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PubMed2004

Macronutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, plasma indicators of protein metabolism and mineral absorption in horses fed a ration rich in sugar beet pulp.

In a cross-over study with six mature horses, the effect of iso-energetic replacement of dietary glucose by beet pulp on macronutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and mineral absorption was studied. The test ration contained 25% beet pulp in the total dietary dry matter. Beet pulp feeding significantly lowered crude fat and non-structural carbohydrate digestibility, but had no significant effect on digestibility of other macronutrients, faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion and the faecal to urinary nitrogen excretion quotient. However, on the beet pulp diet, plasma ammonia and creatinin concentrations were significantly lower than on the glucose diet. No diet effect on magnesium absorption was observed. It is suggested that dietary beet pulp stimulates the conversion of ammonia into urea.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1979

Superiority of a soil debris isolation method over a beet seed colonization method for assay of Rhizoctonia solani at high soil inoculum densities.

A quantitative soil debris isolation method (all debris from known weight of soil plated) and a garden beet seed saprophytic colonization method were compared over a 1-year period for assaying Rhizoctonia solani population. Four fields of different soil textures were selected. Within each field four areas of healthy and four areas of diseases (rhizoctonia root and crown rot) sugarbeets were sampled bimonthly from August 1976 until June 1977. The maximum numbers of R. solani colonies obtained by the debris method were 2 per gram of soil in areas of healthy beets, and 11 per gram of soil in areas of diseased sugarbeets. At such high inoculum densities the beet seed colonization method underestimated R. solani populations, because the inoculum per unit of soil exceeded the numbers of beet seeds per unit of soil available for colonization. Modifications of the beet seed method did not significantly alter results of colonization assays. Ranked correlation comparisons of assay methods yielded r = 0.81 for all data.

Mitosporic Fungi↗
PubMed2001

Use of the GFP reporter as a vital marker for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

Molecular approaches to sugar beet improvement will benefit from an efficient transformation procedure that does not rely upon exploitation of selectable marker genes such as those which confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance upon the transgenic plants. The expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal has been investigated during a program of research that was designed to address the need to increase the speed and efficiency of selection of sugar beet transformants. It was envisaged that the GFP reporter could be used initially as a supplement to current selection regimes in order to help eliminate "escapes" and perhaps eventually as a replacement marker in order to avoid the public disquiet associated with antibiotic/herbicide-resistance genes in field-released crops. The sgfp-S65T gene has been modified to have a plant-compatible codon usage, and a serine to threonine mutation at position 65 for enhanced fluorescence under blue light. This gene, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, was introduced into sugar beet via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Early gene expression in cocultivated sugar beet cultures was signified by green fluorescence several days after cocultivation. Stably transformed calli, which showed green fluorescence at a range of densities, were obtained at frequencies of 3-11% after transferring the inoculated cultures to selection media. Cocultivated shoot explants or embryogenic calli were regularly monitored under the microscope with blue light when they were transferred to media without selective agents. Green fluorescent shoots were obtained at frequencies of 2-5%. It was concluded that the sgfp-S65T gene can be used as a vital marker for noninvasive screening of cells and shoots for transformation, and that it has potential for the development of selectable marker-free transgenic sugar beet.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Effects of beet pulp and animal by-products on milk yield and in vitro fermentation by rumen microorganisms.

Forty-six Holstein cows (30 primiparous) were assigned to one of four dietary treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial experiment during wk 4 to 17 of lactation. Main effects were corn versus dried sugar beet pulp and soybean meal versus animal by-product meal (mixture of meat and bone meal, feather meal, and blood meal). Beet pulp replaced half of the corn at 15% of dietary DM. Diet DM (mean of four treatments) contained 18% alfalfa pellets, 17.4% alfalfa hay, 17.2% corn silage, and 47.1% concentrate. Milk yield did not differ among treatments (mean 32.0 kg/d). Dry matter intake, milk CP percentage, and milk CP yield decreased 5.6, 3.7 and 5.2%, respectively, but milk fat percentage increased 4.7% when beet pulp replaced corn. Animal by-products did not affect DMI or milk fat, but milk CP percentage decreased 3.0%. The same diets were evaluated in a continuous culture system. Fungal extract (Aspergillus oryzae), added as the third treatment, had little effect on fermentation. Digestion of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were not affected by dietary treatments. Molar proportion of acetate was greater when corn was replaced by beet pulp. Although flow of NAN from fermenters increased by 3.2% with beet pulp and 3.1% with animal by-products, milk CP percentages decreased.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

The effect of replacing dietary beet pulp with wheat treated with sodium hydroxide, ground wheat, or ground corn in lactating cows.

