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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Medical pots of Yakushi Buddha in Japan].

The origin of Yakushi buddha (Bhaisajyaguru in Sanscrit, buddha of healing) is not clearly known. It has been proposed the original statue of Yakushi buddha may have been conceived from Varna, a god in Brahminism, believed to be a god of justice who possessed medicines and prolonged life. It is believed that Yakushi buddha appeared in Japan when the buddhism was imported from Korea and China in VI century, Yakushi buddha was believed more profoundly in Japan, compared with Korea and China.The reasons are probably as follows: Yakushi buddha is buddha of healing, Emperor Temmu (672-685) built Yakushi-ji temple in Nara, Emperor Shomu (724-749) built Kokubun-ji temples at principal towns. The principal statues of buddha in these temples are Yakushi buddha. In Japan, there are 252 Yakushi Buddha statues in Buddhistical Temples, which are listed in Important Cultural Property including 14 National Treasures. Belief in Yakushi Buddha was especially prevalent from the 7th to the 13th centuries in Japan. The oldest wooden Yakushi Buddha statue is in the Horin-ji temple in Nara. Among the 252 Yakushi Buddha statues, 224 are in wood, 15 are in copper, 6 are in picture and etc. 212 (84,1%) have medicinal pots (or rarely, a bowl) on the palm of left hand. However, these medicinal containers are wooden blocks. Very recently, it was found that Yakushi Buddha statue in the Suho-Kokubun-ji temple (Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan) has a medicinal pot on the palm of the left hand in which an offering (220 g materials) was found. The date on the reverse side of lid places the offering at October 12, 1699. The offering is composed of five cereals (rice, barley, wheat, soybean, adzuki bean), five medicinal plants (Acori Graminei, Acori Calami, Radix Ginseng, Flos Caryophylli, Lignum Santali Albi), and five minerals (rock crystals, purple and blue glasse, CaCO3, particles, silver and golden foils). DNA analysis proved those three randomly selected seeds of rice all belongs to the template japonica, which is predominant in the present variety of Japan.

Buddhism↗
PubMed2003

For Francisco Varela: explorer of the phenomenal world.

Francisco Varela was an innovative thinker and researcher as well as a pioneer in the present dialog between science and Buddhism. In this essay, I will first speak briefly about some of Francisco's contributions to the world at large and then relate a few vivid moments from my own interactions with him.

Buddhism↗
PubMed2002

The last 48 hours of life.

This paper arosefrom a personal nursing reflection in which I was given the privilege of working with and nursing a patient in her last 48 hours of life. Caring for a patient dying of cancer can, at times, be extremely difficult. Sarah was 39 years old when she died, survived by her husband and two children aged 6 and 4. During the weeks leading up to her death, Sarah held extensive discussions with family and the multi-disciplinary team. Her goal was to live the remainder of her lastfew hours as comfortably as possible and to die a 'peaceful death'. Terminal care is an important phase of life, one in which individuals have the right to expect quality of care to ensure that their death occurs with dignity. This paper provides an insight into the remaining few hours of Sarah's life discussing psychological and psychosocial support as well as management of symptoms as they arose. Sarah practiced Buddhism on a daily basis. Issues of spirituality, serenity and peacefulness in dying were very important to her to ensure a good rebirth. The last days of life are uniquefor each person. They are very personal and private. Dying people are usually less interested in the outside world and they want the closeness of only a few people--to comfort them. I felt extremely privileged to be a part of Sarah's dying expeience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

[An aspect of Buddhistic medicine in ancient Korea: Wonhyo and medicine].

Lack of historical records causes some difficulties in the historical studies of ancient Korea. It is the same case as that of the history of medicine. We imagine what the situation of medicine was like in ancient Korea with a bit of historical records. In ancient times, medicine had very close relation with religions. In ancient Korea, it had very close relation with Buddhism. According to Sam Kuk Sa Ki and Sam Kuk Yu Sa buddhist monks treated patients with the religious rituals. In this article, the authors would like to present a record which had been unnoticed until now. It is the commentary of Wonhyo on a certain Buddhistic cannon called Kum Kwang Myung Kyung. A chapter (Je Byung Poom) of this cannon is on the theory of medicine, causes of diseases and treatments. We can presume Wonhyo's knowledge of medicine at that time through his commentary on this chapter.

Buddhism↗
PubMed1993

[History of the term "tan" (phlegm) (I) - Studies of the term "tan" described in classical Chinese translations of Buddhist literature].

