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PubMed2003

Parent-child interaction therapy: a comparison of standard and abbreviated treatments for oppositional defiant preschoolers.

Families of 54 behaviorally disturbed preschool-aged children (3 to 5 years) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment conditions: standard parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT; STD); modified PCIT that used didactic videotapes, telephone consultations, and face-to-face sessions to abbreviate treatment; and a no-treatment waitlist control group (WL). Twenty-one nondisturbed preschoolers were recruited as a social validation comparison condition. Posttreatment assessment indicated significant differences in parent-reported externalizing behavior in children, and parental stress and discipline practices from both treatment groups on most measures compared with the WL group. Clinical significance testing suggested a superior effect for the STD immediately after intervention, but by 6-month follow-up, the two groups were comparable. The findings indicate that abbreviated PCIT may be of benefit for families with young conduct problem children.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

An abbreviated impedance bridge technique for school screening.

The hearing of 539 children were screened by conventional audiometric techniques and an abbreviated form of impedance audiometry. Otoscopic examination and estimates of the cost to accurately detect hearing loss were used as critieria for comparing the two methods. The impedance technique detected 94% of hearing disorders, the audiometric, 24%. Projections of cost included a factor for number screened. These demonstrated that the impedance technique was less expensive and approached one-sixth the cost of the audiometric technique at a rate of 10,000 children per year. A routine application of the impedance technique in an ongoing hearing conservation program (N = 2712) supported the initial conclusion that it was more effective and more easily employable than audiometric screening. One child who passed impedance screening was shown to have a 50-dB sensorineural loss. It was concluded that an abbreviated form of impedance audiometry that includes a single high-frequency screening tone is the technique of choice for school screening.

Audiometry↗
PubMed2003

The efficacy of an abbreviated model of the International Prostate Symptom Score in evaluating benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the acceptability to patients in Turkey of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) for evaluating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and to devise a possible abbreviated model, saving time when administered by a physician. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The IPSS questionnaire was initially self-administered in 200 consecutive patients aged> 50 years and with lower urinary tract symptoms. Patients were instructed only to mark questions which they clearly understood. The IPSS was then administered to 500 consecutive patients by the same physician. Subsequently, each of the seven questions was separately correlated with the IPSS and quality-of-life (QoL) score. The first five questions with the highest correlation coefficient for both the total IPSS and QoL score were identified, and every possible combination of these questions produced and correlated. RESULTS: In the first group, 29% of the patients did not complete the form and 44% could not mark at least one item; the effect of educational level was significant (P < 0.05). In the second group a combination of the first three items had a Pearson's correlation of 0.90 with the total IPSS; similarly, four questions combined (2, 3, 6 and 7) also correlated well (r = 0.92). Both combinations took significantly less time to administer (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The abbreviated form of the IPSS consisting of three or four items may be used to assess symptoms in patients with BPH, especially in underdeveloped countries.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Integration of preexisting diseases and risk factors in the Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI)].

OBJECTIVE: There is no doubt that underlying medical problems such as concomitant diseases or risk factors play a role in increasing patient morbidity and mortality. These factors are already integrated in trauma scores but preexisting diseases have no impact on burn scores yet. This study was performed to examine the predictive value of the classical burn variables that are integrated in the Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI). The preexisting diseases and risk factors in burn patients within our burn center were evaluated, with the aim of incorporating these evaluations into a new burn score. This modified burn score was used to optimize the predictive value of burn mortality. METHODS: This study included 443 intensive care burn patients. Demographic, injury, age, total body surface area burned (TBSAB), full thickness burn (FTB), inhalation injury (IHT), sex, medical comorbidities, intensive care and outcome data were documented. Univariate analyses, stepwise logistic regression and the Receiver Operating Curve were used to generate values for the probability of death. RESULTS: Univariate analyses identified the following risk factors for their relationship with mortality: TBSAB, age, IHT, FTB, sex and medical comorbidities (cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and endocrinological). Logistic Regression showed that total body surface area burned and age correlated most significantly with the probability of poor outcome. There were weaker correlations between IHT and FTB. No main effect was registered for gender and preexisting medical problems. The greatest area under the ROC curve was registered for our modified ABSI when comorbidities and risk factors were integrated. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the Abbreviated Burn Severity Index is an appropriate burn score for estimating the risk of mortality after burn trauma. However, in addition to the classical variables, preexisting diseases and risk factors have a significant influence on the outcome and therefore should be incorporated into a new burn score to predict mortality more accurately.

