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PubMed1992

Advertising and the dental profession. Retrospective and prospective.

"Advertising" has become a very controversial topic, not just among dentists, but among all professionals. That controversy focuses on three questions. First, what are the legal issues surrounding dental advertising and how are these issues being resolved? Second, what are the attitudes toward advertising among practicing dentists and how are these attitudes changing? Finally, how many dentists advertise and what are those advertising dentists actually doing? The purpose of this paper is to neither praise nor excoriate advertising, but to refer to the law and to published research in order to provide dental practitioners with a broader understanding of this topic.

Advertising↗
PubMed1991

The mediator role in social work practice.

The frameworks and skills of a mediator are indigenous to social workers. Mediation's purpose and place in human problem solving are inherent in the definition of social work practice. Decisions about assuming the mediator role with clients require that social workers weigh desired outcomes and constraints of the role. Helping client systems assume power and efficacy to negotiate problem resolution is a needed empowerment-oriented strategy in social work practice. Teaching client systems to negotiate and mediate for themselves may result in mutually agreeable solutions and growth and attitude change on the part of the client.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of the results of a standardized AIDS prevention program in three geographic locations.

A standardized AIDS prevention program, Stop AIDS, was tested with gay and bisexual men in 3 different geographic locations: metropolitan Chicago; Orange County, California; and Phoenix, Arizona, employing a test of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Results indicted that the Chicago participants began with the most knowledge about AIDS but gained least in the workshop, ending lowest, while the Orange County participants started with the least knowledge and gained the most, ending highest. The same change pattern was demonstrated in terms of attitudes. However, all groups started the discussion group with approximately the same risk behavior for HIV transmission, and all groups committed to the same amount of change in risk behavior at workshop termination, demonstrating the independence of behavior change from knowledge and attitude changes. Additionally, all 3 groups had the same 8 of 15 significant correlations of measures with no correlation between knowledge about AIDS, attitudes toward AIDS, and post-workshop intentions regarding risk behavior. These results indicate that Stop AIDS is an effective prevention program in all 3 locations, but that this and other programs should emphasize actual risk-behavior change rather than knowledge increase or healthier attitudes to produce the greatest lethality reduction.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

General strategies for motivating people to change their behavior.

There is evidence of nurse dissatisfaction with the outcomes of patient education; some patients are seen as insufficiently motivated to change their health-related behavior. Research findings from the field of health psychology are relevant to the issue of increasing patient motivation to change. In terms of motivating health behavior change, the research findings indicate the importance of the client's belief in the severity of threat to health and personal vulnerability, as well as in the feasibility and effectiveness of a particular health measure. The HBM has generated much research confirming the importance of these beliefs. Research evidence also indicates the importance of the self-efficacy mechanism as a predictor of such outcomes as cessation of smoking and returning to a physically active life after a heart attack. There are unsettled questions about the role of fear in motivating behavior change, but experts agree that high levels of induced fear may result in denying or ignoring the threat. If fear is used, it must be coupled with recommendations for efficacious behavior change. The findings of attitude-change research have yielded practical information on increasing the persuasiveness of information appeals using such techniques as saving the most important point for the beginning and end of the message. Techniques such as self-monitoring and systematic desensitization are also available to help motivate change. The problem of maintaining behavior change is challenging, and further research is needed on how best to prevent relapse or to aid clients in restoring change once relapse occurs. The experts advise tailoring the interventions to aid maintenance of behavior change to the particular stage of change. For example, bolstering motivation to change is important in the initial stage. As important providers of health care education, nurses need to be fully informed of the research findings relevant to effective interventions designed to motivate health-related behavior change.

Health Behavior↗
PubMed1979

Development and evaluation of social skills training for schizophrenic patients in remission.

Investigated were measures of self-esteem, self-perceived attitudinal dimensions and locus of control to assess the effects of group social skills training for schizophrenic psychiatric inpatients. A pretest, posttest control group design was employed utilizing forty subjects currently in treatment. It was hypothesized that short-term cognitively structured group therapy would realize significant improvement in self-esteem, internal locus of control and assertive attitude change. Significant mean differences between the treatment group's level of self-esteem, perceived assertive behavior and internal locus of control as a result of treatment were realized. Discussion of training methodology, issues and import for clinical applications and research are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1979

Effect of discussion seminars on the attitudes of dental students to clinical periodontal problems.

The effect of discussion seminars on the attitudes toward clinical problems within four affective domains in periodontics was studied in undergraduate dental students. Specially prepared case presentations which highlighted clinical problems were used in the seminars as well as for the evaluation. The tests were based upon the assumption that the viewpoints of the periodontal teachers are the correct ones and can be used to identify the affective objectives. The results of the present study indicate that the students' attitudes changed and became similar to the viewpoints of the faculty as an effect of the discussion seminars. This observation speaks in favor of the use of such seminars for effective teaching as a supplement to didactic teaching and clinical instruction.

