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PubMed2006

Adult attachment and the perception of emotional expressions: probing the hyperactivating strategies underlying anxious attachment.

According to adult attachment theory, individual differences in attachment-related anxiety reflect variation in individuals' vigilance to cues relevant to appraising and monitoring the availability and responsiveness of significant others. To investigate this assumption, the authors adopted a morph movie paradigm in which participants were shown movies of faces in which an emotional facial expression changed gradually to a neutral one (Study 1) or a neutral expression changed to an emotional one (Studies 2-4). Participants were asked to judge the point at which the emotional expression had disappeared or emerged, respectively. Individuals who were highly anxious with respect to attachment were more likely to perceive the offset (Study 1) as well as the onset (Studies 2 and 3) of the facial expressions of emotion earlier than other people. Moreover, this heightened state of vigilance may have led to poorer accuracy in judging facial expressions of emotion (Study 3), an effect that was reversed when anxious individuals were required to watch the movies for the same length of time as less anxious participants (Study 4). The results indicate that variation in attachment anxiety reflects, in part, differences in vigilance to cues of social and emotional significance.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The relative effects of maternal and child problems on the quality of attachment: a meta-analysis of attachment in clinical samples.

In this meta-analysis of 34 clinical studies on attachment the hypothesis is tested that maternal problems such as mental illness lead to more deviating attachment classification distributions than child problems such as deafness. A correspondence analysis on 21 North American studies with normal subjects produced a baseline against which the clinical samples could be evaluated. Separate analyses were carried out on studies containing the traditional A, B, C classifications and on studies that also included the recently discovered D or A/C category. Results show that groups with a primary identification of maternal problems show attachment classification distributions highly divergent from the normal distributions, whereas groups with a primary identification of child problems show distributions that are similar to the distributions of normal samples. The introduction of the D or A/C classifications (about 15% in normal samples) reveals an overrepresentation of D or A/C in the child problem groups, but the resulting distribution still is much closer to the normal distributions compared to the samples with maternal problems. In clinical samples, the mother appears to play a more important role than the child in shaping the quality of the infant-mother attachment relationship.

Child Behavior Disorders↗

PubMed2004

Observing attachment behavior in couples: the Adult Attachment Behavior Q-Set (AABQ).

Knowledge as to how attachment behavior is observable in couple interaction can be very useful to clinicians who use attachment theory or related theories to guide their work with couples. The development of the Adult Attachment Behavior Q-Set (AABQ), a 100-item Q-sort designed to be consistent with Main's Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) coding system, is described. Videotaped discussions were coded for a sample of 28 couples. The majority of the couples were married and had sought therapy for couple problems. Reliability of coding was adequate. Evidence for validity was promising, with a match of 84% between the AAI and AABQ for secure versus insecure, and 70% for the three categories of secure, dismissing, and preoccupied. Even though additional reliability and validity information are needed for the AABQ, it holds promise for providing insights into couple dynamics that could be useful in guiding interventions and in evaluating the outcome of couple therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Predictors of attachment styles of children in foster care: an attachment theory model for working with families.

The purpose of this study was to examine the attachment styles of children in foster care and to use this information to inform clinical practice (N = 110). When examining the relationship between attachment style and child characteristics, no significant differences were found. A structural equation model hypothesizing the relation of individual characteristics, losses, and family contact to avoidant attachment was then tested. Results provided tentative support for the hypothesized model. Implications for therapists include being attentive to attachment injuries, and working to create safe therapeutic environments when working with families involved in the foster care system.

Child↗

PubMed1992

Classification of adult attachment: an integrative taxonomy from attachment and psychoanalytic theories.