This experiment examined the effect of complete diets composed of 60% grass silage and 40% concentrate based mainly on beet pulp, ground wheat, wheat treated with NaOH, or ground corn on milk production and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. Milk production and fat yield were 19.8, 20.7, 20.1, and 21.2 kg/d and 0.71, 0.76, 0.72, and 0.78 kg/d, respectively (18 cows per treatment). Cows fed the diet based on ground corn had higher milk production and fat yield, but lower milk protein concentration, than did cows fed the diet based on beet pulp. Cows fed the diet based on ground corn also had higher fat yields than did cows fed the diet based on wheat treated with NaOH. Cows fed the diet based on ground wheat had lower ruminal pH than did cows fed the diet based on beet pulp (6.34 vs. 6.59) and higher ruminal NH3 concentrations (6.2 vs. 5.2 mmol/L) than did cows fed the diet based on ground corn. These results showed little difference in milk production based on wheat processing method and little advantage to replacing beet pulp with either wheat type in a high forage diet. However, milk production and fat yield were increased by replacing beet pulp with ground corn.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of added beet or cane sugar in maple syrup by the site-specific deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR) method: collaborative study.

Results of a collaborative study are reported for the detection of added beet or cane sugar in maple syrup by the site-specific natural isotope fractionation-nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR) method. The method is based on the fact that the deuterium content at specific positions of the sugar molecules is different in maple syrup from that in beet or cane sugar. The syrup is diluted with pure water and fermented; the alcohol is distilled with a quantitative yield and analyzed with a high-field NMR spectrometer fitted with a deuterium probe and fluorine lock. The proportion of ethanol molecules monodeuterated at the methyl site is recorded. This parameter (D/H)I is decreased when beet sugar is added and increased when cane sugar is added to the maple syrup. The precision of the method for measuring (D/H)I was found to be in good agreement with the values already published for the application of this method to fruit juice concentrates (AOAC Official Method 995.17). An excellent correlation was found between the percentage of added beet sugar and the (D/H)I isotopic ratio measured in this collaborative study. Consequently, all samples in which exogenous sugars were added were found to have a (D/H)I isotopic ratio significantly different from the normal value for an authentic maple syrup. By extension of what is known about plants having the C4 cycle, the method can be applied to corn sweeteners as well as to cane sugar. One limitation of the method is its reduced sensitivity when applied to specific blends of beet and cane sugars or corn sweeteners. In such case, the C13 ratio measurement (see AOAC Official Method 984.23, Corn Syrup and Cane Sugar in Maple Syrup) may be used in conjunction.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Energy requirements of sugar beet growers].

Energy requirements were determined on the average for female sugar-beet raisers during the main labour processes as follows (kcal/min): 3.64 during weeding 2.03 during manual separation of sugar-beet roots from beet tops, and 4.05 in the course of sugar-beet pulling from the soil. Daily energy requirement amounted on the average to 3577 kcal during care on sugar-beet crops and to 3272 kcal during harvesting.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Fractionation of sugar beet pulp into pectin, cellulose, and arabinose by arabinases combined with ultrafiltration.

Incubation of beet pulp with two arabinases (alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and endo-arabinase), used singularly or in combination at different units of activity per gram of beet pulp, caused the hydrolysis of arabinan, which produced a hydrolyzate consisting mainly of arabinose. Pectin and a residue enriched with cellulose were subsequently separated from the incubation mixture. The best enzymatic hydrolysis results were obtained when 100 U/g of beet pulp of each enzyme worked synergistically with yields of 100% arabinose and 91.7% pectin. These yields were higher than those obtained with traditional chemical hydrolysis. The pectin fraction showed a low content of neutral sugar content and the cellulose residue contained only a small amount of pentoses. Semicontinuous hydrolysis with enzyme recycling in an ultrafiltration unit was also carried out to separate arabinose, pectin, and cellulose from beet pulp in 7 cycles of hydrolysis followed by ultrafiltration. The yields of separation were similar to those obtained in batch experiments, with an enzyme consumption reduced by 3.5 times and some significant advantages over batch processes.

