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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

The occurrence of salmonellae in free-flying-avifauna: isolation and antibiogram.

The occurrence of salmonellae in a variety of free-flying birds was investigated. Of 790 intestinal-content-samples examined, 20 yielded different Salmonella serotypes, which included 10 strains of S. saint-paul, 4 of S. bareilly, 3 of S. weltevreden, 2 of S. typhimurium and 1 of Salmonella E1 group. Common Mynah, house-sparrow, swallow, grey-partridge, parrot and crow were found positive for the presence of salmonellae. Antibiogram of the isolates was studied against 14 common chemotherapeutic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Comparative study of the antibiograms as well as serotype and virulence of Ps. aeruginosa cultures].

Seven antibiotics, such as gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, polymyxin M, carbenicillin, tetracycline and rifampicin were studied with respect to their effect on 260 strains of Ps. aeruginosa isolated from various sources within 1945-1971. Gentamycin and polymyxin M proved to be most active in vitro. Carbenicillin showed moderate activity. The sensitivity levels of the cultures of Ps. aeruginosa isolated from various sources within 30 years were identical. Serological typing of 59 cultures of Ps. aeruginosa was performed and their virulence was studied in parallel with their antibiotic sensitivity testing. No correlation between the antibiograms, serotypes and virulence of Ps. aeruginosa was found.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1995

Aeromonas and Plesiomonas species as bacterial agents of diarrhoea in urban and rural areas of Nigeria: antibiogram of isolates.

Two thousand four hundred stool samples comprising 1 200 each from diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal (control) cases with 600 of each category from urban and rural areas were screened for the prevalence of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas species in the different groups. Thirty (5 pc) and (14,8 pc) of Aeromonas species and 14 (2,3 pc) and 46 (7,7 pc) of Plesiomonas shigelloides were isolated from urban and rural areas respectively for diarrhoea cases. Only eight (1,3 pc) and 18 (3 pc) of Aeromonas spp. from urban and rural areas respectively and none of P. shigelloides were isolated from controls. Both organisms were more commonly associated with females than males. This may be attributable to the fact that both organisms are environmental water bacteria and in rural areas, because females engage more in domestic activities than males have more frequent contacts with the water sources such as rivers, streams, ponds. Most rural areas lack piped water supply. Diarrhoea due to both organisms was associated with fever and vomiting: mainly watery but mucoid and bloody stools were also noted. Antiobiogram of isolates showed over 70 pc resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin in both rural and urban areas whereas over 90 pc of both organisms were sensitive to nalidixic acid and gentamycin in urban and rural areas. Antibiogram of isolates was independent of age, sex and area of residence. Finally, for cases of infections due to Aeromonas spp. and P. shigelloides, the use of gentamycin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin would be appropriate in both urban and rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Standardization of the Neisseria meningitidis antibiogram. Detection of strains relatively resistant to penicillin].

Studying the susceptibility of 189 Neisseria meningitidis strains to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and rifampicin by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by agar dilution (reference method), E-test and disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2 enabled us to standardize the antibiograms. While MIC determination by agar dilution is still the reference method, it is possible to obtain exact or approximate MIC values using the E-test. For laboratories that cannot determine penicillin MICs, it is impossible to detect strains that are relatively resistant to penicillin (RRP strains: 0.1 < or = MIC < or = 1 mg/l) using a 10-U penicillin disc. A 1 microgram-oxacillin disc allows MIC to be determined in most cases when the oxacillin inhibition zone is < or = 10 mm. Such strains must be sent to a reference laboratory for exact MIC determination. Based on our results and literature data on pharmacokinetics, we propose critical concentrations for these various antibiotics as well as critical diameters for chloramphenicol and rifampicin discs.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1985

Salmonella and Shigella in adult diarrhoea in Addis Ababa--prevalence and antibiograms.

Ninety Shigella and 45 Salmonella strains were isolated from 1000 adult diarrhoeal out-patients from various hospitals and clinics in Addis Ababa. The Shigella species were isolated in the order of frequency of S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii and S. sonnei and the Salmonella in the order of Group C, Group B, S. typhi, other Group D and Groups A and E. Almost all Shigella isolates were sensitive to cephalothin, gentamicin, kanamycin, polymyxin B and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. About 17% were sensitive to the 11 drugs tested. Multiple resistance was detected in 62%, the most common to six drugs (27%). All Salmonella isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, polymyxin B and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. About 69% were sensitive to all drugs tested. 22% were multiply resistant and the most common was to eight drugs (18%).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

Aerobic bacterial isolates from burn wound infections and their antibiograms--a five-year study.

