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PubMed1981

Benign breast disease: estriol proportions and family history of breast cancer.

Urine samples were analyzed for estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and Estriol (E3) to test the hypothesis that women diagnosed with benign breast disease (high risk for breast cancer?) will have lower estriol proportions (E3/E1 + E2 + E3) than a comparison control group. Luteal urine samples were collected from 64 women recently diagnosed with benign breast disease (cases) and from 64 controls matched for age and education. Compared to their controls, benign breast disease patients had a lower mean weight (P less than 0.05), lower Quetelet's index (P less than 0.02), and higher frequency of family history of breast cancer (P less than 0.01) and of family history of any breast disease (P less than 0.01). The mean estriol proportions were similar for cases and controls before and after stratification by family history and Quetelet's index. Results of this study indicate that if women with benign breast disease are at high risk of breast cancer, that risk is not transmitted by the estriol proportion.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Recommendations for the prevention of chronic disease: the application for breast disease.

Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggest that a diet with dietary fat as low as 20% of kcal may be necessary to reduce the risk of breast cancer. Two groups of women, postmenopausal women treated for breast cancer and premenopausal women with cystic breast disease accompanied by cyclical mastaligia, participated in an intervention program to determine the feasibility of such a low-fat diet. After 3 mo of intervention both groups were consuming a low-fat diet; in the premenopausal groups serum estrogen levels decreased in response to the fat reduction. Other nutrition-education programs in research institutions, restaurants, and schools are attempting to influence the public's knowledge and behavior regarding the importance of dietary fat reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Risk factors for benign breast disease and their relation with breast cancer risk. Pooled information from epidemiologic studies.

Information from published case-control studies on benign breast disease was pooled using standard statistical methods to obtain single, overall risk estimates. This analysis showed that higher socio-economic status (pooled relative risk, RR = 1.24, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.13-1.37), later menopause (pooled RR = 1.87, 95%, CI = 1.67-2.11) and late age at first birth (pooled RR = 1.30, 95%, CI = 1.13-1.50) were associated with an increased risk of benign breast disease, whereas an apparent protection was given by greater body mass index (pooled RR = 0.58, 95%, CI = 0.50-0.67) and the use of oral contraceptives (pooled RR = 0.75, 95%, CI = 0.67-0.83). The role of these factors did not appear to be materially different in the various histopathologic categories considered, although available information allowed only a general distinction between breast dysplasia (fibrocystic disease) and benign tumors, chiefly fibroadenoma. In conclusion, the general evidence from published studies indicates that benign breast lumps appear to share a number of important risk factors with breast cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Histologic types of benign breast disease and the risk for breast cancer. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study Group.

Specific histologic types of benign breast disease (BBD) may increase breast cancer risk. The authors analyzed data from a population-based, case-control study of women aged 20 to 54 with newly diagnosed breast cancer and control subjects randomly selected from the general population. A panel of pathologists classified the histologic findings of biopsy slides for 433 women with breast cancer and 261 control subjects, all of whom had a history of biopsy for BBD, as to the presence of epithelial hyperplasia, atypia, and other histologic features. When compared with women who had never had a breast biopsy, women with BBD without hyperplasia had an odds ratio of 1.5 (95% confidence limits [CL] 1.3 to 1.9), women with hyperplasia without atypia had an odds ratio of 1.8 (CL = 1.3, 2.4), and women with hyperplasia and atypia had an odds ratio of 2.6 (CL = 1.6, 4.1). Fibroadenoma was an independent risk factor for breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.7; CL = 1.1, 2.5). These findings suggest that women with BBD with epithelial hyperplasia either with or without atypia and women with fibroadenoma should be monitored carefully because of their elevated risk for breast cancer.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed2005

Benign breast disease, recent alcohol consumption, and risk of breast cancer: a nested case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol consumption is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer. Some studies have suggested that the risk of breast cancer associated with alcohol consumption is greater for women with a history of benign breast disease (BBD). We hypothesized that among women with biopsy-confirmed BBD, recent alcohol consumption would increase the risk of breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease to a greater extent than in women with nonproliferative breast disease. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study in the Nurses' Health Study I and II. The cases (n = 282) were women diagnosed with incident breast cancer, with a prior biopsy-confirmed breast disease. The controls (n = 1,223) were participants with a previous BBD biopsy, but without a diagnosis of breast cancer. Pathologists reviewed benign breast biopsy slides in a blinded fashion and classified the BBD as nonproliferative, proliferative without atypia, or atypical hyperplasia, according to standard criteria. RESULTS: Women with nonproliferative breast disease consuming > or = 15 g of alcohol per day had a nonsignificant 67% increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.67; 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 4.34) compared with nondrinkers. There was no evidence that recent alcohol consumption increased the risk of breast cancer to a greater extent in women with proliferative BBD than among women with nonproliferative BBD (P for interactio n = 0.20). CONCLUSION: Contrary to our a priori hypothesis, there was no evidence that recent alcohol consumption increased the risk of breast cancer to a greater extent among women with proliferative BBD than among women with nonproliferative BBD.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Diet and histologic types of benign breast disease defined by subsequent risk of breast cancer.

