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PubMed1980

Seasonal variations in plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels and in metabolic clearance rate of testosterone in rams in Algeria.

Plasma concentrations of testosterone, measured weekly in 16 Ouled-Djellal rams in Algeria, were lowest in autumn and early winter months, increased in February-March and reached highest levels (about 5 ng/ml) in early summer, before decreasing in autumn. Plasma dihydrotestosterone levels were very low and paralled those of testosterone until July (50 pg/ml); there was then an unexplained rise in October-November (50 pg/ml). The metabolic clearance rate of testosterone was low in November and January, and significantly increased in March and June (about 2000 1/24 h). Consequently, the production rate of testosterone was approximately 5-fold higher in June than in January. These data suggest that the short-day photoperiodic theory is not applicable to all breeds of sheep or to all environmental conditions.

Algeria↗
PubMed1982

Seasonal variations in the cyclic luteal ovarian activity in the Tadmit ewe in Algeria.

Seasonal variations of the cyclic luteal activity were assessed by measurements of progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma collected daily or every 4 days, throughout 15 months, in 16 Tadmit ewes, in Algeria. One female was cyclic at all times of the year; 15 ewes showed a period of cyclic luteal inactivity of less than 53 days in 10 animals and ranging between 2.5 and 3.5 months for the 5 others (mean duration 52 days). The onset of ovarian inactivity took place from the beginning of February to the end of April (mean data 19 March). The recovery of luteal function was much more definite; it occurred in May for 13 ewes (mean date for the 16 animals 10 May) when daylength was still increasing. These data suggest that at this latitude (36 degrees 30'N) and for this particular breed of sheep (Tadmit) declining daylength is not the major environmental stimulus for the resumption of breeding activity.

Algeria↗
PubMed1984

Two new cases of heterozygosity for hemoglobin Knossos alpha 2 beta 2 27 Ala----Ser detected in the French West Indies and Algeria.

Hb Knossos alpha 2 beta 2 27 Ala----Ser was first described in a Greek family as a silent beta(+) thalassemia variant. Reexamination of 5,000 isoelectric focusing patterns of patients with microcytosis allowed the presumptive identification of two additional propositi. The first originated in the French West Indies (Martinique) and the second in Algeria. A branch of the family of the second propositus was also investigated. Identification of Hb Knossos was made easily in the first family since one member was a double heterozygote for Hb S and Hb Knossos. In the second family HPLC elution of the peptide fragments obtained by tryptic digestion of the aminoethylated beta chain allowed the isolation and characterization of an abnormal beta T3 peak with expected beta 27 Ala----Ser substitution. The Hb Knossos heterozygote from Martinique, besides an elevated alpha/beta globin chain ratio, had an elevated Hb A2 concentration in contrast to the Greek and Algerian families in which it was normal. This difference in phenotypes may be explained by the occurrence in the Mediterranean cases of a delta gene abnormality, presumably delta(0) thalassemia, in position cis to the abnormal beta-globin gene.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The spectrum of beta-thalassemia mutations in the Oran region of Algeria.

In order to delineate the spectrum of beta-globin gene defects causing beta-thalassemia in the Oran region of Algeria, we have analyzed a representative sample of 31 beta-thalassemia patients. This led to the detection of 10 mutations. Four of them [nonsense codon 39 (C->T), IVS-I-110 (G->A), IVS-I-2 (T->C), and frameshift codon 6 (-A)] account for approximately 77% of the beta-thalassemia chromosomes. Three of these mutants are also widespread in Mediterranean populations, whereas the fourth, IVS-I-2 (T->C), appears typical of the Oranese population. The six other variants are less frequent. The possible origin of these mutated alleles, either by recurrent mutational event or by migration from other populations, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemic typhus imported from Algeria.

