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PubMed2005

Using paid radio advertisements to promote physical activity among Arkansas tweens.

INTRODUCTION: The level of physical activity among children is a growing concern. Evidence shows that many children aged 9 to 13 years (tweens) do not participate in any organized physical activity during their nonschool hours, and some do not engage in any free-time physical activity. Physical inactivity is associated with a host of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Paid media advertisements have been an effective method of promoting physical activity. METHODS: From March 10, 2003, through June 29, 2003, we aired paid radio advertisements in six major Arkansas metropolitan areas to promote physical activity among tweens. In September 2003, we surveyed 295 Arkansas tweens by telephone to assess their exposure to the advertisements and the impact of the advertisements on their intent to participate in physical activity. In the same telephone survey, we also asked questions about the respondents' physical activity level. The data were weighted so that the results would be representative of the areas surveyed. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 11.5 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill). RESULTS: Of the tweens surveyed, 56.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.7%-62.1%) reported hearing the radio advertisements. Of the tweens who heard the advertisement messages, 76.1% (95% CI, 69.4%-82.8%) said the messages made them more likely to get involved in physical activity. Younger tweens (aged 9 and 10 years) were less likely to have heard the advertisements than older tweens (aged 11 to 13 years). However, the advertisements were more likely to cause younger tweens to want to get involved in physical activity (odds ratio [OR] = 6.89, P = .003) than older tweens. Of the tweens surveyed, 74.9% (95% CI, 70.0%-79.8%) reported that they were involved in nonschool-sponsored sports, and 45.3% (95% CI, 39.6%-51.0%) were involved in school-sponsored sports. CONCLUSION: Paid media advertisements may be an effective way to promote physical activity among tweens. More rigorous evaluations of the impact of paid media advertisements among tweens, with larger samples and additional media markets, are needed. Future physical activity promotion efforts should focus on encouraging participation in school-sponsored sports and creating community environments conducive to physical activity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Cardiac transplantation at Arkansas Children's Hospital.

Cardiac transplantation in children has evolved over the past 20 years. In 1990 Arkansas Children's Hospital (ACH) developed a Cardiac Transplant Program as part of its tertiary care of patients with congenital and acquired heart disease. The program evolved into a regional pediatric referral program and is now one of the busiest in the United States. "Bridging" to transplant increased the number of patients surviving long enough to receive a donor heart. This article reviews the historical perspective of pediatric cardiac transplant along with the development and current state of the program at Arkansas Children's Hospital.

Arkansas↗

PubMed1991

St. Louis encephalitis outbreak--Arkansas, 1991.

On August 2, 1991, a neurologist in Pine Bluff (Jefferson County) in central Arkansas notified the Arkansas Department of Health of two patients hospitalized with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE). A hospital chart review and heightened surveillance (i.e., notification of physicians and hospital infection-control coordinators in Jefferson and surrounding counties) subsequently identified 24 confirmed or probable cases of SLE. This report summarizes the findings of the ongoing outbreak investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

The workplace. A health services survey in Arkansas.

In an attempt to characterize the status of employee health services (EHS) in Arkansas, a workplace health services survey was developed. Questions were asked regarding availability of employee health services, training and background of the director's of these services, numbers and types of personnel working in the area, record keeping and areas of interest for future training. Fifty-six percent of the 75 manufacturers responding reported having employee health services. Most of these EHS were directed by safety personnel (36%), registered nurses (24%), or licensed practical nurses (24%). Physicians directed only 7% of the programs, while employees with no special training directed 10% of the programs. Our study indicated a need for expansion of formal training programs for Arkansas physicians, nurses and other health professionals in the field of Occupational Health.

Arkansas↗

PubMed1979

Accuracy of birth certificate data for detecting facial cleft defects in Arkansas children.