Attitude↗
PubMed1978

[Influence of an active attitude towards induction of labour, on the occurrence of pathological amniotic fluid - a comparison of the birth years 1967 and 1976 (author's transl)].

An analysis was made of discolored amniotic fluid when our attitude changed towards artificial birth induction. Whereas during 1967 only 8.2% of all births were induced, the total birth inductions during the second comparable year increased to 23.5%. This active interference at the end of the gestation period made it possible to reduce the occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid cases from 13.6% to 6.4%. It was thereby established that the lowered perinatal mortality was partially due to this very significantly reduced occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid. The increased surgical termination of pregnancy, in this group lowered the infant mortality from 2,1% to 0,9%. Based on our observations we feel that in a secured gestation period close to the end of term, active obestrical interference is indicated and in cases of discolored amniotic fluid immediate assistance in terminating the pregnancy is required.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1977

Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease: effects of a community-based campaign on knowledge and behavior.

In 1972 the Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program launched a three-community field study. A multimedia campaign was conducted for two years in two California communities (Watsonville and Gilroy), in one of which (Watsonville) it was supplemented by an intensive-instruction program with high-risk subjects. A third community (Tracy) was used as a control. The campaigns were designed to increase participants' knowledge of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, to change such risk-producing behavior as cigarette smoking, and to decrease the participants' dietary intake of calories, salt, sugar, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Results of a sample survey indicate that substantial gains in knowledge, in behavioral modification, and in the estimated risk of cardiovascular disease can be produced by both methods of intervention. The intensive-instruction program, when combined with the mass-medica campaign, emerged as the most effective for those participants who were initially evaluated to be at high risk. The results after two years of intervention are reported for effects on knowledge and behavioral change for the total participant samples and for the high-risk subsamples in each of the three communities.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of AIDS-related attitudes to sexual behavior changes in adolescents.

The impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic on a group of adolescents was investigated by surveying 197 sexually active, predominantly African-American, urban high school students. Reported sexual behavior changes were evaluated in relation to AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes. Over 50% of the students decreased their frequency of sexual activity, increased their condom use, and/or decreased their number of partners. These students had significantly higher scores on a measure of worry about vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than those whose behavior had not changed. AIDS knowledge, AIDS beliefs, and AIDS-related anxiety interacted with gender to affect sexual behavior change. Male students reporting decreased frequency of sexual activity, for example, had more accurate beliefs about AIDS than males reporting no decrease. Among female students, however, those reporting decreased frequency had less accurate beliefs than those reporting no decrease. These results highlight the importance of considering gender and specific sexual behaviors when designing AIDS education interventions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

An experiential program to reduce AIDS risk among female sex partners of injection-drug users.

This article describes the development and implementation of an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) intervention program for female sex partners of male injection-drug users. Four psychoeducational workshops were designed to motivate personal risk reduction, provide participants with necessary cognitive and behavioral skills, and enhance participants' perceived ability to enact positive changes in their lives. The development of the workshop modules was guided by traditional theories of health behavior change and social learning. Also included in the intervention are referral and advocacy services, personal risk reduction counseling, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing. Preliminary results indicate that the program has made a significant impact on the AIDS risk of participants--91 percent of women who completed the program reported that they had made positive changes in their lives to reduce their risk of HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2024

Emotional and Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion, Moderating Factors, and Physiological Reactions: A Systematic Review.

Persuasion is a type of social influence aiming to produce changes in others' attitudes or behaviors. This study explores the relationship between emotions and persuasion, principal moderating factors, and physiological reactions during persuasive attempts. Following PRISMA guidelines, 28 empirical articles were analyzed, addressing emotions, affective/cognitive orientations, framing effects, and psychophysiological reactions. Mixed findings emerged regarding emotions, with fear appeals being effective in health education, while more recent studies favor the use of positive persuasive messages to increase behavior intention. Principal moderating factors included personal relevance, need for cognition (NFC) and need for affect (NFA), thought confidence, vulnerability, and efficacy beliefs. Psychophysiological studies revealed distinct physiological arousal during persuasion processing compared to a rest state. In addition, a greater misalignment between current behavior and the persuasive attempt led to perceived freedom threat and psychological reactance. These insights enhance persuasive effectiveness and deepen understanding of persuasion processes, guiding future research directions.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Abortion attitudes, 1984-1987-1988: effects of item order and dimensionality.

The comparability of surveys is often hampered by differences in the item order of presentation. The major focus of the present study was to investigate whether a general item or a specific item at the beginning of the questionnaire would affect the endorsement as well as the scalability of a set of attitude items. By using a quasi-A-B-A experimental design for the six abortion items that appeared in the Edmonton Area Survey for the years 1984, 1987, and 1988, we found that the order of presentation of the items affected dramatically the endorsement of the abortion items. Approval of a general item was considerably higher when asked first than when asked after a specific item. In contrast, it was shown by means of a nonparametric item response theory model (the Mokken scale analysis) that the unidimensionality of the six abortion items was not affected by the manipulations of item order (i.e., the six abortion items measured the same concept in the three surveys). It was concluded that the six items are unidimensional and, therefore, create a single scale to measure the change in abortion attitudes across the three periods.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1992

Black males who always use condoms: their attitudes, knowledge about AIDS, and sexual behavior.