APACHE↗
PubMed2003

Abbreviated incubation times for human prions in mice expressing a chimeric mouse-human prion protein transgene.

Transgenic (Tg) mouse lines that express chimeric mouse-human prion protein (PrP), designated MHu2M, are susceptible to prions from patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). With the aim of decreasing the incubation time to fewer than 200 days, we constructed transgenes in which one or more of the nine human residues in MHu2M were changed to mouse. The construct with murine residues at positions 165 and 167 was expressed in Tg(MHu2M,M165V,E167Q) mice and resulted in shortening the incubation time to approximately 110 days for prions from sCJD patients. The construct with a murine residue at position 96 resulted in lengthening the incubation time to more than 280 days for sCJD prions. When murine residues 96, 165, and 167 were expressed, the abbreviated incubation times for sCJD prions were abolished. Variant CJD prions showed prolonged incubation times between 300 and 700 days in Tg(MHu2M) mice on first passage and incubation times of approximately 350 days in Tg(MHu2M,M165V,E167Q) mice. On second and third passages of variant CJD prions in Tg(MHu2M) mice, multiple strains of prions were detected based on incubation times and the sizes of the protease-resistant, deglycosylated PrP(Sc) fragments. Our discovery of a previously undescribed chimeric transgene with abbreviated incubation times for sCJD prions should facilitate studies on the prion species barrier and human prion diversity.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2005

Agreement between the abbreviated and standard portland digit recognition test.

This study sought to determine the classification agreement between the standard and abbreviated forms of the Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT), a well-established symptom validity test. PDRTs (N=200: 100 traumatic brain injury, 100 chronic pain) were randomly selected from case manager and attorney referrals for psychological assessment. Only three cases were misclassified and agreement was as high as 99.5%. This study demonstrated that when using the abbreviated PDRT there is little risk of false negative errors.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1998

Abbreviated aerosol therapy for improved efficiency.

BACKGROUND: The Circulaire nebulizer system (WestMed, Tucson, AZ) has been shown to minimize the potential for side effects from adrenergic bronchodilator aerosols by minimizing extrapulmonary deposition. This study evaluates the utility, safety, and efficacy of a shortened treatment protocol utilizing a timed treatment with concentrated drug in this device. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, controlled comparison was conducted of a 2-minute treatment of concentrated (5 mg/mL) albuterol in the Circulaire nebulizer versus a conventional unit dose treatment as assessed by pulmonary function testing. RESULTS: Both treatments were equally efficacious and safe. The abbreviated treatment consumed about 8 to 10 minutes less and was preferred by patients. CONCLUSIONS: Abbreviated treatments provide equal bronchodilation with improved efficiency and potential cost savings.

Bronchodilator Agents↗
PubMed2006

Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations.

PURPOSE: There is a need for valid and reliable short scales that can be used to assess social networks and social supports and to screen for social isolation in older persons. DESIGN AND METHODS: The present study is a cross-national and cross-cultural evaluation of the performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6), which was used to screen for social isolation among community-dwelling older adult populations in three European countries. Based on the concept of lack of redundancy of social ties we defined clinical cut-points of the LSNS-6 for identifying persons deemed at risk for social isolation. RESULTS: Among all three samples, the LSNS-6 and two subscales (Family and Friends) demonstrated high levels of internal consistency, stable factor structures, and high correlations with criterion variables. The proposed clinical cut-points showed good convergent validity, and classified 20% of the respondents in Hamburg, 11% of those in Solothurn (Switzerland), and 15% of those in London as at risk for social isolation. IMPLICATIONS: We conclude that abbreviated scales such as the LSNS-6 should be considered for inclusion in practice protocols of gerontological practitioners. Screening older persons based on the LSNS-6 provides quantitative information on their family and friendship ties, and identifies persons at increased risk for social isolation who might benefit from in-depth assessment and targeted interventions.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil: comparison of standard and abbreviated methods.