A comparison of facial cleft defects reported on birth certificates during the period 1943 to 1974 that were reported on birth certificates was made with records maintained by the Arkansas Crippled Childrens Services (CCS). A total of 506 cases were reported of which 331 (65%) were recorded on the birth certificate. Moreover, the accuracy of the reporting was not good. Only 243 (48%) cleft malformations were correctly classified on the birth certificate. Birth certificate information is an inadequate measure of the true facial cleft occurrence in Arkansas. Caution must be exercised when this data source is used in epidemiological surveys because over one-third of such defects were not recorded. These findings serve to reemphasize the national need to improve the quality of such vital health statistics sources.

Arkansas↗

PubMed1987

Efficacy of fenoxycarb (Pictyl) against Psorophora columbiae in Arkansas ricefields.

The IGR, fenoxycarb was effective against mosquitoes in both small rice plots and commercial ricefields in southeast Arkansas at the rate of 10 g AI/ha. It adequately controlled Psorophora columbiae populations. This compound shows excellent promise as a tool in effective IPM schemes against Ps. columbiae larvae in Arkansas rice fields by acting as a direct control, and possibly by indirectly increasing their vulnerability to natural controls.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1986

Canine rhinosporidiosis in Arkansas.

Rhinosporidiosis is a fungal infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, a microorganism of complicated, undetermined life cycle. Many species of animals are susceptible to rhinosporidiosis, including human beings. The frequency of occurrence of the disease in domestic animals is unknown. A one-year-old male Collie dog from Northeast Arkansas was found to have rhinosporidiosis presenting as an intranasal polypoid mass. We believe this is the first documented report of rhinosporidiosis from the State of Arkansas.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Bicycle/automobile accidents in Arkansas 1991-1993.

Bicycling is frequently recommended as a form of aerobic exercise to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, yet it is not without safety risks. The recent accidental death of locally-known cyclist has raised safety concerns of recreational cycling on Arkansas roads. This article summarizes cycling accident statistics obtained from the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department for a three year period.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1994

Black/white life expectancy differences and sociodemographics: Arkansas and the U.S.

Life expectancy data by race and gender for Arkansas show whites having longer average life expectancies at birth than blacks. Racial differences in life expectancy have been found to be due to higher mortality rates for blacks due to their tendency to fall into high-risk groups. Cause-specific mortality rates by race and gender for Arkansans 25 years and older were calculated for the ten leading causes of death in the state. Blacks in Arkansas had higher mortality rates than whites for each major cause of death except pulmonary diseases and suicide.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1994

A larval mosquito survey in northeastern Arkansas including a new record for Aedes albopictus.

An extensive larval mosquito survey was conducted in Craighead County in northeastern Arkansas in 1990-91. Nineteen species representing 8 genera were collected. Culex restuans was the most cosmopolitan species in relation to habitat utilization, being collected in 5 or 7 habitat types sampled. A major range extension of Aedes taeniorhynchus in Arkansas was documented as well as the first known collection of Aedes albopictus in the northeastern part of the state.

Aedes↗

PubMed1982

Evaluation of Arkansas Rous sarcoma regressor and progressor lines and giant jungle fowl for genetic resistance to the northern fowl mite.

Arkansas B1B1R, B2B2R, and B3B3R regressor lines, Arkansas B1B1Pr, B2B2Pr, and B3B3Pr progressor lines, and Giant Jungle Fowl were infested simultaneously at 28 weeks of age with northern fowl mites. The chickens were maintained in similar environments and mite ratings were recorded weekly for 5 months. No strains were completely resistant to mites, but there were significant (P less than or equal to .05) differences among strains in degree of infestation. The regressor lines generally showed significantly (P less than or equal to .05) less infestation than the progressor lines for both female and male chickens. The regressor lines appear to have genetic factors from the Giant Jungle Fowl in the development of the regressor lines that imparted increased resistance to the northern fowl mite.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Occupational disparities in smoke-free workplace policies in Arkansas.

