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PubMed2006

Effect of blinded peer review on abstract acceptance.

CONTEXT: Peer review should evaluate the merit and quality of abstracts but may be biased by geographic location or institutional prestige. The effectiveness of blinded peer review at reducing bias is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of blinded review on the association between abstract characteristics and likelihood of abstract acceptance at a national research meeting. DESIGN AND SETTING: All abstracts submitted to the American Heart Association's annual Scientific Sessions research meeting from 2000-2004. Abstract review included the author's name and institution (open review) from 2000-2001, and this information was concealed (blinded review) from 2002-2004. Abstracts were categorized by country, primary language, institution prestige, author sex, and government and industry status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Likelihood of abstract acceptance during open and blinded review, by abstract characteristics. RESULTS: The mean number of abstracts submitted each year for evaluation was 13,455 and 28.5% were accepted. During open review, 40.8% of US and 22.6% of non-US abstracts were accepted (relative risk [RR], 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.75-1.88), whereas during blinded review, 33.4% of US and 23.7% of non-US abstracts were accepted (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.37-1.45; P<.001 for comparison between peer review periods). Among non-US abstracts, during open review, 31.1% from English- speaking countries and 20.9% from non-English-speaking countries were accepted (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.39-1.59), whereas during blinded review, 28.8% and 22.8% of abstracts were accepted, respectively (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.19-1.34; P<.001). Among abstracts from US academic institutions, during open review, 51.3% from highly prestigious and 32.6% from nonprestigious institutions were accepted (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.48-1.67), whereas during blinded review, 38.8% and 29.0% of abstracts were accepted, respectively (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.26-1.41; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of bias in the open review of abstracts, favoring authors from the United States, English-speaking countries outside the United States, and prestigious academic institutions. Moreover, blinded review at least partially reduced reviewer bias.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed2003

Acceptance of pain is an independent predictor of mental well-being in patients with chronic pain: empirical evidence and reappraisal.

This paper reports upon: (1) the value of acceptance of pain in predicting well-being in patients suffering from chronic pain and (2) the construct validity of acceptance by comparing two questionnaires designed to measure acceptance (the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, CPAQ, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 1992 and the Illness Cognitions Questionnaire, ICQ, J Consult Clin Psychol 69 (2001) 1026). The results of two independent cross-sectional studies are reported. Study 1 included 120 patients seeking help in tertiary care settings. In Study 2, 66 patients were recruited from a self-support group for fibromyalgia patients and from a pain clinic. Both studies revealed that acceptance of pain predicted mental well-being beyond pain severity and pain catastrophizing, but did not account for physical functioning. In both instruments, it was found that acceptance of pain was strongly related to engagement in normal life activities and the recognition that pain may not change. Acceptance in both instruments was strongly related to a cognitive control over pain. Study 2 further revealed that the correlation between the CPAQ and the ICQ is moderate, indicating that both instruments measured different aspects of acceptance. It is concluded that acceptance of chronic pain is best conceived of as the shift away from pain to non-pain aspects of life, and the shift away from a search for a cure with an acknowledgement that pain may not change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1982

The interrelationships between ratings of speech and facial acceptability in persons with cleft palate.

This study was conducted to determine (a) if untrained observers could reliably rate the speech and facial acceptability of young adults with clefts of the lip and/or palate; and (b) if there were differences between the ratings of speech acceptability and facial acceptability according to sex of observer, presentation mode, or speaker effect. Thirty untrained young adult observers rated the speech and facial acceptability of 20 speakers with cleft palate using a 7-point bipolar adjective scale. Judgments of speech acceptability were made from an auditory-only stimulus and then from a combined audio-visual stimulus. Judgments of facial acceptability were made from a visual-only stimulus and then from a combined audio-visual stimulus. Multivariate analysis of variance, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and a posteriori multiple range tests were used for data analyses. Results indicated that untrained observers were reliable in rating both speech and facial acceptability (r .65-.97). The effects of speaker and interaction between speaker and presentation mode were significant at .01 levels of confidence. Judgments made of facial acceptability were generally more positive, leading to the conclusion that speech is generally judged more negatively in speakers with cleft palate, at least by untrained observers. The interaction between speech and facial acceptability was not significant.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Terminally ill patients and Jehovah's Witnesses: teaching acceptance of patients' refusals of vital treatments.