Arabinose↗
PubMed2006

Influence of glyphosate on Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root rot in sugar beet.

This study tests the effect of glyphosate application on disease severity in glyphosate-resistant sugar beet, and examines whether the increase in disease is fungal or plant mediated. In greenhouse studies of glyphosate-resistant sugar beet, increased disease severity was observed following glyphosate application and inoculation with certain isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. betae Snyd. & Hans. Significant increases in disease severity were noted for R. solani AG-2-2 isolate R-9 and moderately virulent F. oxysporum isolate FOB13 on both cultivars tested, regardless of the duration between glyphosate application and pathogen challenge, but not with highly virulent F. oxysporum isolate F-19 or an isolate of R. solani AG-4. The increase in disease does not appear to be fungal mediated, since in vitro studies showed no positive impact of glyphosate on fungal growth or overwintering structure production or germination for either pathogen. Studies of glyphosate impact on sugar beet physiology showed that shikimic acid accumulation is tissue specific and the rate of accumulation is greatly reduced in resistant cultivars when compared with a susceptible cultivar. The results indicate that precautions need to be taken when certain soil-borne diseases are present if weed management for sugar beet is to include post-emergence glyphosate treatments.

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed1992

Salt-inducible betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from sugar beet: cDNA cloning and expression.

Members of the Chenopodiaceae, such as sugar beet and spinach, accumulate glycine betaine in response to salinity or drought stress. The last enzyme in the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway is betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). In sugar beet the activity of BADH was found to increase two- to four-fold in both leaves and roots as the NaCl level in the irrigation solution was raised from 0 to 500 mM. This increase in BADH activity was paralleled by an increase in level of translatable BADH mRNA. Several cDNAs encoding BADH were cloned from a lambda gt10 library representing poly(A+) RNA from salinized leaves of sugar beet plants, by hybridization with a spinach BADH cDNA. Three nearly full-length cDNA clones were confirmed to encode BADH by their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence identity to spinach BADH; these clones showed minor nucleotide sequence differences consistent with their being of two different BADH alleles. The clones averaged 1.7 kb and contained an open reading frame predicting a polypeptide of 500 amino acids with 83% identity to spinach BADH. RNA gel blot analysis of total RNA showed that salinization to 500 mM NaCl increased BADH mRNA levels four-fold in leaves and three-fold in the taproot. DNA gel blot analyses indicated the presence of at least two copies of BADH in the haploid sugar beet genome.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1995

Cloning and expression analysis of sucrose-phosphate synthase from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

A cDNA clone encoding a sucrose-phosphate synthase from sugar beet (BvSPS 1) has been isolated by screening a tap root-specific cDNA library using a heterologous SPS cDNA from spinach. The 3635 bp sugar beet cDNA codes for a 1045 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 118 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of sugar beet SPS shows homologies with SPS from maize (71% identity) and spinach (77% identity). Genomic Southern blot analysis suggests that BvSPS 1 is a low-copy-number gene. RNA blot analysis of sink and source leaves, root and tap root tissue shows that SPS 1 is expressed in an organ-specific manner, being predominantly active in tap root. Incubation of detached leaves of sugar beet in light in glucose-containing media leads to an accumulation of the SPS transcript, while sucrose feeding reduces the steady-state level of the mRNA.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Nucleotide sequence of beet mild yellowing virus RNA.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of beet mild yellowing virus, isolate 2ITB, is reported. The RNA consists of 5722 nucleotides and contains six long open reading frames which conform to the arrangement characteristic of Subgroup 2 luteoviruses. The three 3'-proximal open reading frames, which encode the viral coat protein, a putative movement protein and the Readthrough Domain, are highly homologous to the corresponding genes of beet western yellows luteovirus while the three 5'-proximal open reading frames are more closely related to the corresponding genes of cucurbit aphid borne yellows luteovirus. The sequence data thus indicate that beet mild yellowing virus should be considered a distinct virus rather than a strain of beet western yellows virus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

The effect of iron, tin, aluminium, and chromium on fading, discoloration, and precipitation in berry and red beet juices.