UNLABELLED: This report summarizes trends in Arkansas to protect workers from the documented harm caused by secondhand smoke. We also examined whether employees comply with smoke-free policies. FINDINGS: While considerable progress has been made to protect workers from secondhand smoke, Arkansas workers report significantly lower rates of smoke-free policies than workers nationally and ranked 46th among the states in this important area of occupational health in 2001-02. Blue-collar and service workers in the state lag significantly behind their white-collar counterparts and men report lower rates of smoke-free policies than women. Once implemented, however, compliance with a smoke-free policy is nearly universal among working Arkansans.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus (Arkansas strain) on vaccinated laying chickens.

Twenty-four-week-old white leghorn layers were inoculated subcutaneously with a killed Newcastle-infectious bronchitis (Massachusetts type) virus (MIBV) vaccine. The birds were challenged 194 days later intraocularly with Arkansas strain of infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV). The challenged hens laid significantly (P less than 0.005) fewer eggs than the unchallenged layers, and the eggs laid by the challenged groups weighed significantly less (P less than 0.001) than those laid by the unchallenged groups. Further, the internal quality (Haugh units) and shell quality of eggs laid by the challenged hens were significantly (P less than 0.005) inferior to the quality of eggs from unchallenged hens, and the challenged hens laid more soft-shelled, misshapen, and small-sized eggs than the unchallenged hens. The Arkansas serum hemagglutination-inhibition (AIBV-HI) titers of challenged birds increased continuously through 29 days post-challenge. The MIBV hemagglutination-inhibition (MIBV-HI) titers of killed-MIBV-vaccinated birds decreased during the same period. The study indicates that killed MIBV vaccine offered no protection to birds exposed to AIBV. The same vaccine was quite effective against a homologous (MIBV) virus challenge.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Protection by a commercial Arkansas-type infectious bronchitis virus vaccine against a field isolate of the same serotype.

A late-breaking infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)-associated respiratory disease was a chronic problem in Georgia broilers in 1995. The predominant virus isolated from diseased birds was the Arkansas (Ark) type of IBV. Because broilers in Georgia are currently vaccinated with the Arkansas serotype, there was concern that a phenotypic and/or genotypic change had occurred in the field virus so it could break through immunity conferred by commercial vaccines. The purpose of this study was to determine if a commercially available vaccine for IBV as currently used in the field still protected broilers against those viruses. We obtained 108 1-day-old broilers from a commercial source and assigned them randomly to 12 groups. One-half of the groups of birds were vaccinated at 1 day of age and again at 18 days of age with commercially available B1/Mass/Ark vaccine. One-half of both vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups of birds were challenged at 35 and 42 days of age with a recent IBV Ark field isolate. Serologic titers were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at time of challenge and at the end of the trial. A necropsy was performed on birds at 56 days and pathogenicity was assessed. Seroconversion was statistically significant in all birds exposed to vaccine or challenge by 56 days of age. Gross airsacculitis was significantly more severe in broilers challenged without prior exposure to vaccine.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Cortical bone maintenance in an historic Afro-American cemetery sample from Cedar Grove, Arkansas.

