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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Estimation of the thickness of the crystalline lens from on-axis and off-axis Scheimpflug photographs.

Measurement of human lens biometry directly from Scheimpflug images of the anterior ocular segment may be impossible when pupil size precludes an adequate Scheimpflug view of the posterior lens surface. The authors describe a simple and accurate geometric method of overcoming this problem by estimating the true lens thickness from pairs of on-axis and off-axis Scheimpflug images. The method is validated and the variability of the estimate is quantified. This new method has utility in the study of lens biometry in subjects with large lenses whose pupils cannot be adequately dilated.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2003

Short-axis versus long-axis approaches for teaching ultrasound-guided vascular access on a new inanimate model.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a short-axis (SA) or long-axis (LA) ultrasound (US) approach to guidance for line placement results in faster vascular access for novice US users. Also, to assess if there was a difference in the number of skin penetrations and needle redirections between the two guidance techniques. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, observational study of emergency medicine (EM) residents at a Level I trauma center. A gelatin dessert and dietary fiber supplement mixture, providing a realistic US image, were placed inside a synthetic arm skin that is used for training phlebotomists and contains a rubber vein filled with red fluid at a depth of 1.5 cm. After a 30-minute tutorial on US-guided vascular access, EM residents were randomized to one of two groups. Group one attempted SA first and then the LA. Group two tried LA first followed by the SA. Time from skin break to vein cannulation, number of skin breaks and needle redirections, and difficulty of access on a 10-point Likert scale as reported by residents were recorded. Statistical analysis included paired Student's t-test with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: Seventeen EM residents participated. The mean times to vein cannulation in SA and LA were 2.36 minutes (95% CI = 1.15 to 3.58) and 5.02 minutes (95% CI = 2.90 to 7.13), respectively (p = 0.03). The mean numbers of skin breaks for SA and LA were 4.18 (95% CI = 1.18 to 7.17) and 5.76 (95% CI = 1.83 to 9.69), respectively (p = 0.49). The mean numbers of needle redirections in the SA and LA were 13.71 (95% CI = 4.51 to 22.89) and 18.17 (95% CI = 7.95 to 28.40), respectively (p = 0.51). The mean difficulty scores for SA and LA were 3.99 (95% CI = 2.42 to 5.67) and 5.86 (95% CI = 4.32 to 7.40), respectively (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Novice US users obtain vascular access faster with an SA approach on an inanimate model.

Catheters, Indwelling↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of total body surface map depolarization patterns of left bundle branch block and normal axis with left bundle branch block and left-axis deviation.

Total body surface maps from 15 subjects with left bundle branch block and normal axis (LBBB-NA) and 10 subjects with left bundle branch block and left axis (LBBB-LA) were analyzed and compared with maps from normal subjects. In 19 of the 25 subjects with LBBB, the timing of early upper sternal positivity was similar to that of normal subjects, indicative of timely but oppositely directed septal activation. The right ventricular breakthrough was normally located in all, but was earlier after the onset of QRS than expected in some. The initial portion of the positivity produced by left ventricular activation was located in the upper anterior chest in both LBBB-NA and LBBB-LA, but its onset was generally delayed compared with that in normal subjects, presumably because of the time taken by the right-to-left septal activation. Also, the total duration of this positivity was longer than in normal subjects and extended considerably beyond 90 msec, indicating prolonged activation of the anterior free wall of the left ventricle. In LBBB-NA, this upper anterior positivity remained anterior throughout depolarization, but in LBBB-LA it moved toward the left shoulder and the left upper back, presumably due to the posterior orientation of the terminal portion of depolarization. This terminal orientation in patients with LBBB-LA was thought to be due to the additional delay in the activation of the anterobasal portion of the left ventricle caused by selective involvement of the left anterior fascicle.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) has a central inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis; comparisons between the effect of AGRP and neuropeptide Y on energy homeostasis and the HPT axis.