We traced the origin of the term "tan" (phlegm) in Chinese traditional medicine. This term itself is not found in early works but is represented by the terms of tuo (saliva) and xian (drivel). However, in the theory of tri-dosa of Indian traditional medicine, phlegm is an important element. Our studies of classical Chinese translations of Buddhist literature showed that the concept of tan in Buddhist medicine was introduced into China through Buddhism.

Buddhism↗
PubMed2002

[Chin Junso--founder of the medical lineage Uirou].

Chin Junso was an excellent doctor with expertise in the medical sciences gained from teachings that originated in the Kin and Gen dynasties. He devised and used unique prescriptions with various aromatics, which he collectively called Hoyaku (fragrant medication). Although he did not desire to enter government service because of his old age, his knowledge and wishes were handed down to his descendants. He led a quiet life in his later years by practicing meditation at a Zen temple of the Rinzai-shu order. Uirou in Odawara incidentally belongs to the Nichiren-shu order and not to the lineage of Junso. Nichiren-shu was a Buddhism order popular among townspeople in Kyoto at that time. It may be of interest to note the second master Souju and the third master Jouyu contributed to the trade between Japan and Korea.

Aromatherapy↗
PubMed2003

[Life of Lonrig Dandar, a famous physician of traditional Mongolian medicine].

Longrig Dandar, a Mongolian native of Kalak, was born in 1842 and died in 1915. Being a famous Mongolian physician converted to Buddhism when he was a boy, he was proficient in "Five Rig-pa", especially fond of gSo-ba rig-pa with high achievements, and was respected as wonderful physician in Mongolian region. Though he was oppressed when he was young, but was later recommended by XIII Dalai Lama. He was famous in local region. He wrote and published 5 medical books, including Helile (Chebula) jing zhu jie yin an jing, Ta jiao de, exerting very profound influence in Mongolian medical province.

Buddhism↗
PubMed2003

Falungong: recent developments in Chinese notions of healing.

Transcultural nursing literature provides a rich picture of prominent Chinese health-related beliefs derived from the traditions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. However, these traditional beliefs are being challenged and modified in response to public discussion of a new spiritual movement, Falungong (also spelled Falun Gong). This movement calling for personal and social renewal has arisen in reaction to significant political and economic upheavals in Chinese society. This paper presents an overview of the Falungong movement and the health beliefs it advances. Implications for U.S. nursing practice are discussed.

Anomie↗
PubMed2005

[The relation between the contents of "Yamaizoushi" picture scrolls and Goshirakawa Houou's thought].

"Yamaizoushi," depicting the "human way" of reincarnation in Buddhism, was ordered by Goshirakawa Houou in the latter half of the 12C. This paper deals with the relation between the contents of "Yamaizoushi" and Goshirakawa Houou's thought. While earlier literature about "Yamaizoushi" emphasized its religious aspects, this paper suggests that "Yamaizoushi" actually lacks a sense of religion, because the accompanying texts are not related to any sutra, and the pictures are mocking sick people. The paper argues that these features originate from Goshirakawa Houou's discriminative feelings towards the sick, which were actually typical for that time. The lack of sympathy may also be due to the fact that, as a noble, he hadn't really experienced any hardships of human existence himself. In ordering such a scroll, Goshirakawa Houou was hunting for the bizarre. The paper claims these are the reasons why the "Yamaizoushi" picture scroll is so different from any other paintings depicting the "human way".

Art↗
PubMed1993

[Buddhist mummies in Japan].