We report epidemic typhus in a French patient returning from Algeria. The diagnosis was confirmed by serologic testing and the isolation of Rickettsia prowazekii in blood. Initially the patient was thought to have typhoid fever. Because body lice are prevalent in industrialized regions, the introduction of typhus to pediculosis-endemic areas poses a serious public health risk.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of the petrochemical industry pollution on the Skikda bay, Algeria.

The Skikda bay is located in the northern part of Algeria. The area is in contact with a petrochemical industrial complex, which raw materials and final products contaminate the surrounding areas via atmospheric pollution as well as effluents, which are dumped into seawaters. To establish the effects of these pollutants and waste disposal on the vicinity of the bay, several samples were taken at different distances along the bay and the outfall pipes of the industrial complex. Subsequently, several chemical analyses were made to analyze the concentrations of hydrocarbons, CO[2], Ca(+2) and Mg(+2), chlorides and phosphates and the alkalinity present into the samples. Several concentrations of the above constituents are reported as a function of the different sites.

Algeria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 6. Survey of clinical cases of infantile visceral leishmaniasis from 1965 to 1974].

The authors present the results of an inquiry conducted in the principal hospitals of Algeria. The number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis recorded over the last ten years (1965 to 1974) totaled 497. The disease occurs essentially in children under 5 years of age (94%); it is mainly detected in central and eastern parts of the Tell region: principally in the Grande Kabylie, Algerois and Constantinois areas (humid and sub-humid bioclimatic stages). The results of the malaria eradication campaign in relation to the incidence of visceral Leishmaniasis is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

[An epidemiological study of health care seeking behavior of children under 5 years of age in Algeria: what lessons for improving the health care system?].

In many developing countries, dissatisfaction with primary health care has been accompanied by inappropriate use of university teaching hospitals, frequently for benign health problems. This situation is often attributed to the user population who supposedly misunderstands the functioning of health systems. This article describes the health seeking process and outcome of consultations for under-five children in two geographic zones in Algeria (very different in their care networks, and in the socioeconomic and educational characteristics of their populations), using a representative sample of users of public and private health services. During 4 one-week periods in 1991, a cross-sectional study was carried out among families of children and the health personnel they consulted, in all the health structures in the 2 zones. A Franco-Algerian supervisory team prepared consensual definitions of both the seriousness and the urgency of the pathology, as well as of the appropriateness of the health care structure chosen for that condition. The analysis of 1560 consultations shows dysfunctions in the health seeking process: numerous "self-referrals" (94%); unjustified recourse to university hospitals in 29% of cases; important delays before consulting (> or = 1 week in 14% of cases); absence of the mother during the consultation; differences in the mode of recourse according to the child's sex (for equivalent seriousness and urgency, recourse is more frequent to the emergency room and university hospital for boys, but girls are more often hospitalized). Nonetheless, the Algerian supervisors of the research consider that the choice of the health care facility is appropriate in 91% of cases. At the service level, dysfunctions are equally frequent, especially the absence of the transfer of information on the child between different health care professionals. The primary preoccupation of parents is with accessibility (distance, cost), which leads to recommending the revitalizing of small first-line facilities, especially in rural areas, the more so because they are used and appreciated by families.

Algeria↗
PubMed1999

[Families and children confronting health care practices in Algeria].

This paper describes results of a study on perceptions and behaviors of families concerning care of sick children, within the context of the Algerian health system as it functioned in two zones, Aïn Taya and Tigzirt, in 1991. One hundred twenty families in the two zones were interviewed at home on the health seeking process during a recent illness episode of an under-5 child. Results show families make extensive use of curative health services for children, with apparently little use of traditional medicine, and only initial use of home remedies. Access to public services is often difficult due to distance, while incompetence, long waiting times, favoritism, lack of material, and poor communication with health personnel constitute families' main complaints. Use of private physicians, in spite of costs, is considered a gain in time, and rapport and communication are better. Results of the research among these families are discussed in relation to those from a study carried out at the same time among health professionals, results which show deep dissatisfaction on their part as to the means put at their disposal and with the quality of relationships maintained with the administration on the one hand, and with the client population on the other. Improving the public health sector in Algeria will entail greater investment in the quality of peripheral services, and training of health personnel in better communication skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Iso-enzyme study of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces in Algeria].