Because alpha-MSH has a potent stimulatory action on hypophysiotropic TRH synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), preventing the effects of fasting on the gene expression of the TRH prohormone (proTRH), we hypothesized that agouti-related protein (AGRP), a melanocortin receptor antagonist, may exert a central inhibitory action on these neurons. To test the hypothesis, the effects of intracerebroventricularly administered AGRP on circulating thyroid hormone levels and proTRH mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were compared with the effects of the recently described central inhibitor of the HPT axis, neuropeptide Y (NPY). AGRP administration increased food consumption and weight gain, suppressed circulating levels of thyroid hormones (T(3) and T(4)), and resulted in an inappropriately normal TSH. These alterations were associated with a significant suppression of proTRH mRNA in the PVN, indicating that AGRP infusion resulted in a state of central hypothyroidism. While similar observations were made in the NPY-infused animals, AGRP-treated animals had higher feeding efficiency, higher T(4) levels, and lower type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase levels in brown adipose tissue than NPY-infused animals. These data demonstrate that AGRP and NPY have a similarly potent inhibitory action on the proTRH gene expression of hypophysiotropic neurons, indicating that both AGRP and NPY may play a major role in the inhibition of the HPT axis during fasting.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1997

Heuristic models of comorbidity of axis I and axis II disorders.

The mechanisms responsible for the co-occurrence of personality disorders with Axis I disorders are not well understood. We propose a number of models that include various relationships at the etiological, pathophysiological, and observable clinical levels between personality disorders and Axis I disorders. It is recommended that such models be subjected to empirical tests to assess their validity.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2000

Taxonomic anxieties: Axis I and Axis II in prison.

This essay describes the use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatry in the prison setting. The distinction between the Axis I disorders (major mental illness) and those designated Axis II (character disorders) is explored in terms of the professional division of labor in prison and the problems posed for prison discipline by "behaviorally disturbed" inmates. Conflicts over diagnosis are placed in ethnographic and historical perspective and form the basis for a discussion of the problematic relationship between disciplinary space and issues of subjection and agency.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Cycles of antler and testicular growth in an aseasonal tropical deer (Axis axis).

Antler and testicular cycles were studied in a group of free ranging axis deer stags kept out of doors in southern England. Within the herd, there was little evidence of a clear seasonal synchrony in the antler cycle. Detailed information obtained from 4 stags indicated that there was a fixed relationship between stage of the antler cycle and testis diameter; minimum testis diameter occurred 1-2 months after antler casting whereas maximum testis diameter occurred when stags were in hard antler. Changes in body weight, circumference of the neck and plasma testosterone concentrations largely paralleled those of testis diameter. Motile spermatozoa were collected at all stages of the testis cycle. Six animals in the early stages of antler growth were selected from the herd in May and 3 of these were implanted with 1 g melatonin in a Silastic rubber envelope. Each animal was captured on 3 subsequent occasions at monthly intervals. Melatonin was without effect on the rate of increase in size of the testis, circumference of the neck or growth and cleaning of the antlers although 1 of the treated animals failed to cast his antlers at the expected time 8 months after cleaning. We conclude from this study that there is little or no seasonal photoperiodic entrainment of the antler and testicular cycles of males in this population of axis deer.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Gene expression related to growth axis and gonadal axis in puberty rats].

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effect and effective mechanism of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) on growth axis and gonadal axis in puberty rats. METHODS: After injecting GnRHa on puberty rats, hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and epiphyseal cartilage of legs were taken, and related gene expression was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR). RESULTS: GnRHa could reduce the gene expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in hypothalamus and its receptor (GnRHR) in pituitary, increase the gene expression of growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone (SRIH), and not affect the gene expression of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) in hypothalamus. And GnRHa could reduce the gene expression of growth hormone (GH) in pituitary, estrogen receptor (ER) in ovary and insulin-like growth factors-I (IGF-1) in epiphyseal cartilage of legs. CONCLUSION: Besides restraining the gene expression of GnRHR in pituitary and leading to descent regulation of receptor, GnRHa can reduce the gene expression of GnRH in hypothalamus and down-regulate gonadal hormone level. At last, GnRHa can reduce the maturity degree and pace of the second sexual characteristics. By means of increasing the gene expression of SRIH in hypothalamus, GnRHa can reduce the gene expression of GH in pituitary and IGF-1 in epiphyseal cartilage of legs. It could be one of the mechanisms of GnRHa reducing epiphyseal maturity for the patients with idiopathic central precocious puberty.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Haematology and serum biochemistry of captive unsedated chital deer (Axis axis) in Australia.

