgHsp90AB1 group, moderate in the dsBgHsp90AB1-2 and dsBgHspA1-2/3/4 groups, and weakest in the dsBgDNAJB5 group. Besides, knockdown significantly downregulated key developmental genes (apterous-a, nubbin, scalloped, ultrabithorax, wingless, and vitellogenin). These findings provide a reference for understanding the evolutionary patterns of Hsps in Blattodea, and offer mechanistic insights into the developmental regulation mediated by Hsps in this important public-health pest.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Application of 13C MRS demonstrates carbohydrate feeding spares muscle but not liver glycogen utilization during high-intensity interval exercise.

We examined liver and muscle glycogen utilization during high-intensity interval cycling, and the impact of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding, using noninvasive 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Following 24 h of standardized dietary intake, nine male cyclists completed 8 × 5-min intervals (1-min recovery), ingesting either placebo (PLA), 60 g maltodextrin (CHO), or 60 g maltodextrin plus caffeine, taurine, l-theanine, l-citrulline, and citicoline (CHO+) in a randomized crossover design. 13C MRS and 1H imaging were performed pre- and postexercise to determine liver and muscle glycogen and liver volume, respectively. Liver glycogen utilization was not significantly different between trials (P = 0.101) despite lower postexercise plasma glucagon concentrations in CHO and CHO+ (P = 0.001). In contrast, muscle glycogen utilization was significantly lower (∼40%) with CHO feeding compared with PLA (P = 0.006), yet this sparing effect was not evident with CHO+ (P = 0.073) in accordance with a higher mean power output during the late intervals (+2.8%, P = 0.046). Plasma glucose was comparable between trials (P = 0.175), whereas plasma lactate was higher in CHO+ versus CHO (P = 0.003), alongside lower blood bicarbonate (P = 0.005), base excess (P < 0.001), and total CO2 (P = 0.004). These findings demonstrate preferential use of skeletal muscle glycogen during high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which is attenuated under conditions of CHO feeding. This sparing effect is, however, not evident with the coingestion of a caffeine-containing multi-ingredient blend, potentially due to an increased capacity to sustain higher power outputs resulting in greater glycogen utilization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using 13C MRS, we provide data demonstrating preferential use of skeletal muscle glycogen during HIIT. Furthermore, data show muscle glycogen utilization is attenuated with CHO feeding, yet sparing is not evident when coingesting a caffeine-containing formulation, potentially reflecting increased capacity to perform more total work rather than a direct metabolic effect of caffeine. In contrast, liver glycogen utilization was not significantly different with CHO feeding despite a modest reduction of ∼5 g versus placebo.

Male↗

PubMed2026

In situ product monitoring in heterogeneous reaction of gaseous trimethylamine on Fe2O3/Fe(NO3)3: Effect of environmental factor and particle property.

Gas-particle reactions represent an important atmospheric heterogeneous transformation process for organic amines (OAs). Environmental factors and particle properties may impact the gas-particle reaction products. Although the products from gas-particle reactions can be monitored by various in situ techniques, related data remain scarce. Here, the interfacial and gaseous products from the reaction of trimethylamine on Fe2O3/Fe(NO3)3 particles under light irradiation with mixed NO2, O2, SO2 and H2O were monitored using in-situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Dark reaction of gaseous trimethylamine on Fe2O3/Fe(NO3)3 generated two interfacial products types: N-containing ones (CH3NCH2, CH3NO2, (CH3)2NCHO, and CH3N(OH)CHO) and N-free ones (alcohols, aldehydes and acids), both accumulating with reaction progression. Light irradiation and O2 oxidation enhanced formation of these products, while NO2 promoted the production of CH3NO2 and (CH3)2NCHO. H2O and SO2 occupied the active sites of particles to inhibit the formation of all products. Compared to Fe(NO3)3, Fe2O3 showed absolute dominance in contribution to the formation of products. Considering the smaller particle size of Fe2O3 and excess Fe(NO3)3, the physical mixing of them reduced the generation of interfacial products. Furthermore, gaseous products of CH3OH, HCHO, CH3CHO, HCOOH and CH3COOH detection clarified the N-free interfacial products. The presence of Fe(NO3)3 inhibited the formation of HCOOH and favored the formation of CH3CHO in the gas phase. By combining product information with thermodynamic calculations, the heterogeneous reaction pathways of trimethylamine were tentatively proposed. These findings provide a guiding significance for the migration of OAs in real atmospheric environment.

