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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Iliopsoas bursa imaging: efficacy in depicting abnormal iliopsoas tendon motion in patients with internal snapping hip syndrome.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of both iliopsoas bursa imaging and therapeutic injections for determination of the cause of pain in patients with internal snapping hip syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients underwent iliopsoas bursa imaging. One patient underwent the procedure bilaterally and five underwent repeated studies for a total of 21 studies. Eight patients also received therapeutic injections after bursa imaging. RESULTS: Abnormal motion of the iliopsoas musculotendinous unit that occurred synchronously with the snap was revealed in 15 of the 21 studies. Four studies revealed additional information that contributed to symptoms. Eight patients received therapeutic injections with relief of symptoms that ranged from 2 weeks to 2 years. CONCLUSION: Iliopsoas bursa imaging is a simple, rapid, and reproducible method with which abnormal iliopsoas tendon motion can be documented in patients with internal snapping hip syndrome and is also useful for diagnosis of other causes of atypical hip pain. Therapeutic injection into the iliopsoas bursa may delay or obviate surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Ontogeny of spontaneous rosette-forming cells in the chicken. With special reference to the bursa of Fabricius.

Cells forming rosettes (RFC) with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) were studied during the ontogeny of the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken. The frequency of SRBC-RFC was low but significant in the bursa of 15-day-old embryos, and increased therafter in an approximately linear fashion with the age of the bursa donor until at least in 43-day-old chickens. The total number of SRBC-RFC per bursa increased throughout the ontogeny with no evidence for any abrupt increase after hatch. The mean number of SRBC bound per RFC also increased after hatch. In contrast the frequency of bursal RRBC-RFC was high in 15-day-old embryos, significantly decreased on embryonic day 18, remained low until at least 7 days after hatch and then increased significantly. The total number of RRBC-RFC per bursa in contrast remained relatively constant during the embryonic period and the first week after hatch and thereafter increased markedly. No change in the mean number of RRBC bound per RFC could be demonstrated during the ontogeny. RRBC-RFC were also frequent in the yolk sac, spleen, and thymus of 15-day-old embryos.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The fibular collateral ligament-biceps femoris bursa. An anatomic study.

The anatomy of the fibular collateral ligament-biceps femoris bursa is described. The bursa is located lateral to the distal quarter of the fibular collateral ligament and forms an inverted "J" shape around the anterior and anteromedial portions of the ligament. Its most distal margin is just proximal to the fibular head where the fibular collateral ligament inserts, and its more proximal aspect is at the superior edge of the anterior arm of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle. We found this structure in all 50 knees dissected; there was a constant anatomic location of the fibular collateral ligament-biceps femoris bursa in all specimens. Measurement of the anatomic dimensions of the bursa revealed a mean width of 8.4 mm and a mean height of 18 mm. Knowing the prevalence, shape, size, and anatomic location of this bursa may aid the clinician in the differential diagnosis of lateral knee pain.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Ontogeny of oestrogen-sensitive mesenchymal cells in the bursa of Fabricius of the chick embryo. An immunohistochemical study on progesterone receptor.

The expression of progesterone receptor (PR) and its induction by oestradiol during the embryogenesis of the chick bursa of Fabricius (BF) were studied by immunohistochemistry using three different polyclonal antibodies to the chicken oviduct PR. Mesenchymal cells of the cloacal area surrounding the bursa primordium in controls (without exogenous oestrogen) express the PR between 9 and 11 days of incubation. In the same cells, PR was induced experimentally by oestradiol at 9 days. Mesenchymal cells in the bursa did not express PR after oestradiol treatment before the age of 11 days. The PR was not inducible in the bursal epithelium or in haemopoietic cells. None of the bursal cells expressed the PR to a detectable level during embryonic life without exogenous treatment. Some haemopoietic cells showed strong artefactual staining in their nuclei. It is concluded that (1) the embryonic bursa of Fabricius is a sex-steroid-sensitive organ, (2) exogenous oestradiol is able to induce progesterone receptor in the mesenchymal cells, but (3) the PR is not expressed without exogenous oestrogen. This indicates that the PR becomes oestrogen inducible well before it is naturally expressed during sexual maturation and that the level of endogenous oestrogen during embryonic life is not high enough to affect the bursa significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The semimembranosus-tibial collateral ligament bursa. Anatomical study and magnetic resonance imaging.