A randomized cross-over study comparing serum and urinary concentrations of cefuroxime after a 750 mg intravenous dose of cefuroxime and a 500 mg oral dose of cefuroxime axetil was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of the current marketed formulation of cefuroxime axetil. The absolute bioavailability was compared with various abbreviated methods of assessing bioavailability. The peak concentrations (Cmax) and times to peak (Tmax) varied considerably (range 4.7-12.0 mg/l and 1.5-4 h respectively). The absolute bioavailability was 67.9%. The urine recovery after oral dosage and urine bioavailability were 38.6% and 50.3% respectively. The mean AUC0-6 h after the oral dosage was 27.7 mg/l.h. Both urine recovery and urine bioavailability were poor indicators of bioavailability (r = 0.54, r = 0.33 respectively). Although AUC0-6 h after the oral dose was positively correlated with absolute bioavailability, the coefficient of determination (r2) indicated that only 56% of the variation in absolute bioavailability was explained by AUC0-6 h. This study demonstrated that the current formulation of cefuroxime axetil is reliably absorbed although there is considerable variation in Cmax and Tmax. Because of this variation and because the abbreviated methods were unsatisfactory, we recommend that bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil in patients should be measured by formal intravenous/oral cross-over serum concentration studies.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1992

An abbreviated standard procedure for accurate tumor volume estimation in prostate cancer.

Quantitated tumor volume is reported to be the single most important morphologic predictor for lymph node metastasis and distant spread in the individual patient with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. There is a practical need for a system of tumor volume estimation that avoids the serial blocking of prostatectomy specimens required by standard techniques. Accordingly, in 145 prostatectomy specimens, cancer volumes obtained from computer planimetry of the full set of slides were compared with cancer volumes estimated visually in samples with fewer than half the standard number of slides selected according to three abbreviated protocols. Two of these abbreviated protocols gave cancer volume estimates that were within +/- 20% of the computer value on the full slide set in 96% and 89% of cases. These findings define a simple and relatively inexpensive procedure for deriving important prognostic information in a systematic fashion from the morphologic data obtained in prostatectomy specimens for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Abbreviated laparotomy and planned reoperation for critically injured patients.

The triad of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy in critically injured patients is a vicious cycle that, if uninterrupted, is rapidly fatal. During the past 7.5 years, 200 patients were treated with unorthodox techniques to abruptly terminate the laparotomy and break the cycle. One hundred seventy patients (85%) suffered penetrating injuries and 30 (15%) were victims of blunt trauma. The mean Revised Trauma Score, Injury Severity Score, and Trauma Index Severity Score age combination index predicted survival were 5.06%, 33.2%, and 57%, respectively. Resuscitative thoracotomies were performed in 60 (30%) patients. After major sources of hemorrhage were controlled, the following clinical and laboratory mean values were observed: red cell transfusions--22 units, core temperature--32.1 C, and pH--7.09. Techniques to abbreviate the operation included the ligation of enteric injuries in 34 patients, retained vascular clamps in 13, temporary intravascular shunts in four, packing of diffusely bleeding surfaces in 171, and the use of multiple towel clips to close only the skin of the abdominal wall in 178. Patients then were transported to the surgical intensive care unit for vigorous correction of metabolic derangements and coagulopathies. Ninety-eight patients (49%) survived to undergo planned reoperation (mean delay 48.1 hours), and 66 of 98 (67%) survived to leave the hospital. With the exception of intravascular shunts, there were survivors who were treated by each of the unorthodox techniques. Of 102 patients who died before reoperation 68 (67%) did so within 2 hours of the initial procedure. Logistic regression showed that red cell transfusion rate and pH may be helpful in determining when to consider abbreviated laparotomy. The authors conclude that patients with hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy are at high risk for imminent death, and that prompt termination of laparotomy with the use of the above techniques is a rational approach to an apparently hopeless situation.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1995

The abbreviated profile of hearing aid benefit.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a shortened version of the Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, to be called the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, or APHAB. DESIGN: The Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (PHAB) is a 66-item self-assessment, disability-based inventory that can be used to document the outcome of a hearing aid fitting, to compare several fittings, or to evaluate the same fitting over time. Data from 128 completed PHABs were used to select items for the Abbreviated PHAB. All subjects were elderly hearing-impaired who wore conventional analog hearing aids. Statistics of score distributions and psychometric properties of each of the APHAB subscales were determined. Data from 27 similar subjects were used to examine the test-retest properties of the instrument. Finally, equal-percentile profiles were generated for unaided, aided and benefit scores obtained from successful wearers of linear hearing aids. RESULTS: The APHAB uses a subset of 24 of the 66 items from the PHAB, scored in four 6-item subscales. Three of the subscales, Ease of Communication, Reverberation, and Background Noise address speech understanding in various everyday environments. The fourth subscale, Aversiveness of Sounds, quantifies negative reactions to environmental sounds. The APHAB typically requires 10 minutes or less to complete, and it produces scores for unaided and aided performance as well as hearing aid benefit. Test-retest correlation coefficients were found to be moderate to high and similar to those reported in the literature for other scales of similar content and length. Critical differences for each subscale taken individually were judged to be fairly large, however, smaller differences between two tests from the same individual can be significant if the three speech communication subscales are considered jointly. CONCLUSIONS: The APHAB is a potentially valuable clinical instrument. It can be useful for quantifying the disability associated with a hearing loss and the reduction of disability that is achieved with a hearing aid.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Assessment of abbreviated techniques for determination of milk volume intake of the human milk-fed infant.