Methylamines↗

PubMed2026

Effect of a PROtein-enriched MEDiterranean diet and EXercise (PROMED-EX) on nutritional status and cognitive performance in older adults at risk of undernutrition and cognitive decline: the PROMED-EX randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition in older adults is associated with adverse health outcomes including cognitive decline, yet evidence for effective preventive strategies is limited. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate effects of a protein-enriched Mediterranean diet, with and without exercise, on nutritional status and cognitive performance in "at risk" community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A total of 105 participants (69% female; aged 67.7 ± 6.1 y) at risk of undernutrition and cognitive decline were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: 1) PROMED-EX (personalized dietary counseling plus home-based exercise); 2) PROMED (personalized dietary counseling only); or 3) CON (healthy eating leaflet). The primary outcome was change in nutritional status at 6 mo, measured by the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA; 0-30 points). Secondary outcomes included neurocognitive test battery (NTB) z-score, PROMED diet quality score (0-14), physical performance, and health-related quality of life. Analyses followed an intention-to-treat approach using linear regression to assess between-group differences in 6-mo outcomes. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean MNA score was 22.5 ± 2.3. After 6 mo, nutritional status improved significantly in both intervention groups compared with CON: mean differences in MNA were 2.7 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 4.2] for PROMED and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.5, 4.3) for PROMED-EX (both P < 0.001). Cognitive function also improved, with NTB z-score differences of 0.3 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.5; P = 0.01) in PROMED and 0.2 (95% CI: 0.0, 0.4; P = 0.02) in PROMED-EX compared with CON. Diet quality scores significantly increased with mean differences of 4.0 (95% CI: 2.9, 5.0) for PROMED and 3.9 (95% CI: 2.8, 4.9) for PROMED-EX compared with CON (both P < 0.001). Despite low adherence to exercise, additional benefits were observed for physical performance and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intervention improved nutritional status in community-dwelling older adults at risk of undernutrition. Correcting undernutrition could help to slow cognitive decline and promote physical health and quality of life during aging. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05166564.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Beyond species trees: pervasive gene flow limits phylogenomic resolution in the diversification of Juniperus from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Understanding how lineages diversify despite persistent ancestral polymorphism and recurrent gene flow remains a central challenge in evolutionary biology. Juniperus distributed across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provide an ideal system for addressing this question because repeated geological uplift and climatic oscillations have likely promoted cycles of lineage divergence, range shifts, and secondary contact. Here, we combined approximately 1.08 million genome-wide SNPs from 164 individuals representing thirteen Juniperus lineages with phylogenomic datasets comprising 3,381 nuclear single-copy genes and nearly complete plastomes. We detected extensive phylogenomic discordance and cytonuclear incongruence across genomic datasets. Topology weighting, coalescent simulations, quartet-based tests, and analyses of gene flow and reticulation collectively support the interpretation that these patterns were shaped by the combined effects of prolonged incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow during lineage diversification. Ecological niche analyses further provide a spatial and climatic context in which environmentally similar lineages may have had greater opportunities for secondary contact during historical range shifts. Collectively, our results reveal that the evolutionary history of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Juniperus is characterized by reticulate diversification rather than strictly bifurcating evolution, and demonstrate how genome-wide discordance can provide biological insights into the evolutionary processes underlying lineage diversification.

Gene Flow↗

PubMed2026

Marine air promotes structural compaction and coating growth of soot aerosols after long-range transport from East Asia.

Soot aerosol, a key global warming contributor, undergoes morphological and chemical transformations during atmospheric transport, particularly in humidified marine environments. This study investigates morphology, mixing state, and aging mechanisms of soot particles collected in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. Transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that coated soot particles dominate the marine atmosphere, accounting for over 98 % of soot-containing particles, with a mean mixing state index (χ) of 0.83. The fractal dimension (Df) of soot particles is 1.84 ± 0.05 in the Northern Yellow Sea, 1.90 ± 0.08 in the Bohai Sea, and 1.96 ± 0.07 in the Southern Yellow Sea, indicating structural compaction during long-range transport. Correspondingly, the average Dp/Dcore ratios (particle to core size ratio) are 5.3 in the Bohai Sea, 4.2 in the Northern Yellow Sea, and 3.9 in the Southern Yellow Sea. Notably, those ratios are higher in marine environments compared to those observed during continental regional transport from northern to southern China (3.54), suggesting enhanced coating growth in humid marine air. The results highlight the important role of marine atmospheres in accelerating soot aging, which in turn leads to significantly stronger light absorption compared to soot in continental air. Our results highlight the necessity of incorporating compact morphologies, uniform mixing states, and thick coatings into optical models for accurate radiative forcing simulations.

Aerosols↗