Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “pathogen isolation”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic microflora: data of the bacteriological laboratory at the antituberculosis clinic].

A total of 426 cultures for nonspecific organisms, made at the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Antituberculosis Dispensary, were analyzed. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus were most common among the isolated pathogens. Evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity by using the disks showed augmentin, cefuroxime axetil, and ciprofloxacin to be most effective. Streptomycin and rifampicin resistance of pathogens was highest. In patients with tuberculosis, the non-tuberculosis flora showed resistance to the drugs widely used in general practice (ampicillin, carbenicillin, oxacillin, lincomycin, erythromycin). Among macrolides, rovamycin was more effective than erythromycin. It is concluded that when wide-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, new and potent drugs should be used in a tuberculosis hospital.

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination↗
PubMed2003

Global distribution and outcomes for Candida species causing invasive candidiasis: results from an international randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.

In a randomized study, caspofungin was compared with amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in a total of 239 adults from 56 sites in 20 countries. This study provided a unique opportunity to assess the frequency and outcome of invasive candidiasis caused by different Candida species worldwide, and the results are presented here. Efficacy was primarily assessed at the end of intravenous therapy using a modified intent-to-treat (MITT) analysis. This analysis was performed on 224 of the 239 patients enrolled in the study. Attempts were made to collect baseline Candida isolates from all patients for species identification at a central laboratory. Yeasts were identified to the species level using two commercial systems and microscopic examination. Viable baseline isolates were recovered from 210 of the 224 (94%) patients included in the MITT analysis. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species in all regions and was responsible for 45% of cases overall. Nevertheless, the majority of cases of infection were caused by non- albicans Candida species. In the USA and Canada, Candida glabrata was the second most commonly isolated pathogen (18%). In contrast, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis accounted for 55% of cases in Latin America. Outcomes were comparable for patients treated with caspofungin (74% overall; 64% and 80% for infections due to Candida albicans and non- albicans species) and amphotericin B (62% overall; 58% and 68% for infections due to Candida albicans and non- albicans species), and were generally similar across continents. The distribution of Candida species isolated from patients enrolled in a clinical trial may not be representative of pathogens causing invasive candidiasis in the general population. Nevertheless, our findings may affect the regional choice of empirical antifungal therapy for seriously ill patients with suspected or documented invasive candidiasis since different Candida species have varying susceptibility to conventional antifungal drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

p-nitrophenylglycerol--a superior antiswarming agent for isolating and identifying pathogens from clinical material.

The antiswarming agent p-nitrophenylglycerol (PNPG) has been found invaluable for the recognition and isolation of pathogenic bacteria from specimens contaminated with swarming strains of Proteus spp. PNPG is cheap, stable and non-toxic. All strains tested grew well in its presence and produced characteristic morphology. PNPG was without effect on the results of a variety of identification tests performed directly on colonies from media containing PNPG. This permitted identification without the need for further subculture.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1982

Aetiology and treatment of acute bacterial infection of the external eye.

The microbial flora of 738 patients with acute bacterial conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, and discharging sockets has been investigated. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae were the main pathogens isolated. Str. viridans was associated with conjunctivitis in patients aged under 1 year. moraxella sp. was isolated on only one occasion. Overall, 40% of specimens were associated with Staph. epidermidis or mixed skin flora, which also occurred with cultures of the normal eye. Clostridium welchii was isolated on 3 occasions but was not associated with bullae or gas gangrene. The least overall resistance, of 6%, was to chloramphenicol, but no one antibiotic was effective against all pathogens. Gentamicin remains the antibiotic of choice for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy and safety of clarithromycin versus josamycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with bacterial pneumonia.

The efficacy and safety of 500 mg clarithromycin and 1000 mg josamycin both given twice daily for a maximum of 14 days were compared in the treatment of 72 hospitalized patients with bacterial pneumonia. The predominant pathogens isolated were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical success was reported for 91.5% of patients treated with clarithromycin and for 87.0% of those treated with josamycin. Eradication of the causative pathogen was noted in 85.7% of patients receiving clarithromycin and in 90% of those receiving josamycin. Adverse events considered probably to relate to therapy were experienced by 2% of patients treated with clarithromycin and by 12.5% of those treated with josamycin; one patient treated with josamycin was withdrawn because of severe nausea and moderate vomiting. Treatment with clarithromycin at half the dosage of josamycin was found to have comparable efficacy and to be associated with a lower incidence of adverse events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Cefoperazone in the treatment of osteomyelitis.