OBJECTIVES: To find out whether and how the teaching of medical ethics can influence attitudes on accepting treatment refusals. SETTING AND DESIGN: Anonymous questionnaires were distributed to 4 groups of students at the University of Geneva who had participated (P) or not (nP) in teaching modules on medical law and ethics. One vignette described a terminally ill patient refusing mechanical ventilation, another a Jehovah's Witness refusing a life-saving blood transfusion. PARTICIPANTS: 127 medical and 168 law students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 5-point Likert scale of responses to the vignettes reaching from certain acceptance to certain non-acceptance of the treatment refusal. RESULTS: More than 80% of law students (nP) said that a good physician should accept the terminally ill patient's refusal. 84% (P) compared to 68% (nP) of medical students (P=0.03) would accept this refusal. The acceptance of the Jehovah's Witness refusal of a life-saving transfusion was less among all students. Students from the groups (P) reported significantly more often (P < 0.001) that they would accept (76% of medical students) or that a good physician should accept (63% of law students) the treatment refusal of the Jehovah's Witness than medical students (48%) and law students (27%) from the two other groups (nP). CONCLUSION: (P) students showed significantly more acceptance of treatment refusals in the hypothetical case scenarios than (nP) students from the same faculty. Religion, cultural origin and school education of the parents had less influence on attitudes than participation in ethical teaching and type of student (medicine vs. law).

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Adapting to asthma: are some asthma effects acceptable?

Health-related quality-of-life scores depend on patients' judgments about their condition and its effect on them. Asthma is a long-term disease, and it is possible that patients may learn to accept some of its effects. We tested the hypothesis that patients come to accept some asthma effects and then discount them as being important when rating their health. We asked patients which of the asthma effects listed in the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire were acceptable to them. This enabled us to calculate a score for effects of asthma that patients experienced, yet were acceptable to them. The comparative validity of the Current, Acceptable and Unacceptable St George's Respiratory Questionnaire scores was examined by testing their correlations with a variety of asthma-related variables. Eighty patients participated, mean age 50 years, mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 73 (SD 24)% predicted. Acceptability of St George's Respiratory Questionnaire items was related to the previously identified severity weights (rho = -0.65, p < 0.0001), but some severe effects were acceptable to some patients. Patients who accepted higher levels of health impairment were older with more severe disease. Unacceptable health was less well correlated with asthma-related variables than was current health. We conclude that patients accept some asthma effects but do not appear to discount them when using a detailed health status questionnaire.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

The acceptability of voluntary HIV antibody testing in the United States: a decade of lessons learned.

OBJECTIVE: As the benefits of early diagnosis of HIV increase, US adults are more likely to be offered HIV counseling and testing in settings where they may not seek testing. Rates and determinants of counseling and testing acceptance in these settings are poorly understood. DESIGN: We reviewed articles and abstracts published from 1985 to 1995 which addressed rates or determinants of counseling and testing acceptance in facilities that provide perinatal, family planning, gynecology, sexually transmitted disease (STD) and drug treatment services, hospitals, and prisons. Data reflected testing experience of more than 240,000 adults. RESULTS: Acceptance rates varied widely (3-100%), even within settings of the same type. Acceptance was generally higher (> 50%) among persons at high risk for acquiring or transmitting the infection (e.g., STD patients, pregnant women at high risk) than among low-risk persons. Factors associated with high acceptance rates included the client's perception of HIV risk, acknowledging risk behaviors; confidentiality protections; presenting counseling and testing as 'routine' rather than optional; and the provider's belief that counseling and testing will benefit the client. Factors associated with low acceptance rates included prior HIV testing, fears about coping with results, and explicit informed consent. CONCLUSIONS: To institute and evaluate counseling and testing programs for persons who do not specifically seek testing, multiple determinants of acceptance must be considered. Practices that protect confidentiality, endorse counseling directed to a client's unique circumstances, and highlight the medical and social benefits of testing are likely to promote acceptance. Acceptance of counseling and testing offered nonroutinely to the numerous Americans who have been previously tested or are at low risk is likely to be low.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A look at a Hispanic and African American population in an urban prenatal diagnostic center: referral reasons, amniocentesis acceptance, and abnormalities detected.

