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PubMed1977

The viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in Uganda.

The role of viruses in respiratory diseases of young children in Uganda was studied. A viral etiology was established in 36% of the infections investigated. The most important pathogens were found to be respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza viruses, which were responsible for 26% of infections investigated. They caused both upper and lower respiratory tract diseases. There was little or no seasonal variation in the etiology of these infections. Adenoviruses were found to be less important and were etiologically related to only 4% of respiratory disease cases. Influenza viruses and enteroviruses were also found to be associated with respiratory infections. However, they were less frequent and their role was insignificant. The role of multiple virus infections was also insignificant.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

The use of cytochalasins in studies on the molecular biology of virus--host cell interactions.

In conclusion, one can say that the cytochalasins--in their brief history of application in virology--have proven to be valuable tools in studies on the molecular biology of virus--host cell interactions. On the other hand, viral systems can be useful in defining the primary sites of action of cytochalasins in certain cells. In interpreting the effects of cytochalasins on virus replication, however, one must take into consideration that the cytochalasins exert a wide variety of alterations in cellular functions. Infections by viruses interfere primarily with the synthesis of host DNA, RNA, and proteins. The experiments reviewed here were carried out with different viruses, different cell lines, and--more important--under very different experimental conditions. Nevertheless, a number of informative observations emerge which provide insight into specific aspects of the interaction of viruses with their host cells, and help us to understand the mode of action of cytochalasins on specific cellular functions: Cytochalasins may decrease or increase the competence of cells for infection by viruses. For the DNA viruses, vaccinia virus and adenovirus, cytochalasin treatment of host cells resulted in a reduced virus yield; whereas for the RNA viruses, poliovirus, parainfluenza virus, and VSV, cytochalasin treatment results in an increased virus yield. The precise mechanism by which cytochalasins exert these effects remain unclear. It is proposed that the cytochalasin-mediated enhancement of cell infectibility for poliovirus--the only system for which this effect has been studied in more detail--is primarily due to a reduction of polypeptide chain initiation. This reduction dramatically amplifies the inherent translational advantage of virus mRNAs over host cell mRNAs, resulting in a relative stimulation of viral mRNA translation. The cytochalasin-mediated sensitization of cells for infection by isolated poliovirus RNA is explainable by a comparable effect on protein synthesis. In this case, cytochalasin may act in part by substituting for the function of a viral protein(s). When cytochalasin B is added to cells which have previously been infected by intact HSV, formation of infectious virus particles is severely inhibited...

Cell Line↗
PubMed1989

[Virologic and morphologic study in sudden and unexpected death in children].

The authors examined a group of 47 children who died at the age of 1-9 months, incl. 19 female and 28 male children. In 23 the death was described as sudden and in 24 as unexpected. From 19 dead children a virus was isolated: in 14 one or two serotypes of enterovirus were found, in two the virus of parainfluenza 3 in two adenoviruses (type 2, 7). A total of 46 viral strains were isolated. By immunofluorescence in tissues antigens of the parainfluenza virus 3 and adenovirus were detected. Immune complexes were not detected in tissues. The distribution of vaccination polioviruses in organs and tissues after a known interval following vaccination was recognized. In some of the infants a possible causal relationship between the virological and morphological findings was found and the authors discuss the possible pathogenetic role of the revealed changes in sudden death.

Female↗
PubMed1988

[The control of kennel cough].

Kennel cough is an infectious factorial disease with a multicausal genesis. The conventional methods (hygiene, management, chemotherapy, symptomatic therapy) are often insufficient in control of the disease. New methods were developed in collaboration with "problem kennels" (animal homes, dealer kennels etc.), which reduce the morbidity significantly. A so-called "synergistic combined vaccine" ("Candiflu", Behringwerke Marburg), which contains the basic viruses (reovirus, human influenza-A-virus, parainfluenza-2-virus), is recommended for prophylaxis. In problem kennels with a permanent changing of dogs the vaccination has to be supported by paramunization. Therapeutical success depends on the combination of conventional methods and the stimulation of the paraspecific immune system (paramunization). This new concept has been very successful in West Germany during the last years.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Influenza-like syndrome in homosexual men: a prospective diagnostic study.