The authors investigated the relation between diet and histologic types of benign breast disease defined by subsequent risk of breast cancer in a case-control study of volunteers who entered the Vancouver Center of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study between 1983 and 1985. Proliferative benign breast disease (n = 124) was inversely associated with vitamin A supplementation (vitamin A user vs. nonuser, odds ratio (OR) = 0.5) and frequent green vegetable consumption (frequent vs. rare consumption, OR = 0.3), whereas severe atypias and borderline carcinoma in situ (n = 32) were directly associated with frequent meat fats consumption (frequent vs. rare consumption, OR = 3.2) with no association with vitamin A or vegetable consumption. No dietary relations were found for histologic types of benign breast disease at no increased risk for subsequent breast cancer (n = 274). The implications of these findings in relation to the etiology of breast cancer are discussed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

[Frequency characteristic of diseased breast tissues detected by electrical impedance scanning].

The rules of conductance parameters on diseased breast tissue, which change with the driven frequency, are studied by use of electrical impedance scanning. This work is intended to provide a basis for further examination of breast. We have obtained conductance parameters' frequency characteristic of three kinds of breast diseases, i.e. invasive ductal carcinoma, neoplastic hyperplasia, and mastopathia. And by comparison, we find that the frequency characteristic of the diseased breast tissues is different from that of the peripheral normal tissues, and the frequency characteristic shows differences among the three kinds of diseased breast tissues. So, we are able to identify the kind of breast disease by its frequency characteristic.

Breast Diseases↗
PubMed1988

A prospective study of the development of breast cancer in 16,692 women with benign breast disease.

The authors studied the relation between benign breast disease and subsequent breast cancer in 16,692 women with biopsy-diagnosed benign breast disease who had participated in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project throughout the United States. Women were classified into one of five benign breast disease categories: atypical hyperplasia, proliferative disease without atypia, nonproliferative disease, fibroadenoma, and other benign breast disease. A total of 485 incident cases of breast cancer were identified in the women from August 1973 to February 1986 after a median follow-up period of 8.3 years from the diagnosis of benign breast disease. Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated for benign breast disease types stratified by family history and calcification status. Relative risk (RR) estimates of breast cancer for women in the five benign breast disease categories, compared with the screened women who did not develop recognizable breast disease (normal subjects), were computed using the proportional hazards model. Results indicated that risk was associated with the degree of epithelial atypia. Over all age groups, women with nonproliferative disease, proliferative disease without atypia, and atypical hyperplasia displayed progressively increasing risks of 1.5, 1.9, and 3.0, respectively, compared with normal subjects, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) exceeding unity. Particularly high risk was seen among women under age 46 years with atypical hyperplasia (RR = 5.7, 95% CI 3.0-10.6). Women with fibroadenoma as the only indication of their benign breast disease had a relative risk of 1.7, with a lower 95% confidence limit of 1.0. No increased risk was seen for women with other benign breast disease. Positive family history (RR = 1.8) and calcification (RR = 1.2) significantly increased a woman's risk proportionately over the risk associated with each benign breast disease subtype. The authors conclude that the risk of developing breast cancer varies by category of benign breast disease and is directly related to the degree of epithelial atypia.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed2000