PURPOSE: To describe the Hispanic and African-American population referred to our inner city Los Angeles Prenatal Diagnostic Center. To evaluate trends in referral reasons, amniocentesis acceptance, and to assess the number and types of fetal abnormalities found from 1995 to 2001. METHODS: A retrospective study using the data from 3085 daily log entries on patients referred for prenatal counseling. The data included race, age, referral reason, amniocentesis decision and results, and fetal abnormalities. RESULTS: The population was 76% Hispanic and 22% African American. Most referrals were for advanced maternal age (42%) and maternal serum screening (28%). The overall amniocentesis acceptance rate was 52%; advanced maternal age amniocentesis acceptance rate was 46%, and maternal serum screen positive amniocentesis acceptance rate was significantly higher at 64%. There was a significant difference between the overall amniocentesis acceptance rate for Hispanics (48%) and African Americans (63%). There was also a significant downward trend in amniocentesis acceptance between 1995 (63%) and 2001 (39%). Amniocentesis acceptance was significantly greater among patients who were < 35 years of age (65%) than those who were older (47%). An incidence of 7% abnormalities was detected by ultrasound and amniocentesis. CONCLUSIONS: Acceptance of amniocentesis in the Hispanic and African American population in our prenatal diagnostic center is significantly lower than what has previously been reported in the literature for Caucasians and reported in California statewide prenatal diagnostic center data for non-MS-AFP. There was a significant decline in amniocentesis acceptance from 1995 to 2001. Our incidence of fetal abnormalities was higher than reported in California statewide data.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Acceptability of domestic violence against women in the European Union: a multilevel analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The acceptability of domestic violence against women (DVAW) plays an important part in shaping the social environment in which the victims are embedded, which in turn may contribute either to perpetuate or to reduce the levels of DVAW in our societies. This study analyses correlates of the acceptability of DVAW in the European Union (EU). DESIGN: Three level ordinal logistic regression of 13 457 people nested within 212 localities (cities), nested within 15 countries of the EU. Sampling is multistage with random probability. All interviews were face to face in people's homes. The outcome variable was acceptability of DVAW. Multiple correlates at the individual, locality, and country level were analysed. SETTING: European Union, 1999. PARTICIPANTS: National data were used of residents 15 years old and above of all member states in 1999 (n = 13 457). Average response rate was 47%, although it varied across countries (23%-73%). MAIN RESULTS: Higher levels of acceptability were reported by those who perceived DVAW as less severe and less frequent. Acceptability is higher among men who know a perpetrator and lower among men who know a victim. Victim blaming attitude is associated with higher levels of acceptability. In countries with higher gender empowerment measure the difference in acceptability among those who blame and those who do not blame the victim is greater. CONCLUSIONS: There are still widespread attitudes in the EU such as victim blaming that condone DVAW, contributing to a climate of social acceptability of DVAW. Further efforts to reduce the acceptability of DVAW are still needed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

A survey of factors affecting clinician acceptance of clinical decision support.