Haematological and serum biochemical values were measured in blood samples collected over a 12-mo period from 37 unsedated chital deer (Axis axis). Stags and hinds, ranging in age from birth to maturity, were sampled. Haemoglobin, total erythrocyte and haematocrit values were low at birth and sex differences were not apparent in neonates and juveniles, but were in adults. Chital stags had higher erythrocyte parameters (P less than 0.001) and lower erythrocyte indices than hinds, and the total leucocyte count was higher in stags (P less than 0.01). Some parameters (erythrocytes, muscle enzymes, glucose, cortisol) decreased over successive serial sampling. The differential leucocyte count of older stags decreased during the initial handling period. The major rutting period in February and March was characterised by changes in the differential leucocyte count, elevations in serum muscle enzymes, and lower serum cortisol levels. Alkaline phosphatase activity in serum reflected the annual antler cycle of chital stags. Serial sampling over many weeks, either weekly or tri-weekly, produced haematological and biochemical changes in successive samples which may have reflected a reduction in stress and excitement associated with restraint.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

[Located hinge-axis or conventional hinge-axis?].

The purpose of this study is first, to evaluate the influence of locating the horizontal transverse axis of rotation of the mandible, both kinematically and conventionally, and second, to determine the influence of the thickness of the wax check-bite, as obtained in the centric relation, upon the functional analysis of the occlusion. The results show that the influence of any displacement of the horizontal transverse axis of rotation of the mandible is smaller, within a circle with a 6-mm radius, than that of the thickness of the wax check-bite obtained in the centric relation.

Dental Articulators↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the normal polarcardiogram using right to left axis as the polar axis.

Polarcardiograms using right to left axis as the polar axis were recorded in 112 cases of the clinically healthy subjects. The wave forms of the polarcardiogram of the normal subjects were classified into the several difinite patterns. The quantitative values obtained by the measurement of the polarcardiograms agreed well with those obtained by the vectorcardiograms reported by the various authors. Polarcardiography has advantages not only to let us know the spatial polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors at any instant very easily and quickly, but also to give us the informations of the time-related continuous pattern of the polar components of the cardiac vectors very easily which are difficult to obtain by the conventional ECG and VCG.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on the normal polarcardiogram using the posteroanterior axis as the polar axis (author's transl)].

Polarcardiograms using the posteroanterior axis as the polar axis were recorded in 112 cases of the clinically healthy subjects. QRS wave with small notch or slur both in front and behind of the main triangular configuration with narrow base were most frequently observed in the frontal magnitude ECG. T wave showed simple monophasic upright wave with the mildly sloping ascending limb and the relatively rapidly sloping descending limb. The magnitude of the maximum QRS vector and the maximum QRS vector time in frontal plane were very similar with those of the spatial QRS vector. The quantitative values obtained by the measurement of the polarcardiograms agreed well with those obtained by the vectorcardiograms reported by the various authors. Polarcardiography made possible not only to know the polar coordinates of the cardiac vector at any instant very easily, but also to express the time-related curve of the polar coordinates, which vary as a function of time, in easily understandable analogue pattern. QRS and T waves of the magnitude, the alpha-longitude and P-A latitude ECG in the normal subjects were classified into the several definite patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Angiographic evidence of long-axis rotation in addition to short-axis aortopulmonary rotation: its implication in transposition of the great arteries.

To assess the pattern of aortic sinus in varied aortopulmonary rotations and its clinical implications, three aortic sinuses at the diastolic phase in true lateral view are identified in 53 angiograms of complete transposition of the great arteries recorded between 1988 and 1993. The patients with the high takeoff of the coronary arteries found at surgery and in the literature were selected for additional investigation. Six regions were defined on the horizontal plane. From left anterior 89 degrees to 61 degrees, the non-facing sinus moved toward the anterior aspect (one patient). From left anterior 60 degrees to left anterior 1 degree, the left-hand sinus moved gradually from an anterior toward a posterior location (two patients). From directly anterior 0 degree to right anterior 59 degrees, the right-hand sinus moved from posterior toward an anterior position (30 patients). From right anterior 60 degrees to right posterior 105 degrees, the non-facing sinus moved posteriorly (20 patients). On approaching directly anterior 0 degree and toward right anterior 60 degrees, the left-hand sinus was the lowest in anterior transposition of the great arteries instead of the non-facing sinus, as in left anterior 90 degrees and in posterior transposition of the great arteries. High takeoff occurred commonly above the lowest left-hand sinus in anterior transposition of the great arteries (2 cases here and 5 in the literature, 100%). In conclusion, aortopulmonary rotations about the short and long axes were both evident on identification of the aortic sinus in various rotations. The aortic sinus did not rotate along the long-axis in anterior transposition of the great arteries, thus making the left-hand sinus, the lowest of this group, vulnerable to the high takeoff of the coronary arteries in anterior transposition of the great arteries.