HER-2/neu amplification in benign breast disease and the risk of subsequent breast cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of HER-2/neu gene amplification and/or overexpression in benign breast disease was associated with an increased risk of subsequent breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study of a cohort of women who were diagnosed with benign breast disease at the Mayo Clinic and who were subsequently observed for the development of breast cancer. Patients who developed breast cancer formed the case group, and a matched sample from the remaining cohort served as controls. Benign tissue samples from 137 cases and 156 controls and malignant tissues from 99 cases provided DNA or tissue for evaluation of HER-2/neu amplification and protein overexpression. RESULTS: Among the controls, seven benign tissues (4.5%) demonstrated low-level HER-2/neu amplification, whereas 13 benign (9.5%) and 18 malignant (18%) tissue specimens from cases exhibited amplification. HER-2/neu amplification in benign breast biopsies was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio ¿OR = 2.2; 95% confidence interval ¿CI, 0.9 to 5.8); this association approached statistical significance. The risks for breast cancer associated with benign breast histopathologic diagnoses were OR = 1.1 (95% CI, 0.6 to 1.9) for lesions exhibiting proliferation without atypia and OR = 1.5 (95% CI, 0.4 to 5.6) for the diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia. For women having both HER-2/neu amplification and a proliferative histopathologic diagnosis (either typical or atypical), the risk of breast cancer was more than seven-fold (OR = 7.2; 95% CI, 0.9 to 60.8). Overexpression of the HER-2/neu protein product, defined as membrane staining in 10% or more of epithelial cells, was found in 30% of the breast tumors but was not detected in any of the benign breast tissues. Case patients who had HER-2/neu gene amplification in their malignant tumor were more likely to have had HER-2/neu amplification in their prior benign biopsy (P =.06, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: Women with benign breast biopsies demonstrating both HER-2/neu amplification and a proliferative histopathologic diagnosis may be at substantially increased risk for subsequent breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The FHIT and PTPRG genes are deleted in benign proliferative breast disease associated with familial breast cancer and cytogenetic rearrangements of chromosome band 3p14.

We have used nested reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and PCR on genomic DNA to search for aberrations in the FHIT and PTPRG genes, both located in chromosomal band 3p14.2, in specimens from cytogenetically analyzed benign breast lesions (three samples with atypical hyperplasia and one with fibroadenosis) from two women belonging to breast cancer families. The transcription analysis showed that the FHIT gene was either not expressed or that its expression was dramatically reduced to a level not detectable by nested RT-PCR in the samples with atypical hyperplasia. Genomic analysis of exons 3 and 5 of FHIT and exon 12 of PTPRG provided evidence that these DNA segments were homozygously deleted in the majority of the cells. These data are in line with the histopathological features and cytogenetic findings in the three samples; none contained normal parenchyma, and all had chromosomal aberrations involving band 3p14. RT-PCR analysis of the fibroadenosis specimen, which had a normal karyotype, detected the expected 856-bp fragment as well as an additional alternative transcript variant of FHIT with 1014 bp. The additional 158-bp sequence, which may add 38 amino acids to the NH2-terminal part of the previously described FHIT protein, was inserted between exons 4 and 5 and seems to be a new exon located in intron 4 of FHIT.

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases↗
PubMed1977

Benign breast disease. Diagnosis and treatment.

Breast disease is a common problem found in approximately one of four women from puberty to old age. Of greatest importance to the health care provider is identifying the type of breast disorder and its relative seriousness. Precancerous mastopathy is of major concern, as are other significant forms of benign breast disease, both symptomatic and asymptomatic. Awareness of the many facets of benign breast disease on the part of the health care provider and the patient can heighten sensitivity to subtle changes in breast tissue. Identification of precancerous mastopathy has its greatest impact for early diagnosis of breast cancer. The patient with benign breast disease can be offered reassurance, support and symptomatic treatment for the benign breast disorder by the primary health care provider.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate in the normal breast, benign proliferative breast disease, in situ and infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas: preliminary observations.