Twenty-six patients (aged 20 to 78 years) with osteomyelitis of the lower extremity (22) and infections of the spine (4) were treated with the broad-spectrum antibiotic cefoperazone. Staphylococcus aureus was the major pathogen isolated. A complete cure was obtained in 18 (69.2%) of the 26 patients treated; an additional four patients (15.4%) demonstrated a satisfactory clinical result without complete eradication of all baseline pathogens.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The marine pathogenic genotype of Spironucleus barkhanus from farmed salmonids redescribed as Spironucleus salmonicida n. sp.

There are two genotypes of the diplomonad Spironucleus barkhanus. Based on sequence data from the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene the conspecificity of these two genotypes has been questioned. Therefore, we have sampled Spironucleus from 27 fish, representing 14 populations, five species, and four genera. Partial nucleotide sequences from the three genes; small subunit ribosomal DNA, glutamate dehydrogenase 1 and alpha-tubulin were compared. The pathogenic isolates of S. barkhanus, which causes systemic spironucleosis in Atlantic salmon, Chinook salmon, and Arctic charr, all farmed in sea water, were genetically very different from the commensal isolate found in wild freshwater populations of Arctic charr and grayling. The genetic distances between the genotypes were of the same magnitude as those separating species of Giardia. Based on these genetic and ecological data, the pathogenic genotype from farmed salmonids is described as a new species, Spironucleus salmonicida n. sp. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed no specific morphological or ultrastructural features distinguishing S. salmonicida n. sp. from S. barkhanus. The present study clearly demonstrates the value of applying genetics in identification of Spironucleus species. Phylogenetic analyses that included the isolates of S. salmonicida n. sp. did not change the phylogenetic relationship within the genus Spironucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal-recessive disorder and affects about 60,000 people worldwide. The CF gene, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), was found in 1989 and over 800 mutations have been sequenced. Although our understanding of the pathophysiology of CF has increased, pulmonary infections remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality. During the first decade of life, Staphylococcus aureus and nontypable Haemophilus influenza are most common, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be the first pathogen isolated in infants. By 18 years of age, 80% of patients harbor P. aeruginosa and 3.5% harbor Burkholderia cepacia. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and nontuberculous mycobacteria may be newly emerging CF pathogens. The traditional approach to managing patients with CF is to treat acute pulmonary exacerbations with intravenous antimicrobial agents. However, prophylactic strategies to prevent initial infection or to delay chronic infection with P. aeruginosa or chronic maintenance therapy to slow deterioration of lung function may also improve clinical status. Recognition of the role of inflammation, even early in life, in the absence of clinical symptoms, has led to treatment with anti-inflammatory agents. Novel strategies to disrupt biofilm formation, stimulate chloride conductance, and replace abnormal CFTR are currently being studied.

Burkholderia cepacia↗
PubMed2002

Antibiotics-why so many and when should we use them?

Antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular surgery has been proven beneficial to reduce surgical site infections after reconstruction of the aorta, procedures on the leg that involve a groin incision, any procedure that implants a vascular prosthesis or endoluminal stent, and lower extremity amputation for ischemia. Bactericidal antibiotics administered before induction-cefazolin or cefuroxime for 1 to 2 days alone or in combination with vancomycin if a hospital wound surveillance program indicates a high incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection-is recommended. If a patient is felt to be at increased risk for infection and require prosthetic grafting, the use of a rifampin-soaked (1 mg/mL) gelatin- or collagen-impregnated graft may decrease the incidence of wound and graft infection. Antibiotic treatment of established vascular graft infections should begin with broad-spectrum coverage for expected pathogens (S aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Gram-negative bacteria) followed by culture-specific therapy based on antibiotic susceptibility testing. Specific antibiotic usage involves a decision regarding efficacy to expected or isolated pathogens versus its potential side effects and the drug costs. New applications for antibiotics in vascular surgery include the use of specific tetracyclines (doxycycline, azithromycin) as an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases to retard aortic aneurysm growth or for their antiinflammatory properties to retard atherogenesis related to Chylamydia pneumoniae.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Five-day twice daily cefdinir therapy for acute otitis media: microbiologic and clinical efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the microbiologic and clinical efficacy of a 5-day course of cefdinir in the treatment of tympanocentesis-documented acute otitis media (AOM). DESIGN: Open label noncomparative trial. SETTING: Primary care, ambulatory. PATIENTS: Children ages 6 months through 12 years with signs of AOM and middle ear effusion confirmed by tympanometry in at least one ear. INTERVENTION: Patients underwent tympanocentesis at baseline and received cefdinir 7 mg/kg twice a day for 5 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presumptive eradication of middle ear pathogens determined by clinical cure of signs and symptoms of AOM at end of therapy (Study Days 7 to 9) and Visit 3 (Study Days 16 to 21). RESULTS: A total of 125 of 177 enrolled children had 134 pathogens isolated by tympanocentesis: Streptococcus pneumoniae, 69 (51.5%); Haemophilus influenzae 44 (32.8%; beta-lactamase-positive in 18 of 44 strains); beta-lactamase-positive Moraxella catarrhalis, 15 (11.2%); and Streptococcus pyogenes, 6 (4.5%). The clinical cure rates by patient in the microbiologically and overall clinically evaluable groups, respectively, were 73% (84 of 115) and 77.4% (130 of 168) at the end of therapy visit and 57.4% (66 of 115) and 61.9% (104 of 168) at Visit 3. Presumptive eradication rates at end of therapy were 8 of 11 (72.7%) and 4 of 8 (50%) for patients with penicillin-intermediate and -resistant S. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. Adverse reactions occurred in 16% of patients, with diarrhea (11%) occurring most frequently. CONCLUSIONS: A 5-day regimen of cefdinir was effective in the eradication of the common causative pathogens of nonrefractory AOM, including intermediate penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae and beta-lactamase-producing organisms. Cefdinir should be considered a suitable second line antibiotic for AOM.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1988