A retrospective study of major aerobic bacterial isolates from pus/wound swabs taken from patients admitted to the burn unit at Govt. Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India, over a period of 5 years (June 1997-May 2002) was undertaken. The study was carried out to determine the bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates and to describe the change in trends over the study period. The pus/wound swabs yielded very high culture positivity (96%) for 665 total isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be most common isolate (59%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.9%), Acinetobacter spp. (7.2%), Klebsiella spp. (3.9%), Enterobacter spp. (3.9%), Proteus spp. (3.3%) and others (4.8%). Although P. aeruginosa continued to remain the predominant isolate over the five years, a constant and significant increase in the incidence of Acinetobacter spp. was found. Amikacin was found to be the most effective drug against gram negative bacteria, however, resistance to it was significantly increased over 5 years. For S. aureus and P. aeruginosa netilmicin and piperacillin were found to be the most effective drugs. Most of the isolates showed high level resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2004

Antibiograms of resistant Gram-negative bacteria from Scottish CF patients.

BACKGROUND: Over a 19-month pilot phase, 93 multiply resistant Gram-negative isolates from Scottish cystic fibrosis patients were sent to a referral laboratory for further investigation. METHODS: In common with the referring diagnostic laboratories, disc diffusion testing was carried out. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was also established by MIC methodology. NCCLS methods were used throughout. Twenty antibiotics were tested. RESULTS: Comparing disc diffusion results against MIC results, there were 167 (14%) major errors. By MIC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 59), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 16), Burkholderia cepacia (n = 10) and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (n = 7) were susceptible to 18%, 11%, 4% and 35% of the antibiotics tested, respectively. Colistin and tobramycin were the most active agents against P. aeruginosa with 60% and 49%, respectively, testing susceptible. Minocycline and gentamicin were most active against S. maltophilia with 58% and 18%, respectively, testing susceptible. B. cepacia were most susceptible to co-trimoxazole (10%) and ciprofloxacin (10%). Five and six of the seven A. xylosoxidans isolates were susceptible to piperacillin and imipenem, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved methods for susceptibility testing of such clinical isolates need to be employed in routine diagnostic laboratories. Levels of resistance in referred isolates were very high and similar to those described in the USA.

Cystic Fibrosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interpretative reading of the antibiogram in gram-positive cocci].

Resistance to methicillin in Staphylococcus is related to expression of the gene mecA, and implies resistance to all beta-lactams. Breakpoints for interpretation of this mechanism differ in S. aureus and in coagulase-negative species. In relation to macrolides-lincosamides-streptograminsB, the most frequent mechanism among resistant strains is expression of methylases (erm genes). Topoisomerase changes caused by point mutations and expression of the efflux pump NorA determine resistance to quinolones, but there are great differences on the activity of different compounds, which makes interpretative reading difficult. Strains of S. aureus with intermediate susceptibility to glycopeptides (GISA strains) have been recently described. In Spain, there is a high percentage of S. pneumoniae strains intermediate or resistant to penicillin, and a low percentage of strains intermediate or resistant to third generation cephalosporins, because of mutations in genes encoding penicillin-binding proteins. The most frequent phenotype of resistance to macrolides in this species is caused by methylase production. Resistance to quinolones is still uncommon, and is related to the mechanisms previously indicated for Staphylococcus, but clinical interpretation of the antibiograma for this organism is even more complex. No strains of S. pyogenes resistant to penicillin have yet been described. In Spain the most common phenotype of resistance to macrolides in S. pyogenes is determined by efflux pumps (mef genes), affecting 14- and 15-membered macrolides. E. faecalis is usually susceptible to ampicillin, in contrast to E. faecium. Enterococci show intrinsic resistance to aminoglycosides, but still remain susceptible to the combination of these antimicrobials and cell-wall active agents. Strains expressing different aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes became resistant to the combination. Glycopeptide-resistant strains of enterococci are uncommon in our country, but several genotypes, of which vanA is the most relevant from a clinical point of view, have been described in other regions.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗
PubMed1993

Antibiogram typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a comparison with phage typing, biotyping and API Staph.

68 strains of methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been characterized by four different methods. First, by their production of lecithinase, lipase, pigment and sheep haemolysin. Second, by API Staph code. Third, by their sensitivity to 9 antibiotics. Fourth, by phage typing using the International Set and Supplementary phages. The third method was the most discriminatory. The combination of the first three techniques provides a highly effective, cheap and simple system to type MRSA. 80 separate MRSA strains from 26 countries were found to belong to a wide variety of phage types. Most were of group III. The most commonly found types were 85 (6 strains), 84 (4 strains) and 47 (3 strains).

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