The relocation and analysis of 80 skeletons from the Cedar Grove Cemetery, located in southwest Arkansas, provides an opportunity to examine the level of health and nutrition experienced by Afro-Americans in the post-Reconstruction South (1878-1930). The demographic profile lends support to the interpretation that Cedar Grove participated in the nationwide decline in Afro-American health. The high frequencies of skeletal lesions indicative of dietary deficiencies and infectious disease demonstrate that this was a highly stressed population. For this analysis, adult femoral thin sections (15 females and 14 males) are examined histologically. These data provide support to the assertion that the Cedar Grove population experienced poor health. Measures taken from the sections include cortical thickness, percent cortical area, and mean number of resorption spaces and forming osteons per square millimeter of bone. As a group, they demonstrate low percent cortical area compared with well-nourished normals. They also show high rates of resorption to formation, thereby disrupting the balance necessary for normal cortical bone maintenance. The pattern established for bone porosity in this group is not a function of age but rather is due to other factors, most likely nutrition and disease stress. What may be unique about this group is that males, as well as females, experienced problems with calcium homeostasis and normal maintenance and repair of bone. Taken together, these data support the interpretation that diet and health were substandard in the post-Reconstruction South.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of birth defects among infants of Gulf War veterans in Arkansas, Arizona, California, Georgia, Hawaii, and Iowa, 1989-1993.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies of birth defects among infants of Gulf War veterans (GWV) have been limited to military hospitals, anomalies diagnosed among newborns, or self-reported data. This study was conducted to measure the prevalence of birth defects among infants of GWVs and nondeployed veterans (NDV) in states that conducted active case ascertainment of birth defects between 1989-93. METHODS: Military records of 684,645 GWVs and 1,587,102 NDVs were electronically linked with 2,314,908 birth certficates from Arizona, Hawaii, Iowa, and selected counties of Arkansas, California, and Georgia; 11,961 GWV infants and 33,052 NDV infants were identified. Of these, 450 infants had mothers who served in the Gulf War, and 3966 had NDV mothers. RESULTS: Infants conceived postwar to male GWVs had significantly higher prevalence of tricuspid valve insufficicieny (relative risk [RR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-6.6; p = 0.039) and aortic valve stenosis (RR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.2-31.0; p = 0.026) compared to infants conceived postwar to NDV males. Among infants of male GWVs, aortic valve stenosis (RR, 163; 95% CI, 0.09-294; p = 0.011) and renal agenesis or hypoplasia (RR, 16.3; 95% CI, 0.09-294; p = 0.011) were significantly higher among infants conceived postwar than prewar. Hypospadias was significantly higher among infant sons conceived postwar to GWV women compared to NDV women (RR, 6.3; 95% CI, 1.5-26.3; p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: We observed a higher prevalence of tricuspid valve insufficiency, aortic valve stenosis, and renal agenesis or hypoplasia among infants conceived postwar to GWV men, and a higher prevalence of hypospadias among infants conceived postwar to female GWVs. We did not have the ability to determine if the excess was caused by inherited or environmental factors, or was due to chance because of myriad reasons, including multiple comparisons. Although the statistical power was sufficient to compare the combined birth defects prevalence, larger sample sizes were needed for less frequent individual component defects.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Residues of chlorinated phenols and phenoxy acid herbicides in the urine of Arkansas children.

Urine samples from 197 Arkansas children were analyzed for eight chlorinated phenols and four chlorinated phenoxy herbicides by using a new procedure that combined gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. With the detection limit of 1 part per billion (ppb), six of these pesticides were detected in more than 10% of the samples. 2,5-Dichlorophenol (a metabolite of p-dichlorobenzene), and pentachlorophenol were detected in 96% and 100%, respectively, of the children's urine at median concentrations of 9 ppb and 14 ppb, respectively. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol was detected in 54% of the children's urine at a median concentration of 1 ppb. One trichlorophenol and three other dichlorophenols were found in 3% to 27% of the samples. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was observed in 20% of all samples. The concentrations of all analytes are reported as background or reference levels for use in future studies. The finding of 2,5-dichlorophenol as a ubiquitous contaminant merits further study.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed1994

Violent and destructive behavior among the severely mentally ill in rural areas: evidence from Arkansas' community mental health system.

A comparison of rates of violence among admissions to the Arkansas State Hospital system between urban and rural areas tested the hypothesis that thresholds for admission to the hospital were greater in rural than in urban areas. Data on violent and destructive behavior were recorded from the medical records of 609 patients. Logistic regression was used to model the presence or absence of violent behavior in urban and rural admissions controlling for selected demographic and clinical characteristics. Results indicated that rural patients showed increased likelihood of violent and destructive behavior prior to admission supporting the hypothesis that barriers to mental health services in rural areas may be creating differential thresholds of service access and utilization. The increased rate of violence was particularly evident in those using substances prior to admission in rural areas suggesting that community management of the violent, substance abusing patient may be particularly difficult for rural areas.

Adult↗