In the course of a prospective study of the prevalence and incidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and risk factors for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome among 961 homosexual men, 97 initially HIV antibody seronegative men reported a febrile period lasting at least three days. In 60 of these men serological evidence for an infection was found: influenza A or B virus (17 men), HIV (14), Epstein-Barr virus (seven), parainfluenza virus type I, 11 or Ill (five), hepatitis A virus (three), cytomegalovirus (three), adenovirus (two), respiratory syncytial virus (two), hepatitis B virus (one) and Toxoplasma gondii (one). Combined infections were found in five men. A total of 17 men seroconverted for HIV antibody. The clinical symptoms of acute HIV infection closely resembled those of influenza A or B infection. Skin rashes also occurred frequently in men with HIV infection. HIV antibody seroconversion gives rise to a number of different symptoms and primary HIV infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of prolonged febrile illness in those at risk of HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Study on the etiologic role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in pneumonia of dairy calves.

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was the viral agent most commonly identified in 14 epizootics of pneumonia in dairy calves. A microtiter serum-virus neutralization test proved to be the best means of identifying involvement of BRSV; seroconversion (fourfold or greater rise in titer) was demonstrated in 10 of the 14 epizootics. Only limited involvement of bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, and bovine adenovirus type 3 was recognized. Pasteurella multocida was isolated in 12 of 14 epizootics, and Pasteurella haemolytica in 4 of 14 epizootics. Mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal agents were isolated in all 14 epizootics.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

In vitro transmission and propagation of the bovine leukemia virus in monolayer cell cultures.

This study demonstrates that the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) can infect in vitro cells of human, simian, bovine, canine, caprine, ovine, and bat origin. Cultures of these cells, cocultivated with BLV-infected cells or inoculated with cell-free BLV preparations, continuoously showed the presence of cells with the internal BLV antigen as well as BLV-induced syncytia. Virus replication was abundant and increased with passage in bat lung cells and was moderate but constant in fetal canine thymus cells. The amounts of virus released by the simian DBS-FRhL-1 and caprine S-743 cultures were low to moderate during the first 4 to 8 weeks and decreased thereafter. In the infected fetal lamb spleen cell cultures, virus production was low and declined further with passage. Bovine embryonic spleen and human diploid embryonic lung WI-38 cell cultures produced very small amounts of virus only during the first two passages after inoculation despite the fact that they remained infected, as determined by the continuous presence of cell BLV antigen and syncytia. Morphologically and antigenically, the virus particles released by the monolayer cell cultures were indistinguishable from those found in short-term and long-term cultures of BLV-infected bovine lymphoid cells. Repeated electron microscopic examinations and serological tests showed that all the BLV-infected cultures, including those from which the infecting inocula were obtained, were free of the foamy-like bovine syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and the maedi-like bovine R-29 virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Viral antibody studies of laboratory dogs with diarrheal disease.

Viral antibody studies were done on laboratory dogs in an epizootic of gastrointestinal disease. Increased hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers to a parvovirus (PV) antigenically related to feline panleukopenia virus were found in convalescent serum specimens of 78% (20/26) of the affected dogs and in 83% (5/6) of apparently healthy dogs. With one exception, all dogs tested had significant levels of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody to this PV. Similar increased antibody titers were found to feline panleukopenia virus. Also, neutralizing antibody responses were detected to the canine coronavirus in 24% (6/25) and canine herpesvirus in 45% (10/22) of the affected dogs. However, antibody titers did not increase to canine distemper virus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, canine parainfluenza virus, or minute virus of canines. Subsequent serotesting of the colony provided evidence that additional PV infections occurred in pups from each of 8 litters born 3 to 8 months after the epizootic. These findings indicated the continued presence of the PV for more than 1 year in the infected colony. Of 19 laboratory personnel who worked with the affected dogs, none, including 4 with a concurrent diarrheal disease, developed or had antibodies to the PV or canine coronavirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Rapid detection for antigens of respiratory tract viruses by using series of monoclonal antibody].

A series of monoclonal Antibodies (McAb) against six main respiratory tract viruses(RTV)--respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Influenza A virus (FluA), influenza B virus(FluB), parainfluenza virus type 1.2.3 (PIV1.2.3) were developed, and were used in APAAP bridge-enzyme assay to rapidly detect the antigens of RTV. Total 260 samples of nasopharyngeal exfoliated cells were collected from young men in Beijing Army suffered from respiratory tract virus infections. The results showed that 18 cases were tested with FluA antigen; 10 with PIV2 antigen and 1 with FluB and another with RSV antigen, respectively. All the positive samples were determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and blocking test and replacement test. It is suggested that the method used in the study be effective in clinical rapid diagnosis and epidemiological survey.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Acute parotitis in children previously vaccinated against mumps].

