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PubMed1996

Cerebral laterality in affect and affective illness: a review.

It is generally claimed that affect processing is a right hemisphere function. It is also claimed that right hemisphere dysfunction is characteristic of depressive illness. These claims are not accepted without controversy, and it has been found that the relationship between affect processing and affective illness in terms of intra- and interhemispheric role is not straightforward. Two types of studies were reviewed in this context: behavioral and electrophysiological. Potential confounding effects are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

The measurement of core affect: a Swedish self-report measure derived from the affect circumplex.

Three studies were conducted with the aim of developing a new Swedish self-report measure of core affect (the Swedish Core Affect Scale or SCAS). In Study 1,122 participants rated their current mood on 24 unipolar adjective scales. A revised set of 12 bipolar adjective scales was evaluated in Study 2 employing 96 participants who rated their current mood before and after a mood-inducing naturally occurring event. A slightly revised set of adjective scales was used in Study 3, in which another 96 participants rated several induced moods. The results showed that the adjective scale ratings could be aggregated as reliable measures of the independent valence and activation dimensions proposed in the affect circumplex, and that the aggregated measures discriminated mood differences within and between individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Experiencing positive affect and negative affect during stress: relationships to cardiac reactivity and to facial expressions.

We examined the relationship between experienced positive/negative affect and cardiac reactivity and facial muscle movements during laboratory tasks with different demands. Heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period, and facial electromyography were measured during startle, mental arithmetic, reaction time task, and speech task. The results revealed that individuals experiencing high levels of positive affect exhibited more pronounced parasympathetic, heart rate, and orbicularis oculi reactivity than others. Individuals who experienced high levels of negative affects during the tasks showed higher corrugator supercilii responses. Men and women showed slightly different response patterns. To conclude, cardiac reactivity may be associated with positive involvement and enthusiasm in some situations and all reactivity should not automatically be considered as potentially pathological.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Auditory affective agnosia. Disturbed comprehension of affective speech.

Hughlings Jackson noted that, although some aphasic patients were unable to use propositional speech, affective speech appeared to be spared. The purpose of this experiment was to study patients with unilateral hemispheric disease in order to ascertain if there are hemispheric asymmetries in the comprehension of affective speech. Six subjects had right temporoparietal lesions (left unilateral neglect) and six subjects had left temporoparietal lesions (fluent aphasias). These subjects were presented with 32 tape recorded sentences. In 16 trials the patients were asked to judge the emotional mood of the speaker (happy, sad, angry, indifferent) and in 16 trials the patients were asked to judge the content. Line drawings containing facial expressions of the four emotions or line drawings corresponding with the four basic contents were displayed with each sentence and the patient responded by pointing. All 12 subjects made perfect scores on the content portion of the test. On the emotional portion the right hemispheric patients scored a mean of 4-17 and the left hemispheric group scored a mean 10-17. The difference between these means is significantly (P less than 0-01) and suggests that patients with right hemispheric dysfunction and neglect have a defect in the comprehension of affective speech.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Genetics of affective disorders. I. Familial incidence study of bipolar, unipolar and schizo-affective illnesses.

47 affectively ill psychiatric patients and their first-, second- and third-degree relatives were investigated by means of an interview and pedigree analysis to determine the incidence of psychiatric illness in their families. The percentage of psychiatric illness appeared greatest in families of bipolar and schizo-affective probands and least in families of unipolar depressives. In addition, we observed that often within a particular family constellation, more than one type of psychiatric illness (i.e., bipolar manic-depression, schizophrenia, alcoholism, etc.) was present. Morbidity risks varied from one affected family to another, indicating that the genetic risk components for some families are greater than for others. These findings are suggestive of multifactorial genetic disease but other genetic models are considered.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1988

The Dictionary of Affect in Language as a tool for the assessment of affective tone in a descriptive task.

148 subjects were asked to describe the terms mathematics, physics, television, newspapers, biology, and technology in terms of a list of five additional words. Responses produced by subjects were scored for two dimensions of affective tone (activation, evaluation) by matching words to the Dictionary of Affect in Language that includes scores for the two dimensions for several thousand commonly used words. Clear differences in affective tone emerged from this scoring procedure: mathematics and physics received the least positive evaluative descriptions, while television was described in most active and rousing terms and biology in most inactive terms. Women gave more negative (lower evaluation) descriptions for mathematics than did men, which satisfied one of the a priori predictions of the study.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Measuring the poles of negative and positive mood using the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule and Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List.

The Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) has become one of the most widely used measures of mood. It was developed from research using responses to adjective checklists as empirical evidence for the two independent, bipolar factor model of mood. However, when scores on the PANAS were factor analyzed with those from another mood checklist, Thayer's Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List, the PANAS represented only half of the model proposed by Watson and Tellegen (1985) by not containing adjectives representing the lower poles of positive and negative affect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The "dis-affected" patient: reflections on affect pathology.

The author attempts to conceptualize a phenomenon that frequently passes unnoticed for a considerable period of time in the course of an analysis. An apparently "normal" psychoanalytic discourse may reveal that the analysand who produces it is using words and ideas that are largely, perhaps totally, devoid of affect for him; instead, the analyst tends to become "affected." This may appear in a wide variety of clinical categories: "narcissistic personality disorders," "psychosomatic personalities," "as-if characters," etc. The author does not seek to add to the clinical categories but to study, from the point of view of the psychic economy, the manner in which this specific form of psychic functioning is maintained: in other words, the vicissitudes of unavailable affect.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Linkage between an X-chromosome marker (deutan color blindness) and bipolar affective illness. Occurrence in the family of a lithium carbonate-responsive schizo-affective proband.

Studies with X-chromosome markers in mental illness have been limited to the diagnostic concept of primary affective disorders. The present study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate statistically measurable linkage between color blindness and manic-depressive illness in a family identified by a schizo-affective proband. Linkage data and lithium carbonate response in the proband suggest that the schizophreniform-affective spectrum in members of the pedigree may reflect a genetically distinct disorder. The use of a genetic marker as a heuristic diagnostic criterion in a subgroup of heredofamilial psychoses with unclear diagnostic boundaries is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Motor activity and affective illness. The relationship of amplitude and temporal distribution to changes in affective state.

We measured motor activity with a self-contained monitoring device worn on the wrists of affectively ill patients and volunteer normal control subjects. Decreases in the daytime motor activity level were observed in depressed patients, compared with their improved (euthymic) or manic mood states. Moreover, affectively ill patients, even during euthymic periods, showed lower daytime motor activity levels than the control group housed in the same ward. These data provide objective evidence for decreases in motor activity that occur concomitantly with the depressive phase of illness in patients with affective disorder, and fluctuate in patients in euthymic or manic phases.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A Monte Carlo permutation approach to choosing an affection status model for bipolar affective disorder.

A permutation test is proposed for assessing affection status models. The test uses marker data from regions with prior evidence of linkage to susceptibility genes, and three different test statistics are examined. We applied the test to the GAW10 data and found no evidence on chromosome 18 to reject the affection status model that groups individuals diagnosed with either bipolar I, bipolar II or unipolar. The chromosome 5 data gave similar results, and further suggested that individuals diagnosed with unipolar-single episode not be included as affected. A preliminary power study suggested that one of the proposed statistics, S, is to be preferred in certain circumstances.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1997

Haplotype sharing analysis in affected individuals from nuclear families with at least one affected offspring.

In diseases with a complex mode of inheritance, families with multiple affected individuals are difficult to ascertain. The haplotype sharing statistic (HSS) uses (hidden) co-ancestry between affected individuals from a founder population. These affected individuals will likely not only share the same mutation(s), but also the surrounding haplotype. We show that this method gives a low false positive rate, but does not detect genes in the nuclear families of Problem 2A of the GAW data. We also give evidence based on simulations and empirical studies in real population based data that the HSS method has statistical power.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1984

Segregation of HLA-DR2 among affected and non-affected offspring of 66 families with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.

Segregation of HLA-DR2 among affected and unaffected offspring was studied in 66 HLA-genotypes families with Type 1 diabetes in whom at least one parent carried DR2. The frequency of DR2-positive parents (21%) was not different from that of control families (29%). Among the diabetic probands, the gene frequency of DR2 was significantly decreased compared with control subjects (0.05 versus 0.17, p less than 0.001) as were DR5 (0.07 versus 0.17, p less than 0.01) and DR7 (0.06 versus 0.13, p less than 0.003). Twenty probands carried DR2, in 11 or whom (55%) it was found in combination with either DR3 or DR4. The nine cases who carried another DR allele included one who was DR2 homozygous. Transmission of DR2 was reduced in affected offspring, and random in unaffected siblings, compared with the expected ratio. However, when the DR2 transmission was analysed separately for parents bearing DR2 with DR3, DR4 or another DR allele, it appeared that DR2 transmission to affected offspring was random when the parents carried neither DR3 or DR4, the transmission deficit being due to over-transmission of DR3 and DR4. The haplotype analysis showed that the haplotype A3, Cw7, B7, GfS, DR2, found in 19% of "non-diabetic" DR2 haplotypes was practically absent among "diabetic" DR2-haplotypes (4%). In conclusion, population and segregation analysis could not demonstrate a specific protective effect of DR2.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
PubMed1985

Stability of psychotic symptomatology (delusions, hallucinations), affective syndromes, and schizophrenic symptoms (thought disorder, incongruent affect) over episodes in remitting psychoses.