One hundred six black males completed a questionnaire concerning attitudes and knowledge about the use of condoms and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Of the 106 males in the study, 27 (26%) reported that they "always" used condoms, 31 (29%) did not use condoms and had low intentions of using them, and 48 (45%) reported high intentions to use condoms. Results indicated that knowledge about AIDS was exceptionally high for black males in all three groups. Black males with low intentions to use condoms reported significantly more negative attitudes about the use of condoms (eg, using condoms is disgusting) and reacted with more intense anger when their partners asked about previous sexual contacts, when a partner refused sex without a condom, or when they perceived condoms as interfering with foreplay and sexual pleasure. A significantly larger percentage of low intenders were treated for gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and genital warts than males in the other groups. Drug use did not differentiate the three groups, although marijuana was used more often by males in the low-intender group. Finally, a larger percentage of black males in the low-intender group reported experiences with anal intercourse and sex with a prostitute, but considered themselves at lower risk for AIDS than did their high-intender or steady-user counterparts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes to AIDS and sexual behaviour among a cohort of medical students in Singapore.

A survey conducted in 1990 among final year medical students found that most respondents had a good knowledge about AIDS and its routes of transmission. Among the 13.7% of respondents that were sexually active, it was noted that only 35% had used the condom before and that only 20% had used it in the most recent occasion of sexual intercourse. It was noted that only 30% of the sexually active had intention using the condom when they next have sexual intercourse despite the fact that 40% of them were having sexual intercourse with causal partners. Despite having a high knowledge of AIDS, medical students at the National University of Singapore have a low use of condoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Complications in a series of 1224 vasectomies.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of a vasectomy technique should be based on the incidence of complications resulting from the procedure. Differing diagnostic criteria for defining complications and the belated occurrence of some adverse events, however, have made such appraisals difficult. The purpose of this paper is to suggest criteria for defining vasectomy-related problems and to present the results of a long-term study of 1224 vasectomies. METHODS: The records of 1224 men who had a vasectomy performed by the same technique during a 4-year period were reviewed, and documented complications were tabulated and evaluated. Patients were referred residents of the lower mainland of British Columbia, and the majority were married. The group included a wide spectrum of ages, races, and occupations. Twelve categories of potential complications were defined, of which 10 were actually encountered in the study group. Infection was defined as having had antimicrobial drugs prescribed, and regret as having returned to discuss a reversal; all other complications were diagnosed based on a documented clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: Complications had been documented in 124 cases (10.6%) and included 46 minor infections (3.8%), 2 serious infections (0.16%), 23 instances of epididymitis (1.9%), 16 cases of sperm granuloma (1.3%), and 4 minor hemorrhages (0.33%). Of 3 failures, only one (0.08%) was due to recanalization. No serious hemorrhages or late failures were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory results were believed to be related to surgical technique and the liberal use of antimicrobial drugs. The low recanalization rate was attributed to the treatment of the ends of the vas with multiple loops of polyglycolic acid ligature.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The behaviour of health care providers in managing diarrheal disease in Palembang City, south Sumatera, Indonesia.

A study on knowledge, attitude and practice of health care providers in Palembang had been conducted at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. Four approaches were carried out: (1) by recording the help obtained by cases who consulted researchers for further help for the same diarrheal diseases (DD) episode, (2) by studying the medical records of DD cases admitted to three hospitals, (3) by studying prescriptions dispensed by three pharmacies and (4) by focus group discussions. The findings were analysed to evaluate the achievement of the Indonesian Diarrheal Diseases Control Program (CDD). ORT, avoiding antimotility drugs and appropriated feeding have been accepted and practiced by the providers in Palembang. The target of promotion now is to support the acquisition of these behaviours to be implemented as a routine habit of the providers and as a part of the ongoing system of health care delivery system. Specifically the danger of loperamide promotion to the policy on antimotility must be stressed. Rapid iv rehydration and avoiding surface precipitating agents have been accepted, but are not practiced consistently yet due to practical considerations. It seems that there is no impact at all of CDD towards the rate of antibiotic therapy in DD. Besides intensifying the campaign, enforcing group pressure, may be we have to elaborate more the perception of health care provider as a practitioner, and conforming the strategy of the CDD campaign towards the findings. Health education had not been practiced effectively yet. Morale and value system of the providers are important for the success of this program. In general the medical-technic aspect of the CDD has been accepted by the providers, but there is still a lot to do in communicating them to be adopted as an effective behaviour.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