Children who had previously received Morbilli-(Mumps) Rubella (MMR) vaccine developed parotid swelling which was diagnosed as acute parotitis 7 days to 2 years following inoculation. Blood samples from each of the patients were tested for the following virological parameters: Mumps-virus, Parainfluenza-viruses (PIV) type 1., 2., 3., Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Epstein Barr Virus Capsid Antigen (EBVCA) IgM, IgA, IgG immunofluorescent test (IFT) and EBVCA IgM, IgG ELISA (HUMAN); Epstein Barr Virus Early Antigen (EBV EA) IgG IFT; Adenovirus, Influenza A, B Complement Fixation (CF) test. Some of the sera were examined for CMV IgM, IgG ELISA (Organon Teknika) and Human Parvovirus B19 IgM, IgG recombinant ELISA (Bender) too. Nine cases were interpreted as a clinical reaction of mumps vaccination. Beside the clinical reaction of mumps vaccination. Beside the clinical reaction of mumps vaccination, the etiological role of PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3 and PIV-1,2 was confirmed in four, three, one and one patients, respectively. The alonely etiological agent was the PIV-2 in four and PIV-2 and Epstein-Barr virus together were in one patients, respectively. The etiology was unknown in one patient. The results show the importance both of the broad spectrum precise serologic studies and of the skillful interpretation in the exact diagnosis of the acute parotitis to identify parotitis either as a consequence of the mumps vaccine or vaccine failure. The correct diagnosis of acute parotitis can influence the booster mumps vaccination practice too.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Effect of heparin on hemagglutination by pseudorabies virus.

Heparin inhibited hemagglutination (HA) by pseudorabies virus (PRV), but not HA by Akabane virus, bovine adenovirus type 7, Fukuoka virus, Getah virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 belonging to the families Bunyaviridae, Adenoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae, Flavivi-idae, and Paramyxoviridae, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of heparin required to inhibit 8 HA U of PRV ranged from 0.005 to 0.01 U/ml. Mouse erythrocytes failed to combine with the HA inhibitory factor of heparin. On the other hand, mouse erythrocytes treated with heparinase had greatly reduced agglutinability by PRV. Virus-heparin complex formation could be observed by sedimenting heparin with the virus particles.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Respiratory syncytial virus outbreak activity--United States, 1992.

The National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) was established in 1989 to monitor trends in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, and rotaviruses in the United States and to provide information to public health officials and health-care providers about the presence of these viruses in their communities. Based on reports of RSV detections to the NREVSS, during the 1992-93 season, outbreaks of RSV had occurred in all regions of the United States by December 1992. This report summarizes surveillance results for RSV-antigen detections from June 27, 1992, through December 12, 1992, and assesses trends in RSV from July 1, 1990, through December 12, 1992.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1995

Vaccines in the prevention of viral pneumonia.

Vaccines to control respiratory virus infections have been limited to inactivated whole virus or split virus product of influenza. Over the last few years, advances in the understanding of immunity to and importance of these infections has led to the development of newer, more immunogenic inactivated influenza vaccines and to the exploration of live attenuated influenza vaccines. In parallel, both inactivated and live attenuated vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus have been undergoing evaluation. More effective or new vaccines could reduce morbidity, reduce the frequency of hospitalization, and decrease the death rate. Since viral respiratory disease would be decreased in frequency, vaccines could reduce the use of antibiotics, and by so doing, preserve the usefulness of our currently available antibiotics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Plaque formation with influenza viruses in dog kidney cells.

Infectious influenza and parainfluenza viruses were produced as plaql passages of egg-grown viruses in MDCK monolayers. Virus titres of 10(6) to 10(11) p.f.u./ml were obtained for several A and B strains of influenza and parainfluenza viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Etiology of atypical pneumonias in 2002. Results of the Croatian Institute of Public Health].