BACKGROUND: Mammary carcinogenesis is a multistep process entailing the transition from normal breast to benign proliferative breast disease (ductal hyperplasia) to ductal carcinoma in situ to infiltrating ductal carcinoma. HYPOTHESIS: These transitions are associated with changes in the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 53 mastectomy specimens of normal breast, benign proliferative breast disease, ductal carcinoma in situ and infiltrating ductal carcinoma were evaluated for mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate by using immunohistological methods and monoclonal antibodies including CD20, CD68, CD3 and granzyme B, histiocytes, T cells and cytotoxic T cells. RESULTS: Transitions from normal breast to the subsequent tissue with lesions (normal skin v benign proliferative breast disease v ductal carcinoma in situ v infiltrating ductal carcinoma) were associated with significantly (p<0.01) increased mean (SD) density of mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate at the parenchyma (3.2 (1.0) v 26.4 (7.8) v 33.6 (7.9) v 39.1 (4.7) for CD20+ B cells; 2.8 (1.0) v 81.5 (14.0) v 84.0 (14.9) v103.7 (3.9) for CD3; 1.3 (2.0) v 3.8 (4.0) v 12.7 (23) v 22.1 (25.0) for CD68+ macrophages; 2.0 (1.0) v 58.3 (5.0) v 60.0 (10.0) v 74.1 (28.0) for granzyme B+ cytotoxic T cells) and at the stroma (0.7 (1.0) v 3.0 (5.0) v 13.3 (20) v 16.7 (30.0) for CD20+ B cells; 1.0 (2.06) v 4.0 (2.5) v 16.7 (5.0) v 21.7 (15) for CD68+ macrophages; 1.4 (0.6) v 4.2 (1.2) v 46.6 (16.7) v 77.0 (5.0) for CD3+ cells and 0 (0) v 0.5 (1.0) v 0.7 (1.0) v 0.7 (1.0) for granzyme B+ cytotoxic T cells). CONCLUSIONS: The increased mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate during mammary carcinogenesis may reflect non-specific or specific immunological processes.

B-Lymphocyte Subsets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mammographic appearances of male breast disease.

Various male breast diseases have characteristic mammographic appearances that can be correlated with their pathologic diagnoses. Male breast cancer is usually subareolar and eccentric to the nipple. Margins of the lesions are more frequently well defined, and calcifications are rarer and coarser than those occurring in female breast cancer. Gynecomastia usually appears as a fan-shaped density emanating from the nipple, gradually blending into surrounding fat. It may have prominent extensions into surrounding fat and, in some cases, an appearance similar to that of a heterogeneously dense female breast. Although there are characteristic mammographic features that allow breast cancer in men to be recognized, there is substantial overlap between these features and the mammographic appearance of benign nodular lesions. The mammographic appearance of gynecomastia is not similar to that of male breast cancer, but in rare cases, it can mask malignancy. Gynecomastia can be mimicked by chronic inflammation. All mammographically lucent lesions of the male breast appear to be benign, similar to such lesions in the female breast.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Circadian breast skin temperature rhythms: overt and occult benign and occult primary malignant breast disease.

Circadian variations of breast surface temperature have been measured in patients with overt or occult benign breast disease, or in those with occult breast cancer. Subjects were studied in a hospital ward environment well-controlled with respect to ambient temperature. Using manual techniques temperatures were recorded half-hourly for 96 hr from replicate sensors placed on quadrants of the left and right breasts inclusive of tumour areas and similar sites on the contralateral breast. Application of time series analysis failed to consistently demonstrate differences in values for the rhythm parameters for the tumour area and contralateral site. It was apparent, however, that the tumour area was generally associated with a reduced initial variance of the series in addition to a reduced percentage variance explained by a time series model with two rhythmic components when compared to the control site. These data suggest that efforts to identify early breast disease from signals of breast temperature should, at least, be directed to studies of temperature variance.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Biopsy confirmed benign breast disease, postmenopausal use of exogenous female hormones, and breast carcinoma risk.

BACKGROUND: A history of proliferative benign breast disease has been shown to increase the risk of developing breast carcinoma, but, to the authors' knowledge, how postmenopausal exogenous female hormone use, in general, has affected breast carcinoma risk among women with a history of proliferative breast disease with or without atypia has not been well established. METHODS: In the current case-control study, nested within the Nurses' Health Study, benign breast biopsy slides of 133 postmenopausal breast carcinoma cases and 610 controls with a history of benign breast disease, were reviewed. Reviewers had no knowledge of case status. RESULTS: Women with proliferative disease without atypia had a relative risk for postmenopausal breast carcinoma of 1.8 (95%, confidence interval [CI]: 1.1 to 2.8), and women with atypical hyperplasia had a relative risk of 3.6 (95%, CI: 2.0 to 6.4) compared with women who had nonproliferative benign histology. Neither current postmenopausal use of exogenous female hormones nor long term use for 5 or more years further increased the risk of breast carcinoma in the study population beyond that already associated with their benign histology. CONCLUSIONS: Women who had proliferative benign breast disease, with or without atypia, were at moderately to substantially increased risk of developing postmenopausal breast carcinoma compared with women who had nonproliferative benign conditions. In the current study, postmenopausal exogenous female hormone use in general did not further increase the breast carcinoma risk for women with proliferative benign breast disease. However, the analysis did not exclude the possibility of increased risk with a particular hormone combination or dosage.

Biopsy↗