Two recently proposed abbreviated techniques for estimation of 24-h milk intake of the breast-fed infant were evaluated as to whether they could serve as appropriate substitutes for measured 24-h intakes. One technique involves the doubling of 12-h milk intakes, whereas the other uses the product of the mean of two consecutive midpoint feedings and the frequency of nursing for the defined 24-h period. Data from three consecutive 24-h intake measurements at 4, 8, and 12 weeks on 22 solely breast-fed infants were used for the evaluation. Correlational and paired t test analyses were conducted to compare intakes from each abbreviated technique with measured intakes. All calculated intakes derived from doubling 12-h periods commencing in the morning exceeded values obtained for full-day measures. These overestimations resulted from higher milk consumption during the early hours of the day, with proportionate intakes ranging from 0.55 to 0.77. Doubled half-day calculations initiated later in the day (2 p.m.-2 a.m.) were similar to mean measured 24-h intakes, with proportionate intakes ranging from 0.47 to 0.51. Correlations between all calculated intakes and measured intakes ranged from 0.51 (p = 0.111) to 0.93 (p = 0.001). Estimated mean intakes derived by the method utilizing nursing frequency and the mean for two nursings were similar to measured 24-h mean intakes. Correlations between such 24-h calculated and measured intakes ranged from 0.70 (p = 0.001) to 0.97 (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Accuracy of seizure detection using abbreviated EEG during polysomnography.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of abbreviated EEG montages for seizure detection during polysomnography. Three electroencephalographers reviewed files containing seizures or nonepileptic events using 8- and 18-channel montages. Files were rated as to whether they contained seizures and assigned a "probability of seizure" score from 0% to 100% reflecting the confidence that it was a seizure. Readers then localized seizures as temporal, frontal, parieto-occipital, or nonlocalized and provided a probability of correct localization with 0% to 100% confidence. Data were analyzed using the Adjusted McNemar Test method of Obochuwski. The probability of seizure score was measured using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Observed agreement was 78% and 84% for 8- and 18-channel montages, respectively. Readers were better able to distinguish seizures from nonepileptic events using the 18-channel montage (P = 0.004). Seizures localized to the temporal and parieto-occipital regions were more likely to be correctly identified and localized. Readers were able to correctly localize 27% and 49% of seizures using the 8- and 18-channel montages, respectively (P < 0.001). Abbreviated EEG montages are inadequate in the differentiation of seizures and nonepileptic events arising from sleep during polysomnography. This seems to be particularly true in frontal lobe epilepsy.

Area Under Curve↗
PubMed2004

Abbreviated dosing of N-acetylcysteine prevents contrast-induced nephropathy after elective and urgent coronary angiography and intervention.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Several studies have utilized low-dose regimens of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for 48 hours to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after cardiac catheterization (cath) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A lengthy pretreatment period with NAC may not be feasible in urgent situations. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of an abbreviated, higher dose regimen of NAC for the prevention of CIN after elective and urgent coronary angiography (cath) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 80 patients referred for elective or urgent cath and/or PCI with stable chronic renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance <50 cc/min). Patients were randomized to: NAC 1000 mg PO 1 hour before cath/PCI and 4 hours later, or placebo. All patients received hydration (0.9% saline) before and after cath/PCI (minimum total volume > or = 1500 mL). CIN was defined as an increase of Cr > or = 0.5 mg/dL or > or = 25% 48 hours after cath/PCI. RESULTS: CIN occurred in 3 of 36 (8%) patients of the NAC group vs. 11 of 44 (25%) in the placebo group (P = 0.051; OR 3.7, 95% CI 0.94-14.4). Serum creatinine (mean +/- SD) remained stable in the NAC group after cath/PCI (2.02 +/- 0.56 vs. 2.10 +/- 0.81 mg/dL; P = 0.34), but increased after cath/PCI in the placebo group (1.93 +/- 0.53 vs. 2.10 +/- 0.74 mg/dL; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: An abbreviated, higher dose regimen of NAC prevents the rise of serum creatinine 48 hours after cath/PCI, and may prevent CIN after cath/PCI.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1997

Rate-dependent abbreviation of Ca2+ transient in rat heart is independent of phospholamban phosphorylation.