BACKGROUND: Real-time clinical decision support (CDS) integrated into clinicians' workflow has the potential to profoundly affect the cost, quality, and safety of health care delivery. Recent reports have identified a surprisingly low acceptance rate for different types of CDS. We hypothesized that factors affecting CDS system acceptance could be categorized as relating to differences in patients, physicians, CDS-type, or environmental characteristics. METHODS: We conducted a survey of all adult primary care physicians (PCPs, n = 225) within our group model Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) to identify factors that affect their acceptance of CDS. We defined clinical decision support broadly as "clinical information" that is either provided to you or accessible by you, from the clinical workstation (e.g., enhanced flow sheet displays, health maintenance reminders, alternative medication suggestions, order sets, alerts, and access to any internet-based information resources). RESULTS: 110 surveys were returned (49%). There were no differences in the age, gender, or years of service between those who returned the survey and the entire adult PCP population. Overall, clinicians stated that the CDS provided "helps them take better care of their patients" (3.6 on scale of 1:Never-5:Always), "is worth the time it takes" (3.5), and "reminds them of something they've forgotten" (3.2). There was no difference in the perceived acceptance rate of alerts based on their type (i.e., cost, safety, health maintenance). When asked about specific patient characteristics that would make the clinicians "more", "equally" or "less" likely to accept alerts: 41% stated that they were more (8% stated "less") likely to accept alerts on elderly patients (> 65 yrs); 38% were more (14% stated less) likely to accept alerts on patients with more than 5 current medications; and 38% were more (20% stated less) likely to accept alerts on patients with more than 5 chronic clinical conditions. Interestingly, 80% said they were less likely to accept alerts when they were behind schedule and 84% of clinicians admitted to being at least 20 minutes behind schedule "some", "most", or "all of the time". CONCLUSION: Even though a majority of our clinical decision support suggestions are not explicitly followed, clinicians feel they are of benefit and would be even more beneficial if they had more time available to address them.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The female condom (Femidom)--a study of user acceptability.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the acceptability of the female condom (Femidom). DESIGN: Questionnaire survey following the use of the Femidom during sexual intercourse. SETTING: Groote Schuur and Somerset Hospitals, Cape Town. PARTICIPANTS: Nurses, secretaries, doctors and domestic staff of Groote Schuur and Somerset Hospitals who volunteered-61 women were recruited, 8 did not use any female condoms, and 1 did not return. Many women refused, mainly because of the unaesthetic appearance of the Femidom and the fact that they had to continue using their regular contraceptive and they did not think their partners would co-operate. OUTCOME MEASURES: Sexual responsivity compared with that without Femidom; acceptability of the method; women's and their partners' enjoyment of using the method; comparison with the male condom; awareness of HIV-AIDS and protective measures that can be used. RESULTS: Of the 52 participants, 23 used all 10 Femidoms issued to them. Thirteen women and 18 of their partners did not enjoy using the method and 9 had problems with it. Sex with the Femidom was the same or better in 51.9%. The Femidom was unacceptable in 32.7%, acceptable in 52% and very acceptable in 13.4%. Compared with the male condom, 50% of women and 44.2% of men considered the Femidom as good or better. Of the 61 women, 59 had heard of AIDS, and awareness of protective measures was good. CONCLUSION: There was resistance to accepting the Femidom, mainly because of its unaesthetic appearance and because women were participating for altruistic reasons. Acceptance and ease of application improved with use. Comments regarding problems and subjects' and their partners' enjoyment varied from extremely positive to extremely negative; 65.4% considered sex using the Femidom acceptable or very acceptable. It is important to inform and obtain co-operation from the male partner. The female condom has been developed as an alternative for women to use if their partners refuse or dislike using male condoms. Perfect use of the Femidom may reduce the annual risk of acquiring HIV by more than 90% in women who are sexually active with an infected male. The efficacy of the female condom has been described as equal to that of the diaphragm. The Femidom will increase the range of choices of contraceptives and prophylactic methods available for protective sex. It should become accepted as a method of contraception and an adjunct to other contraceptive methods as a prophylactic against sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS, particularly in relationships that are not mutually monogamous.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Contact tracing for hepatitis C: perspectives of people with experience of substance use and hepatitis C on intervention acceptability.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the UK, the principal risk factor for HCV is injecting drug use. The introduction of direct acting anti-virals (DAA's) have transformed HCV care, with cure rates of over 95%. However, HCV is often asymptomatic, and reinfection is a concern. Modelling and real-life studies demonstrate the potential effectiveness of a contact tracing approach for finding people who have acquired HCV through injecting drug use. However, it is not used routinely in the UK. This qualitative study was undertaken to assess the acceptability of a contact tracing approach to identify people who have injected drugs with an index patient recently diagnosed with HCV. METHODS: Twelve people with lived or living experience of injecting drug use and an HCV diagnosis were interviewed using semi-structured interview topic guides. Participants were purposefully selected according to the inclusion criteria and to ensure there was an even spread of male and female participants. Sekhon's Theoretical Framework of Acceptability, incorporating seven components (affective attitude, burden, ethicality, intervention coherence, opportunity cost, perceived effectiveness, and self-efficacy) was used to analyse data from interview transcripts. RESULTS: A sample of 12 people who inject drugs in the UK indicated that a contact tracing approach was acceptable across two components of Sekhon's acceptability framework: affective attitude and ethicality. Participants broadly found the idea of tracing people who may be at risk of contracting HCV acceptable, and the approach aligned with their value systems. A contact tracing approach would help alleviate concerns about putting other people's lives at risk through HCV transmission and was seen as a 'sensible' way of finding people at risk. However, there were caveats to this acceptability. Contact tracing approaches delivered by mainstream health, or governmental organisations increased burden, opportunity costs and perceived effectiveness of a contact tracing approach for HCV, particularly within contexts of exclusion and criminalisation of people who inject drugs. Burden and opportunity costs were also affected by individual experiences and risks of violence, sexual violence and abuse. There was a lack of knowledge of contact tracing approaches amongst respondents, leading to a lack of intervention coherence and misunderstandings of what contact tracing was and how it would work. Trusted relationships with NGOs and HCV specialist nurses reduced burden and increased confidence and ability (self-efficacy) to engage with a contact tracing approach. CONCLUSION: People who inject drugs broadly perceive contact tracing as an acceptable method of finding people who are at risk of HCV. However, this acceptability is based on specific modes of delivery through trusted organisations. Findings further highlight the importance of naming and describing contact tracing approaches appropriately, as well as assessing and mitigating against potential risk to index patients, to increase self-efficacy and capacity to engage. Considering these findings, the potential for expanding existing contact tracing approaches should be explored to ensure the UK reaches and maintains its elimination targets.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Diagnostic communication in functional neurological disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient acceptance and clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Diagnostic disclosure is a key therapeutic moment in Functional Neurological Disorder (FND). This systematic review aimed to evaluate quantitative evidence on diagnostic acceptance, understanding, satisfaction, symptom outcomes, and healthcare utilisation following diagnostic disclosure in FND, and to conduct a meta-analysis of diagnostic acceptance. METHODS: Systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science identified quantitative studies in adults with FND. Screening followed predefined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a structured template and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was conducted using the Freeman-Tukey transformation. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included, four of which contributed to the meta-analysis (n = 481). Reported diagnostic acceptance rates ranged from 38.7% to 90%, although the timing and method of assessment varied across studies. Pooled acceptance was 0.68 (95% CI 0.44-0.88), with substantial heterogeneity. Structured or reinforced communication was frequently associated with improved understanding and satisfaction, although its superiority for diagnostic acceptance was not established. In some studies, diagnostic acceptance was associated with more favourable clinical outcomes, although findings were inconsistent. Some studies reported reductions in healthcare utilisation or costs following satisfactory diagnostic explanation, whereas others found no sustained overall reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic communication in FND is associated with differences in acceptance, understanding, and downstream clinical and healthcare outcomes. Approximately two-thirds of patients were reported as accepting the diagnosis following disclosure, although the timing and method of assessment varied substantially across studies. Empathic and evidence-informed communication may enhance understanding and engagement, although its effects on healthcare use and recovery remain uncertain. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Diagnostic disclosure should be delivered clearly, empathically, and with reinforcement over time. Written information, reputable educational resources, and opportunities for follow-up clarification may support patient understanding and engagement, although stronger comparative evidence is needed.