The mummy of priest Kochi (preserved at Saishoji Temple, Teradomari, Niigata Pref.) has become famous, since it appeared in the book "Snow Country Tales" written by Bokushi Suzuki in 1841 (Fig. 1). In a country of high humidity, such as Japan, the belief that mummification could not, and did not, exist would not be altogether unfounded, but rather more a matter of common sense. There are two dozen Buddhist mummies in this country. It was not known until 1961 that a reliable source of artificial mummification has existed in Japan. The Japanese Buddhist mummies, apart from those of the Fujiwara family, a powerful clan of northeast Japan in the 12th century, dated mostly from the 17th to the 19th century as given in Table 1. Three principal types of mummification described by Vreeland, Jr. and Cockburn (1980) could be identified in the Japanese Buddhist mummies: type I, natural mummification; type II, intentional natural; and type III, artificial. Matsumoto (1990) classified the mummies into four groups, based on their ideological backgrounds: group A, mummies of the priests having faith in the Amitabha (the Supreme Buddha presiding over the Pure Land in the West); group B, sokushin-butsu mummies of the priests belonging to the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism founded by Kukai (Kobo-daishi); group C, nyujo mummies of the priests having faith in the Maitreya (the Buddha presiding over the Pure Land in the North, or the Buddha of the future); and group D, other mummies. These mummies of groups A, B, C and D are respectively listed in Table 2. Previous papers have shown that the mummies of the groups A, C and D belonged to the mummification of type I (natural mummification) or type II (intentional natural), whereas those of only the group B were of type III (artificial). The mummies of groups A to D were given as follows. a) Mummies of group A. The four mummies of the Fujiwara family in the Amitabha faith (preserved at Chusonji Temple, Hiraizumi, Iwate Pref.), which were laid in daisies for Buddhist images at golden Konjikido, a model of the Western Pure Land of Amitabha, did not bear any evidence of Ainu character in their physical traits. Of these, the mummy of Yasuhira Fujiwara, of which the head and neck were severely injured by swords, showed that it had been decapitated. This decapitated head had suffered mutilations: i.e. a long iron nail had been driven into the forehead, and the both auricles and the nose had been cut off.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Buddhism↗
PubMed1996

A view of death and dying among the Chinese and Japanese.

The practices of medicine around the world have been fused into that of faith and religion. In serving our patients' need to accept death, physicians must also be sensitive to this underlying basic human concern as they prepare for this final journey. The Chinese and Japanese, reflecting their belief in Buddhism, perceive death as a natural part and an extension of life itself.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2001

Prehistoric human colonization of India.

Human colonization in India encompasses a span of at least half-a-million years and is divided into two broad periods, namely the prehistoric (before the emergence of writing) and the historic (after writing). The prehistoric period is divided into stone, bronze and iron ages. The stone age is further divided into palaeolithic, mesolithic and neolithic periods. As the name suggests, the technology in these periods was primarily based on stone. Economically, the palaeolithic and mesolithic periods represented a nomadic, hunting-gathering way of life, while the neolithic period represented a settled, food-producing way of life. Subsequently copper was introduced as a new material and this period was designated as the chalcolithic period. The invention of agriculture, which took place about 8000 years ago, brought about dramatic changes in the economy, technology and demography of human societies. Human habitat in the hunting-gathering stage was essentially on hilly, rocky and forested regions, which had ample wild plant and animal food resources. The introduction of agriculture saw it shifting to the alluvial plains which had fertile soil and perennial availability of water. Hills and forests, which had so far been areas of attraction, now turned into areas of isolation. Agriculture led to the emergence of villages and towns and brought with it the division of society into occupational groups. The first urbanization took place during the bronze age in the arid and semi-arid region of northwest India in the valleys of the Indus and the Saraswati rivers, the latter represented by the now dry Ghaggar-Hakra bed. This urbanization is known as the Indus or Harappan civilization which flourished during 3500-1500 B.C. The rest of India during this period was inhabited by neolithic and chalcolithic farmers and mesolithic hunter-gatherers. With the introduction of iron technology about 3000 years ago, the focus of development shifted eastward into the Indo-Gangetic divide and the Ganga valley. The location of the Mahabharata epic, which is set in the beginning of the first millennium B.C., is the Indo-Gangetic divide and the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab (land between two rivers). Iron technology enabled pioneering farmers to clear the dense and tangled forests of the middle and lower Ganga plains. The focus of development now shifted further eastward to eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar which witnessed the events of the Ramayana epic and rise of the first political entities known as Mahajanapadas as also of Buddhism and Jainism. The second phase of urbanization of India, marked by trade, coinage, script and birth of the first Indian empire, namely Magadha, with its capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna) also took place in this region in the sixth century B.C. The imposition by Brahmin priests of the concepts of racial and ritual purity, pollution, restrictions on sharing of food, endogamy, anuloma (male of upper caste eligible to marry a female of lower caste) and pratiloma (female of upper caste ineligible to marry a male of lower caste) forms of marriage, karma (reaping the fruits of the actions of previous life in the present life), rebirth, varnashrama dharma (four stages of the expected hundred-year life span) and the sixteen sanskaras (ceremonies) on traditional occupational groups led to the birth of the caste system - a unique Indian phenomenon. As a consequence of the expansion of agriculture and loss of forests and wildlife, stone age hunter-gatherers were forced to assimilate themselves into larger agriculture-based rural and urban societies. However, some of them resisted this new economic mode. To this day they have persisted with their atavistic lifestyle, but have had to supplement their resources by producing craft items or providing entertainment to the rural population.