A study was made on 140 schizophrenics, 40 schizoaffectives, 59 unipolar depressives, and 30 bipolar affective disorder patients in order to determine the quality of psychopathology over multiple episodes. The schizoaffectives were the most likely to have multiple episodes. Among the schizophrenics, there were few episodes that lacked psychotic symptoms, but almost half of the episodes for the schizoaffectives were associated with an absence of psychotic symptoms. Three-quarters of the patients with unipolar depression and bipolar illness showed no psychotic symptoms either congruent or noncongruent. There was a striking finding that all diagnoses were associated with a decrease in psychotic symptoms over time. These psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) became particularly more scarce among the schizoaffectives, unipolars, and bipolars. There was a 50% to 67% decrease of episodes with psychotic symptoms as more episodes occurred. For schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder the first ten episodes were very similar to each other for affective syndromes, formal thought disorder and/or incongruent affect, and delusions and hallucinations. It was not until much time had passed that the symptom pictures changed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

P-V characteristics in heart-pulsation affected and non-affected lung units: a model.

Elastic recoil pressure, pleural pressure and pressure pulsation of the heart (PHRT) control the expired flow from a small lung unit. Variability in each trait may affect the expirate. The same (SDPV) or different (DDPV) regional distribution of P-V characteristics, regional effects of PHRT-affected (O) and non-affected units (N) and regional differences in pleural pressure, were incorporated into a computer model. Output acceptability was judged by the alveolar slope of the N2 washout, cardiogenic oscillations (CO) and the phase shift between PHRT and CO. Can SDPV be in both O and N units? What causes CO and phase shift? With SDPV in O and N units, CO were negligibly small. The incorporation of the pleural pressure difference did not fulfill the three criteria, which were met when there was DDPV in the N and O units. We conclude that the distribution of P-V characteristics changes with the distance from a pulsating artery, and only DDPV, and not different time constants or pleural pressure difference, can explain CO.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2005

The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: premorbid neuroendocrine profile of affected high-risk probands.

One of the most characteristic alterations in depression is a disturbed regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system. A function test combining the pre-treatment of 1.5 mg dexamethasone (DEX) with a challenge of 100 microg corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) reveals a pathological increase in the adrenocorticotropin and cortisol release in patients with major depression. These changes partially persist after successful treatment with remission and therefore, might represent trait or vulnerability markers. To further address this question, we were investigating the premorbid neuroendocrine profile of 74 healthy high-risk probands (HRPs) with a positive family history for affective disorders. The aim was to identify premorbid vulnerability factors. During the observation period, 19 HRPs developed an affective disorder. Their premorbid DEX/CRH test results were compared with 19 age- and sex matched controls. No significant differences could be observed between these two groups. Our results suggest that a dysregulated HPA system indicated by this function test can rather be regarded as a neurobiological scar developing during the course of affective disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The differential diagnosis of pseudobulbar affect (PBA). Distinguishing PBA among disorders of mood and affect. Proceedings of a roundtable meeting.

This monograph summarizes the proceedings of a roundtable meeting convened to discuss pseudobulbar affect (PBA). Two didactic lectures were presented followed by a moderated discussion among 11 participants. Post-meeting manuscript development synthesized didactic- and discussion-based content ad incorporated additional material from the neuroscience literature. A conceptual framework with which to distinguish between disorders of mood and affect is presented first, and disorders of affect regulation are then reviewed briefly. A detailed description of the most common of these disorders, PBA, is the focus of the remainder of the monograph. The prevalence, putative neuranatomic and neurochemical bases of PBA are reviewed, and current and emerging methods of evaluation and treatment of persons with PBA are discussed. The material presented in this monograph will help clinicians better recognize, diagnose, and treat PBA, and will form a foundation for understanding and interpreting future studies of this condition.

Diagnosis, Differential↗