[Susceptibilities of clinical isolates to antibacterial agents. Focusing mainly on ofloxacin (first report). Reported by the Research Group for Testing Ofloxacin Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates].

Susceptibility tests were carried out on a variety of clinically isolated pathogens using the susceptibility disc method at 197 hospitals in Japan between May, 1985 through March, 1986. These tests were organized by the Research Group for Testing Ofloxacin Susceptibility on Clinical Isolates, and the results were statistically analyzed. This paper describes a comparison of susceptibilities of clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter sp. and Campylobacter jejuni to ofloxacin (OFLX) and conventional antibacterial drugs. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. OFLX showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, N. gonorrhoeae, E. coli, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, C. freundii, K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, M. morganii, H. influenzae, A. calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter sp. and C. jejuni and only a few strains were resistant to OFLX. Moreover, OFLX has superior antibacterial activity against many species compared not only to norfloxacin but also to most of the conventional antibacterial drugs. 2. When studied by sampled materials such as sputum, urine, abscesses and otorrhea, OFLX occasionally showed different actions against the same species from different sources. Almost species from the urinary isolates were less sensitive than those from the sputum.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Significance of immunologic effector mechanisms in infectious endocarditis].

Whereas a number of investigations deals with extracardiac manifestations of immune reactions in infective endocarditis (e.g. circulating immune complexes), immunological effector mechanisms directed against the heart itself have not yet been analyzed. In 72 patients with infective endocarditis (41 patients with defined pathogen, 31 no pathogen isolated) humoral und cellular immunological effector mechanisms were investigated. Antibodies directed against the cytoskeleton of myocardial cells and against the endocardium were demonstrated in 60% to 100% depending on the infective pathogen and the clinical course. Whereas the antibodies were found in subacute and chronic courses regularly, they were found less frequently in acute lethal cases. Antibodies directed against connective tissue, endocardium and sarcolemma were indicative of, but not specific for the endocardial affection. Those antibodies which were directed against the inner parts of the sarcolemma, the myolemma, appear to be indicators of an additional myocardial affection, if they are cytolytic against vital cardiocytes in vitro. Circulating immune complexes are non-specific markers of an increased immunoreactivity. They were detected in 35 out of 41 patients with defined bacterial pathogen in the early phase of the disease. Both, their incidence and serum concentrations decreased significantly after antibiotic treatment. Cellular immune reactions directed against vital heart cells (e.g. cytotoxic reactions) can most likely be attributed to K- or NK-lymphocytes and were found in 48% of patients. Serum factors such as circulating immune complexes and/or antimyolemmal antibodies may enhance or block this cytotoxic reaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The risk to public health of aeromonas in ready-to-eat salad products.