Aorta↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comorbidity of axis I and axis II diagnoses in a sample of Egyptian patients with neurotic disorders.

Neurosis and personality disorder (PD) are two of the most used but least clarified and understood terms in psychiatry. The separation of PD by the American Psychiatric Association in DSM-III and -IV as a discrete axis of classification has been a major advance in psychiatric nosology. Also with the advent of DSM-III and its multiaxial system, it was recognized that both PD and clinical syndromes can coexist, and in some cases this coexistence may have implications on treatment response and prognosis. This study was performed on 200 neurotic patients in an attempt to investigate possible correlations between various neurotic subcategories and personality types. Our results confirm that PD and personality abnormality are significantly higher in neurotic patients than in controls and need to be considered in diagnostic assessment. Some comorbidity was shown between borderline PD and somatoform disorder; compulsive PD and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD); and avoidant PD and phobia. However, our data failed to show a correlation between the presence of an additional PD and particular neurotic symptomatology. It seems that the association between neurotic disorders and PD should not be taken to indicate a direct causative relationship. It is likely that personality is just one of the predisposing factors that influence the individual response to psychological trauma and determine the form of neurosis. The most prevalent PD was found to be PD NOS, followed by borderline, compulsive, avoidant, and finally histrionic PDs. The term, multiple PD, should be given substance to characterize the diagnosis as a disorder, rather than leaving it at its current status of what seems to be a nondistinct clinical picture. Extensive research has to be undertaken in an attempt to decide which specific PDs most deserve to be included in the official nomenclature.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

QRS axis in isolated perimembranous ventricular septal defect and influences of morphological factors on QRS axis.

To detect the frequency of left axis deviation (LAD) in isolated perimembranous ventricular septal defects (VSD) we retrospectively analyzed electrocardiograms of 59 patients, aged 8 months to 15 years. Patients were grouped into those having ventricular septal aneurysm (VSA) formation (n:20) and those who did not have VSA (n:39). Patients with VSA were then stratified into 2 groups according to the presence of left ventricular-to-right atrial (LV-RA) shunt. Four hundred healthy children served as the control group. We found that 12 (20.3%) of 59 patients with isolated perimembranous VSD had a LAD. Five of 6 patients with perimembranous outlet VSD and 6 with perimembranous inlet VSD had abnormal LAD with a qR pattern in I and aVL and rS in aVF. Abnormal LAD was more prevalent in patients with VSA (40%) than without VSA (7.7%) (P <.01). We also found that mild right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) with the rsR' or rSR' pattern in V1 was more frequent in patients with VSA, especially those who had LV-RA shunt. However, we could not find significant difference between patients with or without LV-RA shunt for the incidence of abnormal LAD and mild RVH. Localization of perimembranous VSD was not found to have an effect on frequency of abnormal LAD and mild RVH in this patient group. In patients with clinical findings of VSD, the existence of abnormal LAD especially if it is associated with mild RVH, should raise the possibility of perimembranous VSD with VSA formation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

An easier method to obtain the sphere, cylinder, and axis from an off-axis dioptric power matrix.

Dr. W. F. Long pointed out that calculations of decentration in spherocylindrical lenses, as well as calculations of combinations of obliquely crossed spherocylindrical lenses, are considerably simplified by the use of matrix methods. In the obliquely crossed lens problem, Long used eigenvalue techniques to obtain the sphere, cylinder, and axis of the equivalent lens. This paper presents an alternative to the eigenvalue method. This alternative method uses the invariance of the trace and determinant of the dioptric power matrix. This alternative is conceptually easier to understand than the eigenvalue method and perhaps will encourage more people to use the matrix methods.

Eyeglasses↗