Developmental and psychoanalytic theorists have focused increasingly on empirically determined early childhood antecedents of adult attachments, with several resulting taxonomic models. This article suggests a theoretically based and clinically based model of attachment consistent with both psychoanalytic and attachment theories, resulting in an integrative taxonomy of four adult attachment styles: dependent, avoidant, hostile, and resistant-ambivalent. These styles reflect behavioral manifestations of dependence and anger, as derived from the interaction of primitive relational drives, defenses, and interpersonal experience. In addition to theoretical construction, brief clinical examples are presented to facilitate discussion of the model.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The ability of adult mental health services to meet clients' attachment needs: the development and implementation of the Service Attachment Questionnaire.

This study examined the relevance of adult attachment to the relationships between mental health services and their clients. The aim of the study was to develop a self-report measure with acceptable levels of reliability and validity and which was grounded in the experiences of service users, to assess the ability of adult mental health services to meet clients' attachment needs. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology was used. The Service Attachment Questionnaire (SAQ) was developed via focus groups of service users, followed by a grounded theory analysis of the group data to identify themes and potential items for inclusion. Two clinical trials were conducted to assess its reliability and validity. The grounded theory analysis produced six key themes forming the basis of the six-subscale, 25-item SAQ. It demonstrated good levels of internal and test-retest reliability. Factor analysis of the subscales revealed a single underlying construct. The SAQ is a reliable and usable self-report measure, and indicates that attachment is relevant to the relationships clients have with mental health services. As the measure is the first of its kind, further exploration of the measure's reliability and validity is recommended.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1978

The relationship between attachment height and attachment area of teeth using a digitizer and a digital computer.

Nine lower first bicuspid teeth were mounted in blocks of plastic and their roots were serially sectioned and photographed. Data from the photographs were compiled by a digitizer and a digital computer, which calculated the cumulative root surface area for each millimeter of root height. From these data, three variables, which relate root surface area to root height, were calculated. It was found that if one-half of the height of attachment to the root were lost due to periodontal disease, a mean of 61.5% of the actual attachment area to the root is lost. If a mean of 5.72 mm of root attachment height is lost, or if a mean of 60.6% of the same root height remains, only one-half of the total root attachment area remains to provide tooth support.

Bicuspid↗

PubMed1999

Option-4 algorithm for third generation disc probe: agreement of selected site-specific relative attachment level measurements and detection of longitudinal site-specific attachment level change.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal site-specific attachment level change (SSAC), identified from serial relative attachment level measurements (RAL), is the principal indicator of progression/regression of periodontal diseases. Many variables confound RAL reproducibility and affect measurement error. The Option-4 algorithm was designed to reduce measurement error and improve accuracy and sensitivity of SSAC detection. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Option-4 algorithm. METHODS: A precalibrated clinician recorded full mouth RAL with a third generation disc probe on 4 occasions over 6 months in 16 subjects (mean age 48.1 years) with moderately advanced chronic adult periodontitis (2,312 sites). Option-4 allowed up to 4 RAL recordings per site per visit until 2 values had differences < or =1.0 mm and their mean was < or =1.0 mm from the previous visit mean: the clinician made the selection if these criteria were unfulfilled. RESULTS: Within-visit agreement < or =1.0 mm was > or =99.6%: all within-visit correlation coefficients = 0.98 (P<0.001). At each visit, mean difference in Option-4 values was < 0.05 mm, mean absolute difference (ignoring direction) was < or =.34 mm. Mean site-specific variances ranged from 0.092 mm2 to 0.097 mm2 across all visits. Subject thresholds for site-specific attachment level change (from estimated 95% confidence limits of visit 1 data) ranged from 0.52 mm to 0.67 mm. Linear SSAC (by linear regression) and between-visit patterns of SSAC were investigated. SSAC was detected in 100% subjects and at 51.0% measured sites. Linear SSAC (R2 > or =0.90: P < or =0.05) occurred at 105 sites (4.5%): 32 sites (1.4%) deteriorated, 73 sites (3.1%) improved. Between-visit SSAC occurred at 1,074 sites (46.5%): 391 sites (16.9%) deteriorated, 295 sites (12.8%) improved, and 388 sites (16.8%) showed exacerbation/remission patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The Option-4 algorithm produced high RAL agreement. Site-specific attachment level change was detected in both directions in 100% subjects and at 51.0% measured sites.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Development and validation of the adult attachment scale: assessing attachment in elderly adults.