Mesophilic Aeromonas spp. are isolated regularly from cases of gastrointestinal infection and have markers indicative of enteropathogenicity. Is aeromonas, which is present in a large proportion of ready-to-eat salads, actually a gastrointestinal pathogen? Isolates of mesophilic aeromonas from salads were characterised in terms of their ability to grow at refrigeration temperatures over the given shelf life and by the presence of markers of potential virulence. The major phenospecies present in salads, A.caviae, showed little enteropathogenic potential. Thirty-five per cent of aeromonas salad isolates are A.hydrophila or A.sobria, however, and all isolates tested had at least one marker of enteropathogenicity, including cytotoxin and haemolysin production, adherence to epithelial cells, and resistance to certain antibiotics Despite the presence of markers of enteropathogencity, the lack of epidemiological evidence of a link between infectious intestinal disease and the consumption of salads suggests that their contamination with aeromonas does not pose a significant risk to health in immunocompetent adults.

Aeromonas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of two field strains of infectious bursal disease virus.

Using a sentinel bird approach, two field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were isolated from broiler farms in two major broiler-producing areas of the state of Georgia. These farms had a history of subclinical IBD associated with respiratory problems and poor performance. Isolates designated as U-28 and 3212 were isolated using specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos and chicken embryo bursal cells. These isolates were identified by means of agar gel precipitation and virus-neutralization tests, direct immunofluorescence, histopathology, and electron microscopy. Isolates U-28 and 3212 appear to differ in antigenicity and pathogenicity from previously known serotype I IBDV isolates. In evaluating the extent of bursal damage caused by these field isolates, an association was found between the bursa of Fabricius/body weight index, histopathology scoring of atrophy, and morphometric analysis of the total follicle area.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Production of trichothecenes and zearalenone by Fusarium species isolated from wheat.

Fusaria isolates from wheat were tested for ability to produce trichothecenes and zearalenone. Four isolates of F. culmorum out of 13 produced vomitoxin (DON) and 3 Ac-DON, one produced diacetoxysirpenol and 12 zearalenone. Particularly high yield of zearalenone was observed in cultures of sever pathogenic isolates. Higher temperature (20 degrees C) during first week of incubation favoured yield of zearalenone. About 50% of zearalenone was produced by surface mycelium.

Food Microbiology↗
PubMed2006

Occurrence of Perkinsus olseni in the Venus clam Protothaca jedoensis in Korean waters.

This is the first report of the occurrence of Perkinsus olseni in the Venus clam Protothaca jedoensis off the western and southern coasts of South Korea. Histological observations revealed Perkinsus-like organisms in the mantle, gills, digestive tubules, and gonad. Haemocytic infiltration and tissue necrosis were also observed in heavily infected clams. Hypnospore formation of the Perkinsus-like organism was confirmed with Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium assay (RFTM). When incubated in filtered and aerated seawater, the hypnospore gave rise to cell division and subsequently discharged hundreds of motile zoospores. Genus- and species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and the DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the Perkinsus sp. isolated from the Venus clam were identical to those of P. olseni reported from the Manila clam Venerupis (=Ruditapes)philippinarum. Based on the DNA sequences and microscopic data, the Perkinsus-like pathogen isolated from P. jedoensis was identified as P. olseni, which parasitizes the Manila clam in European and Asian waters and Haliotis rubra (abalone) in Australian waters. The prevalence and infection intensity of a clam population collected from Yosu, Korea, was determined using RFTM and Choi's 2M NaOH digestion technique. The intensities averaged 10,768 and 7438 Perkinsus cells per gram tissue in 2003 and 2004, and the prevalence ranged from 37.0 to 53.9%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Unusual portal of entry of Vibrio vulnificus: evidence of its prolonged survival on the skin.

Vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 is an emerging pathogen isolated from cultures of skin and blood samples obtained from patients who were directly injured by the fins of tilapia fish bred in artificial ponds. We describe a patient infected with this pathogen after being punctured by a wire. Meticulous anamnestic investigation demonstrated for the first time that this pathogen can survive on the skin for at least 24 hours.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Heterokaryosis in Fusarium tricinctum and F. sporotrichioides.

Heterokaryons were formed in intra- and interspecific crosses between Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. tricinctum auxotrophs. Segregant homokaryons were evaluated for trichothecene toxin production in culture. Results were consistent with nuclear control of toxin synthesis. The sexual compatibility of auxotrophs and 30 additional F. tricinctum sensu Snyder & Hansen strains was tested. Perithecial production was restricted to crosses between Florida isolates pathogenic to English ivy (Hedera helix). The linkage of several auxotrophic markers was determined by analysis of progeny of certain crosses. No T-2 toxin was produced by sexually compatible F. tricinctum isolates.

Crosses, Genetic↗