Humans↗

PubMed2007

Effectiveness and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce wandering in dementia: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Wandering occurs in 15-60% of people with dementia. Psychosocial interventions rather than pharmacological methods are recommended, but evidence for their effectiveness is limited and there are ethical concerns associated with some non-pharmacological approaches, such as electronic tracking devices. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and cost effectiveness and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce wandering in dementia. DESIGN: A systematic review to evaluate effectiveness of the interventions and to assess acceptability and ethical issues associated with their use. The search and review strategy, data extraction and analysis followed recommended guidance. Papers of relevance to effectiveness, acceptability and ethical issues were sought. RESULTS: (i) Clinical effectiveness. Eleven studies, including eight randomised controlled trials, of a variety of interventions, met the inclusion criteria. There was no robust evidence to recommend any intervention, although there was some weak evidence for exercise. No relevant studies to determine cost effectiveness met the inclusion criteria. (ii) Acceptability/ethical issues. None of the acceptability papers reported directly the views of people with dementia. Exercise and music therapy were the most acceptable interventions and raised no ethical concerns. Tracking and tagging devices were acceptable to carers but generated considerable ethical debate. Physical restraints were considered unacceptable. CONCLUSIONS: In order to reduce unsafe wandering high quality research is needed to determine the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions that are practically and ethically acceptable to users. It is important to establish the views of people with dementia on the acceptability of such interventions prior to evaluating their effectiveness through complex randomised controlled trials.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

Acceptability of aversive procedures and medication as treatment alternatives for deviant child behavior.