The mechanisms underlying the accelerated decline of the intracellular Ca2+ transient that occurs in cardiac muscle when stimulation rate is increased have been investigated in ventricular myocytes from rat hearts. Increasing stimulation rate from 0.1 to 0.5 and 1 Hz decreased the time taken for the Ca2+ transient to decline from its peak to 50% of its peak value in cells generating action potentials, when the duration of depolarization was held constant by voltage clamp, and when Na/Ca exchange was inhibited. The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ adenosinetriphosphatase inhibitor thapsigargin inhibited rate-dependent abbreviation of the Ca2+ transient. However, neither a chemical inhibitor of Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (KN62) nor a peptide inhibitor of this enzyme (calmodulin-binding domain peptide) had a significant effect on rate-dependent abbreviation of the Ca2+ transient. Analysis of the phosphorylation of the regulatory sites Ser16 and Thr17 of phospholamban showed no significant change in phosphorylation with changes of stimulation rate. These data suggest that rate-dependent shortening of the Ca2+ transient is due predominantly to enhanced Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum without changes in phospholamban phosphorylation.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections in 250 patients. Abbreviated therapeutic approach to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to report the results and complications of radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular (AV) connections by using an abbreviated approach aimed at minimizing the duration of the procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred fifty consecutive patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia involving a concealed accessory AV connection underwent catheter ablation with the use of radiofrequency current. In 179 of the 250 patients, catheter ablation was performed at the time of an initial electrophysiology test. Two hundred thirty-five patients had one accessory AV connection and 15 patients had two or more. One hundred eighty-three accessory AV connections were manifest and 84 were concealed. One hundred sixty-one were were located in the free wall of the left ventricle, 47 were in the right free wall, 44 were posteroseptal, 10 were anteroseptal, and five were intermediate test, and the ablation procedure was recorded for each patient, as was the total duration of fluoroscopy. A follow-up electrophysiology test was performed 2-3 months after the ablation procedure. Ninety-four percent of patients had all accessory AV connections successfully ablated and remained free of symptomatic tachycardia during a mean follow-up of 10 +/- 4 months. Two hundred nineteen patients (88%) had all accessory AV connections ablated during the initial attempt at catheter ablation. Mean duration of the entire procedure was 134 +/- 75 minutes. Procedure duration was longest in patients with multiple accessory AV connections, shortest in patients with intermediate septal accessory AV connections, and similar in all other locations. A nonfatal complication occurred in nine patients (4%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that catheter ablation of accessory AV connections with radiofrequency current can be performed safely and expeditiously in a majority of patients and confirm in a large series the feasibility of catheter ablation at the time of an initial diagnostic electrophysiology test. This abbreviated therapeutic approach avoids the need for electropharmacological testing, long-term antiarrhythmic drug therapy, and surgical therapy in the majority of patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or with symptomatic tachycardias involving accessory AV connections.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dual gene therapy with SERCA1 and Kir2.1 abbreviates excitation without suppressing contractility.

Heart failure is characterized by depressed contractility and delayed repolarization. The latter feature predisposes the failing heart to ventricular arrhythmias and represents a logical target for gene therapy. Unfortunately, unopposed correction of the delay in repolarization will decrease the time available for calcium cycling during each heartbeat, potentially aggravating the depression of contractility. Here we describe the development and application of a novel gene therapy strategy designed to abbreviate excitation without depressing contraction. The calcium ATPase SERCA1 was coexpressed with the potassium channel Kir2.1 in guinea pig hearts. Myocytes from the hearts had bigger calcium transients and shorter action potentials. In vivo, repolarization was abbreviated, but contractile function remained unimpaired. Dual gene therapy of the sort described here can be generalized to exploit opposing or synergistic therapeutic principles to achieve a tailored phenotype.

Action Potentials↗