The effect of iron(II), tin(II), aluminium(III), and chromium(III) on the properties of red whortleberry, blackcurrant, and red beet juices was followed during storage for 10 months at 5 degrees C. The colour and pH changes were studied, and the precipitates formed were weighed and their metal contents assayed. Of the metals tested, only tin caused bluish discoloration in the berry juices. In the case of iron, aluminium, and chromium the low pH prevented this type of discoloration. In berry juices, some increases in colour intensity took place with the lowering of pH value, whereas in red beet juice the opposite change occurred. The colour changes due to storage appear to take place irrespective of the metals. Precipitation is enhanced in red whortleberry juice only by tin, and in blackcurrant juice by tin and iron. In red beet juice, precipitation is increased by the lowering of pH resulting from metal salt addition. In general, increase in the amount of metal added increased the metal content of the precipitate. Iron showed the greatest tendency to become bound in the precipitate, particularly in blackcurrant and red beet juice. The suitabilities of the metals for canning purposes are considered. Chromium, in particular, has interesting possibilities in view of the low degree of colour change associated with it.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1997

Accumulation and distribution of free folic acid content in red beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

Among vegetable plants, red beet contains a relatively high level of the B vitamin folic acid. Although many leafy green vegetables contain high levels of folic acid, red beet is consumed primarily as a root vegetable. Folic acid levels have been quantified in various vegetable plants, but little information exists regarding the accumulation and distribution of this vitamin in plant tissues. The objective of this study was to characterize free folic acid content (FFAC) in shoot and root tissue during growth of two red beet inbreds. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse during 1993, 1994 and 1995. Two inbreds, W384 and W357, were planted in randomized complete blocks and shoot and root tissues were separately harvested at 60, 80, and 100 days after planting (DAP). Significant differences between years, tissue portions, and among harvest dates were detected, however, similar patterns in FFAC accumulation and distribution were observed between inbreds and years. FFAC in shoot tissue was significantly greater than root tissue for both inbreds. Accumulation of FFAC was linear for both inbreds across harvest dates for root tissue but not for shoot tissue. FFAC accumulation in shoot tissue increased sharply from 60 to 80 DAP but decreased sharply from 80 to 100 DAP. These results demonstrate that FFAC accumulates differentially in root and shoot tissue in a red beet plant. Maximum folic acid levels in shoot tissue are achieved prior to those in root tissue.

Folic Acid↗
PubMed2003

In situ translocation of volicitin by beet armyworm larvae to maize and systemic immobility of the herbivore elicitor in planta.

Volicitin (N-[17-hydroxylinolenoyl]-L glutamine) present in the regurgitant of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) activates the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when in contact with damaged corn (Zea mays L.) leaves. VOC emission in turn serves as a signaling defense for the plant by attracting female parasitic wasps that prey on herbivore larvae. Chemical tracking of volicitin within plants has yet to be reported. Here we present biochemical data that beet armyworm regurgitant serves as a vector for the introduction of volicitin to the site of leaf damage under natural feeding conditions. Corn seedlings were 14CO2-labeled in situ, and beet armyworm larvae were allowed to feed on the labeled leaves. Herbivore oral secretions collected from late-third-instar larvae contained approximately 120 pmol volicitin (0.05 nCi pmol(-1)) per larva. When radiochemically labeled larvae were placed on unlabeled leaves, the amount of volicitin introduced to the damaged site was approximately 5.0 nCi (calc. 100 pmol/larvae). The mobility of volicitin in leaves was examined by allowing radiolabeled beet armyworms to feed on unlabeled plants. In such tracking experiments, radioactivity was not detected in the upper leaves; however, the exogenous application of 5 nCi of [U-14C]sucrose to the lower leaf did result in subsequent radioactivity being detected in the upper portion of the plant. The detection of labeled sucrose with the same radioactivity as that of administered volicitin indicated that volicitin was not readily transported to undamaged leaves and that volicitin may not directly serve as a mobile messenger in triggering the emissions of VOCs systemically.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Biological properties and molecular characterization of beet chlorosis virus (BChV).