The purpose of this study is to identity the strains of Echinococcus granulosus the causative agent of unilocular hydatid in Algeria--a high endemic area. For this, the authors established a simple and reproductible electrophoretic techniques for iso enzyme analysis of protoscoleces. The enzymatic extracts of protoscoleces from various hosts and localisations of hidatic cystic analysed by these electrophoretic techniques showed variable electrophoretic profils witness the existence of various strains.

Algeria↗
PubMed1998

[Validation of DNA tools in the identification of Leishmania sp. parasites in Algeria].

The present study aimed at homogenizing the use of DNA tools for Leishmania parasite characterization in two endemic countries, Algeria and Tunisia. Two genomic DNA probes, pDK10 and pDK20, previously developped in Tunisia, were here applied to a collection of 41 isolates obtained from Algerian patients having cutaneous or visceral leishmaniases. These DNA tools allowed to discriminate among and to identify causal agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis, L. infantum and L. major. Apart from the pDK20--hybridization pattern obtained usually for the species L. infantum, new hybridization patterns were identified for isolates obtained from both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases patients. Use of DNA probes in complement to isoenzyme typing offers interesting propects for a better description of transmission cycles.

Algeria↗
PubMed1998

[Pneumocystis carinii pneumopathy in patients with AIDS. The first 3 cases reported in Algeria and review of the literature].

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is a severe and dangerous infection which afflicts patients with immune deficiency, particularly those with AIDS. This pathology isn't well known in Algeria. The aim of the present study is a contribution to make this disease more known in the algerian AIDS patients. It has focused on the research and the identification of P. carinii in the expectorations and in the bronchalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of 14 patients with respiratory troubles: 13 were AIDS cases and one with an iatrogenic immune deficiency. 3 of these patients were women and the rest were men. Their average age was 35.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2001

[Dietary risk factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Setif area in Algeria].

BACKGROUND: The aim of our work was to identify risk factors specific to populations in our region for primary prevention of risk behaviors, particularly eating habits. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study on dietary factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Setif area in Algeria. The study included 72 cases and 72 controls matched for age, sex and area of residence. The variables analyzed were identified by an anthropological study. RESULTS: Increased risk of disease was associated with consumption of traditionally preserved foods such as "harissa", pickled fruit and vegetables and dried and salted meat. These factors were commonly found in other endemic areas. Certain products appeared to be specific to the Setif area including dried and salted fat, especially after prolonged exposure. Rancid butter was related to a 4 to 7-fold increase in risk and use of pickling increased the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 4 to 12-fold depending on the type of food. CONCLUSIONS: These data point to the need for biochemical analysis of food specimens to search for the carcinogenic agents and to the importance of an immediate information and education program on food habits for the populations living in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance in the Setif area (Algeria)].

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus stands as a major public health issue in Algeria and has an important socioeconomical impact. Our study involved a representative sample of 1457 subjects and aimed at assessing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and glucose intolerance in the population of Setif Wilaya, aged between 30 and 64 years old. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Diagnosis was based on oral glucose tolerance test, according to World Health Organisation criteria. RESULTS: Diabetes prevalence was 8.2% (CI: 95%: 6.8% to 9.6%). It increased with age, while 50% of cases were undiagnosed, without any difference according to sex nor urban (7.3%)/rural (9.7%) distribution. Glucose intolerance prevalence was 7.1 (CI 95%: 5,8% to 8,4%). Age-standardized prevalence, according to world population data provided by WHO, was 9.08% for diabetes and 7.5% for glucose intolerance. When the new American Diabetes Association Criteria were used, prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 8.8 (CI: 95%: 7.3% to 10.2%) and that of fasting hyperglycemia was 6.9% (CI: 95%: 5.6 to 8.2). According to these new criteria, among the 66 cases with undiagnosed diabetes, 79% presented with a fasting blood glucose > or =126 mg/dl. CONCLUSION: This relatively high diabetes prevalence calls for an appropriate management and health education, particularly focused on high risk subjects. These results bring the the first detailed prevalence data in an Algerian population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of potential virulence of intestinal avian Escherichia coli strains isolated in Algeria.