A bursa that was deep to the tibial collateral ligament and adjacent to the semimembranosus tendon was studied in fifty cadaveric knees; a vinyl solution was injected into four of the specimens in order to facilitate a study of the relationship between the bursa and its surrounding structures. The bursa had the shape of an inverted U: the superficial arm was an elliptical pocket that was located between the semimembranosus tendon and the tibial collateral ligament, and the deep arm was a triangular pocket that was located between the semimembranosus tendon and the medial tibial condyle. The bursa measured, on the average, twenty-one millimeters in its greatest anteroposterior dimension and ten millimeters in its greatest superoinferior dimension. Magnetic resonance images were made of two patients, and they showed fluid in the bursa.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

MR imaging of the normal and abnormal retrocalcaneal bursae.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to define the MR imaging criteria for normal and abnormal retrocalcaneal bursae. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty ankles in 25 asymptomatic volunteers and 30 ankles in patients with Achilles tendon disorders underwent MR imaging. Increased signal intensity consistent with fluid or synovium outlining the retrocalcaneal bursa was measured. RESULTS: Of 80 bursae, 77 (96%) had measurable fluid or synovial signal intensity revealed by MR imaging. Asymptomatic volunteers had average bursal dimensions of 1 mm in the anteroposterior dimension, 6 mm in the transverse dimension, and 3 mm in the craniocaudal dimension. Bursal dimensions greater than 1 mm, 11 mm, or 7 mm, respectively, were not seen in asymptomatic subjects but were seen in 16 (53%) of 30 ankles of patients with Achilles tendon disorders. CONCLUSION: On MR imaging, the asymptomatic retrocalcaneal bursa normally contains detectable high-signal-intensity fluid or synovium or both. A bursa larger than 1 mm anteroposteriorly, 11 mm transversely, or 7 mm craniocaudally is abnormal.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence and size of meniscal cysts, ganglionic cysts, synovial cysts of the popliteal space, fluid-filled bursae, and other fluid collections in asymptomatic knees on MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and determine the size of meniscal cysts, ganglionic cysts, synovial cysts of the popliteal space, fluid-filled bursae, and other fluid collections on MR images of asymptomatic knees. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR images of 102 asymptomatic knees were evaluated with regard to the prevalence of meniscal cysts, ganglionic cysts, synovial cysts of the popliteal space, fluid-filled bursae, and other fluid collections. The MR examinations were performed in patients (mean age, 42.8 years; age range, 18-73 years) with clinically suspected meniscal lesions in the contralateral knee. The craniocaudal, anteroposterior, and mediolateral diameters of detectable abnormal fluid collections were measured. RESULTS: Medial meniscal cysts (mean size [craniocaudal x anteroposterior x mediolateral], 9 x 6 x 13 mm) were found in four asymptomatic knees. Neither lateral meniscal cysts nor ganglionic cysts of the cruciate ligaments were identified. Twenty-six synovial cysts of the popliteal space (Baker's cyst)-consisting of 11 gastrocnemius portions (mean size, 19 x 8 x 10 mm) and 15 semimembranosus portions (mean size, 20 x 7 x 9 mm)-were found in 19 knees. Twenty-four (92%) of these cysts had a maximal diameter of 30 mm or less. Fluid-filled bursae were found in 49 knees. The deep infrapatellar bursa was most commonly involved (42 knees; mean size, 6 x 3 x 5 mm). Fluid-filled anserine bursae (mean size, 27 x 12 x 10 mm) were detected in five knees. CONCLUSION: Meniscal cysts may be present in asymptomatic knees, at least on the medial side. Synovial cysts of the popliteal space can be found in approximately one fifth of asymptomatic knees. Their maximal diameter is usually smaller than 30 mm.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Development of the olecranon bursa. An anatomic cadaver study.