Two distinct viruses belonging to the Polerovirus genus, in the family Luteoviridae, have been described as being able to induce mild yellowing on sugar beet: Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and more recently, beet chlorosis virus (BChV). We have analysed biological properties and molecular organisation of two strains of BChV, one collected in England and the second from California. The biological data suggested that BChV displayed a narrower host range compared to BMYV and Beet western yellows virus lettuce isolate (BWYV). The complete genomic RNA sequence of the American isolate BChV-California and the European isolate BChV-2a showed a genetic organisation and expression typical of other Polerovirus members including 6 open reading frames (ORFs). Interspecific and intraspecific phylogenetic studies suggested that BChV arose by recombination events between a Polerovirus-like ancestor donating P0 and the replicase complex and either a BMYV or a BWYV progenitor providing the 3' ORFs [3, 4 and 5]. The 5'- and 3'-parts of the BChV genome have evolved differently in the two continents, possibly due to different selection pressures to allow adaptation to the various environments, hosts and vectors. BChV is a distinct species of the Polerovirus genus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Two different Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes confer resistance to beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner) in transgenic Bt-shallots (Allium cepa L.).

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was applied to produce beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner) resistant tropical shallots (Allium cepa L. group Aggregatum). A cry1Ca or a H04 hybrid gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, driven by the chrysanthemum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit (Rubisco SSU) promoter, along with the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hpt) driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, was employed for genetic transformation. An average transformation frequency of 3.68% was obtained from two shallot cultivars, Tropix and Kuning. After transfer of the in vitro plants to the greenhouse 69% of the cry1Ca and 39% of the H04 transgenic shallots survived the first half year. After one year of cultivation in the greenhouse the remaining cry1Ca and H04 transgenic plants grew vigorously and had a normal bulb formation, although the cry1Ca transgenic plants (and controls) had darker green leaves compared to their H04 counterparts. Standard PCR, adaptor ligation PCR and Southern analyses confirmed the integration of T-DNA into the shallot genome. Northern blot and ELISA analyses revealed expression of the cry1Ca or H04 gene in the transgenic plants. The amount of Cry1Ca expressed in transgenic plants was higher than the expression levels of H04 (0.39 vs. 0.16% of the total soluble leaf proteins, respectively). There was a good correlation between protein expression and beet armyworm resistance. Cry1Ca or H04 gene expression of at least 0.22 or 0.08% of the total soluble protein in shallot leaves was sufficient to give a complete resistance against beet armyworm. This confirms earlier observations that the H04 toxin is more toxic to S. exigua than the Cry1Ca toxin. The results from this study suggest that the cry1Ca and H04 transgenic shallots developed could be used for introducing resistance to beet armyworm in (sub) tropical shallot.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Expression of apolipoprotein A-I mRNA in liver and intestine of cecectomized rats fed beet fiber.

Sham-operated and cecectomized rats were fed a cholesterol-free diet with no added fiber (fiber-free) for 10 days, followed by the diet of 15% beet fiber for 10 days. The plasma cholesterol concentrations in rats fed the fiber-free diet were not significantly different between sham-operated and cecectomized groups. Plasma cholesterol concentrations in sham-operated rats were decreased by feeding the beet fiber diet, whereas those in cecectomized rats did not change. Final plasma total cholesterol concentrations in cecectomized rats were significantly higher than in sham-operated rats. This difference was due mainly to lower HDL cholesterol concentrations. The cecectomized rats also tended to have higher apolipoprotein A-I concentrations in plasma. Northern blot analysis revealed that the relative concentrations of ileal apolipoprotein A-I mRNA were the same in the two groups, while hepatic apolipoprotein A-I mRNA levels were significantly higher in cecectomized rats than in sham-operated rats. These data demonstrate that the cecectomy abolished the hepatic apolipoprotein A-I mRNA-lowering effect of dietary beet fiber, and it is suggested that the cecum plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic apolipoprotein A-I expression which seems to be responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary beet fiber.

Journal Article↗