In order to characterize potential pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic hens and chickens originating from intensive battery rearing in North Algeria, the presence of a large range of virulence factors and markers was studied in 50 strains by DNA-DNA hybridization on colonies and phenotypic tests. The sequences we focused on were those coding for adhesins F5, F41, F17, Pap, Afa, and Sfa; intimin Eae; and toxins STa, STb, LT1, Stx1, Stx2, CNF1, and CNF2. The phenotypes explored were the colicins, aerobactin, hemolysins, and hemagglutinin production and serum resistance. The genotypic and phenotypic tests enabled us to categorize the isolates into two distinct groups: those with a potential to invade the host (27 strains were serum resistant and/or produced aerobactin), among which three strains were also potentially diarrheagenic, one strain was LT1 + F17+ Afa+ Pap+ (enterotoxigenic E. coli) and the two others were Stx1 (verotoxigenic E. coli). Twenty-three strains were colicinogenic, including 19 strains producing colicin V. This latter factor was also detected in isolates negative for the other virulence factors. On the basis of the type of erythrocytes agglutinated, we established 14 mannose-resistant hemagglutination patterns among the 37 strains tested, including 22 serum-resistant and/or aerobactin producing strains and 15 strains negative for these two characters. None of the strains produced alpha hemolysin, whereas two strains produced beta hemolysin and enterohemolysin, respectively. Congo red fixation was observed in 25 strains. No relationship could be detected between Congo red fixation and the presence of other virulence markers, such as serum resistance and aerobactin production. This study shows that among isolates originating from the feces of diarrheic chickens, the proportion of potentially diarrheagenic E. coli strains is low.

Adhesins, Escherichia coli↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Organic content of particulate matter in the atmosphere of Ouargla City, Algeria.

The particle-bound organic compounds comprising n-alkanes, n-alkanoic monocarboxylic acids, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAH) were investigated in ambient air of the Ouargla city area (Algeria) during a short campaign performed in November 1999. The distribution profile of n-alkanes was consistent with the petrogenic origin of aerosols, suggesting that they were related to torching processes of crude oil refuses in the petroleum extraction field located not far from Ouargla. Instead, the presence of n-alkanoic acids of low molecular weight was indicative of microbial activity experienced by the site. PAH levels were low when compared to other polluted areas. The presence of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene, which can result from in-situ nitration of fluoranthene and pyrene, was concurrent with the substantial depletion of the most reactive among PAH, suggesting that photochemical processes influence the composition of the Saharian atmosphere.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Household census data from Algeria: its content and potentiality.

Data available from the 1977 population census of Algeria are reviewed, with particular reference to the fact that data have been tabulated at both the household and individual levels. "The range of information available from the Algerian census is described and demonstrated for two villages, a centre de regroupement and an agrarian reform village. The object is to show the possibilities offered by these census documents for Third World studies."

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Some aspects of recent trends in mortality in Algeria (1965-1981)].

Using data from the official vital statistics register and from a three-round survey that was conducted in 1969-1970, the author calculates mortality estimates for Algeria for the years 1965-1981. The findings show "a period of fluctuations between 1965 and 1975, [during which] mortality between the age of five and young adult age experienced a deterioration which could [have been] the result of an increase of deaths due to accidents. Since 1976, mortality has decreased spectacularly, although all ages do not benefit from this decrease in the same way." (summary in ENG, ITA)

Africa↗