This study describes the development of a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess attachment in older adults: the Lipson-Parra Adult Attachment Scale (LAAS). The three-phase design included a critique of the initial 60-item instrument by a panel of experts, a pilot test with 16 respondents, and a field study with 211 respondents ranging in age from 65 to 99 years. The construct validity of the tool was established via factor analysis. A high alpha coefficient of .97 provided strong evidence for its reliability. Significant correlations were found between attachment scores and items regarding residential proximity, contact frequency, and the closeness of the parental relationships. One-way analysis of variance produced significant differences in means according to marital status, number of living children, and living arrangement. Subsequent testing of the revised 20-item LAAS on a sample of 202 respondents provided further support for the reliability and validity of the LAAS. With the development of a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess attachment in adults, a better understanding of bonds in older individuals will now be possible.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Sensitivity and attachment: a meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment.

This meta-analysis included 66 studies (N = 4,176) on parental antecedents of attachment security. The question addressed was whether maternal sensitivity is associated with infant attachment security, and what the strength of this relation is. It was hypothesized that studies more similar to Ainsworth's Baltimore study (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) would show stronger associations than studies diverging from this pioneering study. To create conceptually homogeneous sets of studies, experts divided the studies into 9 groups with similar constructs and measures of parenting. For each domain, a meta-analysis was performed to describe the central tendency, variability, and relevant moderators. After correction for attenuation, the 21 studies (N = 1,099) in which the Strange Situation procedure in nonclinical samples was used, as well as preceding or concurrent observational sensitivity measures, showed a combined effect size of r(1,097) = .24. According to Cohen's (1988) conventional criteria, the association is moderately strong. It is concluded that in normal settings sensitivity is an important but not exclusive condition of attachment security. Several other dimensions of parenting are identified as playing an equally important role. In attachment theory, a move to the contextual level is required to interpret the complex transactions between context and sensitivity in less stable and more stressful settings, and to pay more attention to nonshared environmental influences.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A simple, predictable intraoral technique for retentive mechanism attachment of implant overdenture attachments.

A technique is presented for intraorally attaching two O-ring attachments to a mandibular complete denture. The technique involves fabricating and placing a mandibular denture with conventional procedures. Patients adapt initially to the complete denture. The attachments are then attached to the denture base with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. This technique provides a predictable method to achieve a tissue-supported and implant-retained overdenture.

Dental Abutments↗

PubMed2002

Fibronectin attachment protein is necessary for efficient attachment and invasion of epithelial cells by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Attachment and ingestion of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by two epithelial cell lines were enhanced by soluble fibronectin (FN). Peptide blocking of the FN attachment protein (FAP-P) inhibited the internalization of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Disruption of FAP-P expression significantly reduced attachment and ingestion of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by T-24 and Caco-2 cells. The results indicate that the interaction between FN and FAP-P facilitates attachment and internalization of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by epithelial cells.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1983

Attachment of Paramecium to polystyrene surfaces. II. Induction of the attachment by hydrophobic reagents or immune immunoglobulin G.

Mating-reactive cells of Paramecium multimicronucleatum attach to a polystyrene surface (Falcon 10070 culture dishes) irrespective of extracellular ion concentration and swimming velocity. This attachment is induced in cells that are not mating-reactive by treatment with purified immunoglobulin G from antiserum, which blocks cells from mating or from antiserum prepared against the surface-localized immobilization antigens. Treatment with certain hydrophobic reagents such as phenethylamine, benzylamine, amphetamine or phenylethylamine also strongly induces attachment. Similar results are obtained with P. caudatum. Micronuclear activation, which normally occurs in the conjugation process, does not occur, however, in cells that are induced to attach to the polystyrene surface.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1989

[Connective tissue attachment to root surfaces in periodontal disease. Initial attachment of human gingival fibroblasts].