The present investigation evaluated the acceptability of alternative treatments for deviant child behavior. Clinical cases of children who displayed severe behavioral problems at home and a school were described along with three different treatments. The treatments, time-out from reinforcement, locked seclusion, and medication, were rated by psychiatric inpatient children and parents in a 3 X 3 replicated Latin-square design. The investigation also evaluated whether acceptability ratings were influenced by the clinical effectiveness of treatment in altering behavior. Although children and parents did not differ overall in acceptability ratings, they differed in their ranking of different treatments. Children viewed medication as the most acceptable treatment, whereas parents viewed time-out as the most acceptable treatment. For both children and parents, treatments described as producing marked effects were rated as more acceptable than treatments producing weaker effects. The results indicated that disturbed children and their parents can readily distinguish the acceptability of alternative treatments. The implications of treatment acceptability for clinical applications of treatment are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2006

Mexican women's reasons for accepting or declining HIV antibody testing in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine pregnant women's reasons for accepting or declining the HIV test in Leon, Mexico. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using a face-to-face questionnaire. SETTING: The antenatal clinic at a tertiary-care referral hospital in Leon, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: 1184 pregnant women. DATA COLLECTION: Reasons for accepting or declining the HIV antibodies test, socio-economic characteristics and risk factors for HIV were recorded. Blood samples were obtained from women who accepted to be tested, and positive serologies to HIV on duplicate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing were confirmed by Western Blot assay. FINDINGS: 1009 (85.2%) women accepted the HIV antibodies test. The main reason for accepting it was that women felt the test could be beneficial to their babies (45.1%). The two main reasons for rejecting the HIV antibodies test were that women felt the test was unnecessary because their husbands did not have sexual intercourse with other women (32.6%), and because they did not have permission from their husbands for accepting the test (23.5%). None of the women tested positive for HIV antibodies (0 per 1009). KEY CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for accepting the HIV test were similar to those reported in developed countries. One important reason for declining the test was that women did not have their husband's permission. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The acceptance rate for HIV testing in pregnant women could be improved by counselling men on the value of their wives being tested in pregnancy.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed2001

Acceptability research on female-controlled barrier methods to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV: Where have we been? Where are we going?

Acceptability research is an important component of any product development process. As researchers move into a new, accelerated phase of vaginal microbicide development, it is important to take stock of the acceptability research conducted to date and determine future research priorities. In this paper, we review findings from acceptability research conducted to date in four categories: hypothetical product acceptability research, existing product research (spermicide acceptability studies), acceptability research within the context of clinical trials, and postmarketing acceptability research conducted around the female condom. Finally, we highlight areas where additional research is needed in light of recent progress in microbicide development and discuss a possible framework for the introduction and acceptability of new sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention technologies.

Administration, Intravaginal↗

PubMed2003

Viral sexually transmitted disease vaccine acceptability among college students.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vaccines are an important strategy for the control of infectious diseases; however, they are only successful if accepted. The object of this study was to examine factors that could affect vaccine acceptance among college students for 2 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). GOAL: The goal was to examine the impact of gender and specific rationales on STD vaccine acceptance using health behavior theories. STUDY DESIGN: Participants completed a questionnaire regarding attitudes about hypothetical STD vaccines. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent of each group endorsed acceptance. Factors influencing genital herpes vaccine acceptance were parents' feelings, belief in vaccination, universal recommendation, numerous partners, a belief that acquisition makes finding partners difficult, and low cost. Human papillomavirus vaccine factors were parents' feelings, universal recommendation, numerous partners, safety, and low cost. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that most college students would accept STD vaccination. Factors affecting acceptance were similar for both pathogens. The results suggest acceptance will be positively affected by health policies encouraging universal vaccination.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Effect of systematized "behavior shaping" on acceptance of dental treatment in children.

The aim of this study was to compare the acceptance level of children treated by dentists who had participated in a training program of psychologic care and systematized "behavior shaping", with the acceptance level of children treated to a large extent by the same dentists before their training program. The material consisted of 2400 children treated by 149 dentists, to be compared with the material of 2773 children treated by 161 dentists in the "before training" study; 127 dentists took part in both studies. The training program included a video film, a manual, and a case form. Of the children treated before the dentists underwent the training program, 79% showed positive acceptance of all treatment steps encountered during dental visits, 13% reluctant acceptance, and 8% negative or no acceptance. The corresponding figures for children treated after the training program were 92, 6, and 2%. The distributions of overall positive acceptance in the two studies were compared by means of a logistic regression model. The level of overall positive acceptance was significantly increased after the dentists had participated in the training program. The improvement was most pronounced among the youngest children and children in need of restorative treatment or extraction. Of all the background variables studied, age, present need of treatment, and the before/after training variable had the greatest influence. The study shows that dentists can be trained to obtain significantly increased positive acceptance of dental treatment in children, and that the method does not require extra time in the dental chair.

Adolescent↗