Cultural Evolution↗
PubMed1997

Long-term vegetarian diet and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women.

This study examined bone density among postmenopausal Buddhist nuns and female religious followers of Buddhism in southern Taiwan and related the measurements to subjects characteristics including age, body mass, physical activity, nutrient intake, and vegetarian practice. A total of 258 postmenopausal Taiwanese vegetarian women participated in the study. Lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using dual-photon absorptimetry. BMD measurements were analyzed first as quantitative outcomes in multiple regression analyses and next as indicators of osteopenia status in logistic regression analyses. Among the independent variables examined, age inversely and body mass index positively correlated with both the spine and femoral neck BMD measurements. They were also significant predictors of the osteopenia status. Energy intake from protein was a significant correlate of lumbar spine BMD only. Other nutrients, including calcium and energy intake from nonprotein sources, did not correlate significantly with the two bone density parameters. Long-term practitioners of vegan vegetarian were found to be at a higher risk of exceeding lumbar spine fracture threshold (adjusted odds ratio = 2.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-5.96) and of being classified as having osteopenia of the femoral neck (3.94, 1.21-12.82). Identification of effective nutrition supplements may be necessary to improve BMD levels and to reduce the risk of osteoporosis among long-term female vegetarians.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Defining death: organ transplants, tradition and technology in Japan.

This article explores Japanese attitudes about brain death and organ transplantation. First, ancient burial customs and death-related rituals associated with Shinto and Buddhism are examined. Next, contemporary attitudes towards the dead are discussed in the context of current controversies surrounding brain death and organ transplantation. Finally, an attempt is made to link the traditional Japanese views of death with modern medical dilemmas.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2006

Religion, infertility and assisted reproductive technology.

This chapter describes religion in general before discussing the centrality of its concern for family formation. In light of this, the impact of infertility on religious people is considered. Recognizing religion's cautiously positive attitude towards assisted reproductive technology (ART) as a potential ally in the project of family formation and the relief of infertility, two areas that have caused concern for the religions are discussed: perceived threats to marriage and the sanctity of the human embryo. Throughout the chapter, illustrations are drawn from particular religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. There are striking similarities in their concerns and in the range of their responses to ART. Ways in which medical personnel should take into account the religious dimensions of the experience of infertility in their care for patients are suggested.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural considerations in Cambodian childrearing.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to explore childrearing practices and beliefs of Cambodian refugees. Cambodians, a culturally distinct group, are increasing in number in the United States. They are in need of health care and childrearing advice, but Cambodian childrearing practices and beliefs are not well documented. METHOD: A descriptive study was conducted to investigate Cambodian families' cultural childrearing practices and beliefs. Participant-observation techniques were used, and interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 28 Cambodians. RESULTS: Three themes emerged: Buddhism is deeply embedded in Cambodian culture; the family is the basic, most important structure in the life and identity of a Cambodian; and life is set and ordered within a hierarchical structure. Childrearing practices are set up to teach and reinforce these beliefs. DISCUSSION: Nurses offering advice regarding childrearing practices must respect the client's value system. Nurses must continue to ask and share cultural information while developing mutually acceptable guidelines for care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Concepts related to Chinese patients' perceptions of health, illness and person: issues of conceptual clarity.

Since most health professionals who care for Chinese patients are trained using Western medical educational systems, they are often unaware of the complex Chinese culture that influences their patients' responses to care. Discrepancies often exist between health professionals' and Chinese patients' perceptions of health and evaluations of the quality of care. In order to provide culturally sensitive care for this population, the complex Chinese traditional philosophies, such as the theory of yin and yang and the five phases, as well as the philosophies related to the concept of personhood including Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are examined first. This is because these theories and philosophies not only influence Chinese patients' values and beliefs, but also determine their perceptions of health, illness and nursing care. The discussion of implications for surgical cardiovascular nursing practice for this particular population are followed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

Overview of religions.

This article provides a brief overview of 9 religions: Christianity, Judaism, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Christian Science, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism. Basic information on the origins, language, naming practices, diet, personal hygiene, and dress requirements is provided. For additional information, Web sites for each of these religions are also provided.

Attitude to Death↗