Anatomic dissection of the elbows of 63 cadavers selected at random were performed in an attempt to find out whether the incidental disparity of olecranon bursitis between children and adults might be explained by anatomic differences. The volume of the bursae was determined by syringes used for methylene blue injections. There were no olecranon bursae in children under the age of 7 years; the volume of the bursae increased with age; and the bursa was usually larger on the right, i.e., the common dominant side. The formation of the bursae in late childhood can explain the low incidence of olecranon bursitis in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Microflora of the bursa of Fabricius of chickens.

Bacterial flora of the bursa of Fabricius of chickens consisted of Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococci and Lactobacilli. The colonization of the bacteria in the bursa of Fabricius and the intestinal tract occurred simultaneously shortly after hatching. Intestinal bacteria inoculated directly onto the anal lips of newly hatched chickens were not recovered from the bursa after 2 hr post-inoculation except resident strains of the bursa and Bifidobacteria. These results suggest a possibility that various bacteria, which are possibly incorporated into the bursa by pumping mechanisms synchronized with the respiratory movement, can be subjected to a selective elimination mechanism of the host.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The bursa of Fabricius: the evolution of a discovery.

It has been a joy these past 40 yr to have traveled the "Bursal Road"--a road we helped construct and whose route allowed us to make a variety of observations that contributed either to basic science or indirectly or directly to the role of the bursa of Fabricius in the B cell repertoire. The chicken's bursa of Fabricius introduced me to endocrine, heritability, and growth studies, which allowed serendipity to occur and the revelation of the classical and modification of the classical theses of bursal function. The modification of the classical thesis, presence of immunoglobulin in the absence of the bursa, raised questions that directed us to study hypothalamic control of behavior, which was not directly related to bursal function. This forced us to learn various techniques, e.g., autoradiography, cell labeling, and electron microscopy, that made it possible to study long- and short-lived lymphocytes, lymphokines, labeled cells, and the fine structure and function of the bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsil, Harderian gland, lymph nodes, Meckel's diverticulum, Pineal gland, and spleen. In an attempt to use cyclophosphamide to understand how the spleen acquired the ability to produce antibodies, we revealed a dendritic cell in the bursa, the bursal-secretory dendritic cell (BSDC), and in the spleen, the ellipsoid-associated cell (EAC). The BSDC is a novel cell in the bursal microenvironment and may be involved in an interaction with prebursal or bursal stem cells, leading to the differentiation or selection of the B cell repertoire of the chicken.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Embryogenesis of the bursa of Fabricius: stem cell, microenvironment, and receptor-paracrine pathways.

The bursa of Fabricius is an ideal model system to answer the plethora of questions related to the origin of B cells and microenvironmental issues leading to the education of the stem cell. Prior to the 1960s, lymphocytes were thought to be derived from epithelial or mesenchymal cells. Later work demonstrated the bloodborne nature of the stem cell contributing to B cells. Stem cells entered the bursa of quail and chicken between 7 and 11 and 7.5 and 14 d of embryogenesis, respectively. Interspecific chimeric studies, quail and chick, emphasized the intraembryonic origin and sites of the stem cell. The bloodborne and stromal cells that contribute to the microenvironment of the bursa orchestrate the events leading to B cell differentiation. The separation of the endodermal and mesodermal components of the bursa revealed a singular role for the endoderm in the genesis of the bursa but did not exclude a role for the mesoderm. A dark mesenchymal cell was shown to play a role in bud formation. This cell gave rise to the bursal secretory dendritic cell (BSDC), unique in its membrane association with IgG. A receptor-paracrine thesis has been proposed to explain the interaction between in-frame B cells and Ig-positive BSDC in the expansion of in-frame B cells and the subsequent development of the B cell repertoire. Cell adhesion molecules have been integrated into this thesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of environmental antigens on the Ig diversification and the selection of productive V-J joints in the bursa.