We studied the effect of periodontal treatment (scaling, SC; root planning, RP; scaling followed by citric acid, SC + CA; and root planing followed by citric acid, RP + CA) of periodontally diseased root surfaces on the initial attachment of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Root slices were prepared from surgically extracted human normal and periodontally involved teeth. Each treated root slice was placed in a well of a 24-well plate containing a PBS-antibiotic solution (penicillin, 200 units/ml; streptomycin, 200 micrograms/ml) for 1 hr. at 4 degrees C. Then, to each well was added 1 x 10(4) cells in 1 ml of alpha-MEM, and the plates were incubated for 24 hr. After the root slices were fixed and stained, the morphological changes and the numbers of attached cells were determined under a dissecting microscope. The fibroblasts on the controls (untreated normal roots) and the RP-roots appeared spindle-shaped with a few cell processes. The cells on the SC-roots were rounded or slightly elongated. The cells on the roots treated with citric acid (SC + CA and RP + CA) had were flat and seemed well attached to the surface. The number of cells attached on RP- and RP + CA-roots was increased to the control level, but those on SC- and SC + CA-roots were showed about 60% of the control. No significant differences in the numbers of cells were found between RP and RP + CA treatment or between SC and SC + CA treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cell Adhesion↗

PubMed1990

Does infant carrying promote attachment? An experimental study of the effects of increased physical contact on the development of attachment.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that increased physical contact, experimentally induced, would promote greater maternal responsiveness and more secure attachment between infant and mother. Low-SES mothers of newborn infants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 23) that received soft baby carriers (more physical contact) or to a control group (n = 26) that received infants seats (less contact). Using a transitional probability analysis of a play session at 31/2 months, it was demonstrated that mothers in the experimental group were more contingently responsive than control mothers to their infants' vocalizations. When the infants were 13 months old, the Ainsworth Strange Situation was administered. Significantly more experimental than control infants were securely attached to their mothers. We infer from these results that for low-income, inner-city mothers, there may be a causal relation between increased physical contact, achieved through early carrying in a soft baby carrier, and subsequent security of attachment between infant and mother.

Attention↗

PubMed1995

Breaking the intergenerational cycle of insecure attachment: a review of the effects of attachment-based interventions on maternal sensitivity and infant security.

In this paper the effectiveness of preventive or therapeutic interventions aiming at enhancing parental sensitivity and children's attachment security is addressed. Sixteen pertinent studies have been reviewed, and 12 studies have been included in a quantitative meta-analysis (N = 869). Results show that interventions are more effective in changing parental insensitivity (d = .58) than in changing children's attachment insecurity (d = .17). Longer, more intensive, and therapeutic interventions appear to be less effective than short-term preventive interventions. Interventions which are effective at the behavioral level may not necessarily lead to changes in insecure mental representations of the parents involved. The implications of changes at the behavioral level (sensitivity; attachment) without accompanying changes at the representational level will be discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Attachment and family therapy: clinical utility of adolescent-family attachment research.

The divide separating research and clinical work is narrowing. New therapies have been informed by research from specialties such as developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology. In this article, we attempt to illustrate the usefulness of research on attachment relations for family-based therapy with adolescents. We examine the clinical utility of adolescent attachment research within the context of multidimensional family therapy, an empirically supported treatment model that has incorporated developmental research, including basic research on attachment, in its assessment and intervention framework.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of promoting intrauterine attachment in primiparas on postdelivery attachment.

Twenty-two women participated in a modified replicate study which examined the effects of prenatal maternal attachment behaviors during first pregnancies. A pretest reflected the degree of maternal-fetal attachment behaviors and attitudes already formed. The women in the experimental group received three interventions aimed at directing the mothers' attentions toward their fetuses. The remaining women received routine prenatal care only. All mothers were observed once in the first few days postpartum to assess maternal attachment behaviors. Data analysis did not substantiate the findings of the earlier study. Factors identified in the added pretest may have accounted for this difference.

Adolescent↗