In chickens, a single set of unique functional segments of both Ig H and L chain genes is rearranged during early embryogenesis to generate a pool of B cell progenitors that will be diversified in the bursa by gene conversion, forming the preimmune repertoire. After hatching, bursal cells are exposed to environmental Ags in the bursal lumen. We prepared B cells from each single bursal follicle and used PCR-directed Ig L chain gene analysis to study the differentiation of B cells and the effect of antigenic stimulation from the bursal lumen on the neonatal chicken B cell repertoire formation. Selective amplification of B cell clones with a productive V-J joint was observed during the late embryonic stage, possibly by the interaction with ligands expressed on the bursal stroma and further accelerated in the neonatal chicken. Administration of the artificial Ags into the bursal lumen before the isolation of bursa by bursal duct ligation in the embryo caused a significant increase in lymphocytes with a productive V-J joint in the neonatal chicken bursa compared with the isolated bursa. Intra- and interclonal diversity of a complementarity-determining region measured by an evolutionary distance increased during bursal development. Clonal diversification did not require stimulation by artificial Ags from the bursal lumen. Thus, the preimmune repertoire in the bursa is generated by gene conversion during Ag-independent B cell proliferation, and antigenic stimulation from the bursal epithelium to bursal B cells plays roles in the selection of clones with a productive V-J joint.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The normal aspect of the suprapatellar bursa in echography of the knee].

Sonography is suitable to recognize fluids in the suprapatellar bursa, which can represent an indirect sign of intra-articular knee effusion. In order to obtain the physiologic parameters of suprapatellar bursa, 50 healthy volunteers, 38 sedentary and 12 sportsmen, were evaluated by means of US. The bursa was recognizable in 8/50 cases (16%) with quadriceps in prolapse (mean thickness: 1.8 mm, mean length: 20.5 mm), and in 23/50 cases (46%) with quadriceps in contraction (mean thickness: 2.6 mm, mean length: 22.6 mm). Suprapatellar bursal thickness ranged 1-4 mm, and its length ranged 12-44 mm. The suprapatellar bursa appeared as a well-defined hypoechoic band, cranial to patella, anterior to the distal femoral shaft, and posterior to quadriceps tendon. Quadriceps contraction increases both thickness and length of bursal swelling (1 and 2 mm, respectively, on the average). When sportsmen were compared with sedentary subjects, suprapatellar bursa diameters were observed not to change, but the bursal itself was evident in 3/12 (25%) and in 8/12 (66%) of cases, according to whether the quadriceps was in prolapse or in contraction. Bursal contents were homogeneously anechoic and bursal outline smooth and regular in all cases (23/23). Bursal morphology was symmetric, in 23/23 cases, in length, regularity of outline, and echogenicity of contents. Thickness alone resulted asymmetrical in 2/23 subjects (8%), even though variations were less than or equal to 2 mm. In conclusion, we can consider as pathologic features: thickness greater than 3-4 mm, asymmetry greater than 2 mm, irregular outline, and inhomogeneous contents. These parameters must be examined in pathologic subjects and further research is mandatory.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between delayed onset of egg production and involution of the bursa of Fabricius in White Leghorn chickens.

The relationship between delayed onset of oviposition and involution of the bursa of Fabricius is described. Chickens studied were 26 weeks of age and had not come into production. The bursae of nonlaying chickens were compared with those of age-matched chickens that had laid the first egg 1, 9 to 11, or 24 days before. The bursae from the nonlaying chickens were similar in weight and morphology to the functional bursae of immature pullets. Bursae of laying chickens, even on the day of the first egg, were markedly involuted. Age of the chicken was not a factor in determining bursal involution. The onset of egg production was directly related to bursal involution.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Do bursa-derived T cells exist?

In order to study the bursal origin of T cells, 18-d chromosomally-marked bursa cells were transplanted into 18-d chick embryos treated with cyclophosphamide (CY). Transfer of bursa cells restored not only the humoral immune functions but also the mitogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes against phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A (Con A). Transplanted bursa cells proliferated primarily in the recipients' bursa. Only 8 out of 209 Con A responsive spleen cells were of donor origin, but no donor-derived cells were observed in the thymus. These findings suggest that cells in the 18-d embryonic bursa are already committed to the B cell lineage, and are not capable of migrating into thymus and of developing into mature T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cell lineage segregation during bursa of Fabricius ontogeny.

The population dynamics of myeloid and lymphoid lineages during bursa of Fabricius ontogeny were analyzed by immunofluorescence by using two monoclonal antibodies (mAb). CL-1 mAb reacts with all chicken hemopoietic cells, except mature erythrocytes. L22 mAb reacts with bursa and bursa-derived lymphocytes, with a minor subset of macrophages and with some cells of the thymic medulla. The staining of embryonic bursas by these antibodies helps to distinguish between two different lineages of hemopoietic cells: CL-1+/L22+ cells represent B lymphocytes and a minor subset of macrophages, while CL-1+/L22- cells correspond to most of the macrophages and to the granulocytes, which disappear at the end of the embryonic life. CL-1+/L22- as well as CL-1+/L22+ cells were first observed outside the bursal rudiment. This indicates that there is a pre-bursal segregation between these two hemopoietic lineages and that two different kinds of precursors colonize the bursal rudiment at about the same time (day 9 for CL-1+/L22- cells and days 9 or 10 for CL-1+/L22+ cells). Moreover our data show that the colonization of the bursal epithelium by hemopoietic precursors is a two-step phenomenon. The first cells which enter belong to the CL-1+/L22- lineage, express Ia-like antigens at a high level, are dendritic in morphology, and represent cells of the macrophage/dendritic cell lineage. They are responsible for the formation of the epithelial bud which are then colonized by a small number of lymphoid precursors which belong to the CL-1+/L22+ lineage. Quail-chick bursa grafting experiments were also performed and the grafts were examined for CL-1 (restricted to chicken hemopoietic cells) and L22 reactivity. These observations confirmed our previous findings about the kinetics of the colonization of bursal rudiment by hemopoietic precursors and give support for a pre-bursal segregation between two hemopoietic pathways.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Enlarged iliopsoas bursa. An unusual cause of thigh mass and hip pain.

Iliopsoas bursa enlargement, a rare cause of pelvic or inguinal mass, can be identified on computed tomography (CT) either incidentally or during clinical examination of a groin mass. When CT examination is equivocal, hip arthrography can establish the diagnosis. Iliopsoas bursa enlargement is frequently associated with preexisting hip arthrosis. In three cases of iliopsoas bursa enlargement, two had preexisting arthritis. A third patient showed no roentgenographic sign of hip disease. Iliopsoas bursa enlargement may be more common than previously reported and should be considered in patients with unexplained hip pain who demonstrate a soft tissue mass in the region of the iliopsoas bursa.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

The bursa of Fabricius of the chicken embryo: localization and ontogenic evolution of sex-steroid target cells.

Androgenic hormones induce inhibition or regression of the bursa of Fabricius in the chick embryo. The high doses of hormones necessary to this involution raises the question of the processes involved and their putative role in the normal development of the bursa. If androgens play a role it is mediated by receptor sites in target cells. Using an autoradiographic technique, receptor sites for androgenic hormones were localized in mesenchymal cells of the bursa from the primordium (7-day embryo) up to the fully differentiated immune organ (15-day embryo). No target cells containing receptor sites in their nuclei were observed in the endodermic epithelium or the follicles. Oestrogen target cells in very small number are found in the mesenchyme of the bursa, in 15-day embryos. The early presence of receptor sites for steroid hormones in the bursa of Fabricius shows that the normal development may be influenced by androgens, but the actual effects are yet to be demonstrated.

Animals↗