AIM: This investigation was performed at Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, the same diagnostic laboratory using the same serologic method as in earlier studies (in 1982 and 1992) to determine the incidence of the most common agents of atypical pneumonia in Croatia between January 1 and December 31, 2002. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 630 patients from nearly all regions of Croatia with a clinical diagnosis of atypical pneumonia based on epidemiologic data, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and chest X-rays. Most of them were from Zagreb (n = 370), followed by those from Slavonia, Istria, northwest Croatia, and Dalmatia. In all of them paired sera were collected at an interval of two weeks or more and tested for complement-fixing (CF) antibodies against the most common causative agents of the atypical pneumonia syndrome using CF test (micromethod). RESULTS: An etiologic diagnosis was established in 25% (158/630) patients (81 male and 77 female). Respiratory viruses were the most frequently demonstrated pathogens in 2002, accounting for 72% of cases (adenoviruses 47%, parainfluenza viruses 14%, influenza viruses 9% and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 2%). These were followed by Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci; (19%), Mycoplasma (M.) pneumoniae; (6%) and Coxiella (C.) burnetii (3%). There were 3 cases of double infection: a combination of adenovirus and M. pneumoniae, of RSV and parainfluenza virus, and of RSV and M. pneumoniae in one patient each. Adenoviral, mycoplasmal and psittacosal pneumonia occurred throughout the year; influenza and most of RSV pneumonias occurred in winter months. Parainfluenza viruses caused pneumonias throughout the year but were more common in winter months. CF test does not distinguish type-specific antibodies to parainfluenza viruses. In March, a small epidemic of psittacosis (11 patients) was registered in the Split area while was responsible for the high incidence of psittacosal pneumonia in 2002. While M. pneumoniae-caused pneumonia occurred mainly in children and adolescents, viral pneumonias were distributed across all age groups. Psittacosal pneumonia occurred in only one child but was more common in adolescents and especially adults. Q-fever pneumonia occurred only in adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Effect of cloned human interferon-alpha 2a on bovine parainfluenza-3 virus. Brief report.

Pretreatment of bovine turbinate (BTu) cells with cloned human interferon (IFN)-alpha 2a reduced the yield of infectious bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3 V). Intracellular synthesis of HN glycoprotein was reduced on postinfection day 1 (PID 1), but it recovered to normal levels subsequently. However, reduction of this protein persisted in the released virus through PID 2. Thin section electron microscopy demonstrated a drastically reduced release of mature virions and an accumulation of viral nucleocapsids inside the cytoplasm on PID 2. These results suggest that cloned human IFN-alpha 2a affects the glycoprotein synthesis, and morphogenesis of bovine PI-3 V, and thus inhibits the release of viral particles from treated cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sensitivity of respiratory virus culture when screening with R-mix fresh cells.

Use of R-Mix Fresh Cells has been shown to be a rapid and sensitive method for the detection and identification of respiratory viruses. We prospectively evaluated the impact of incorporation of R-Mix shell vials on the sensitivity and time to detection of seven respiratory viruses recovered in a comprehensive culture during the course of an entire respiratory season in a high-volume clinical laboratory. In this study, R-Mix shell vials were used as part of the culture of 3803 respiratory specimens. A total of 428 respiratory viruses were recovered. Staining of R-Mix vials after overnight incubation allowed initial detection of 274 of 279 influenza viruses, 33 of 38 parainfluenza viruses, 35 of 51 adenoviruses, and 52 of 60 respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs). The time to reporting of all positive cultures after in-lab specimen receipt was 2.9 days on average and those initially detected in R-Mix cells were reported in 2.3 days on average. A combination of direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) staining and virus culture was performed on a subset of 711 respiratory specimens. Of 152 viruses identified, 57 were observed only with DFA testing (55 RSV and 2 influenza A viruses) and 31 were recovered only in cell culture. After overnight incubation, R-Mix cells detected 87.1% of respiratory viruses not observed by DFA testing and 96.9% of viruses positive by both methods. The sensitivities of DFA testing and R-Mix cells for identification of influenza viruses were 70.5% and 96.7%, respectively. The R-Mix method detected influenza virus in 18 samples that were negative by DFA testing.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1989

Replication of parainfluenza (Sendai) virus in isolated rat pulmonary type II alveolar epithelial cells.

The major objectives of this study were to determine whether alveolar type II epithelial cells isolated from rat lung and maintained in tissue culture would support productive replication of parainfluenza type 1 (Sendai) virus and to determine whether isolated type II cells from neonatal (5-day-old) rats that are more susceptible to viral-induced alveolar dysplasia supported viral replication to a greater extent than those from weanling (25-day-old) rats. Isolated and cultured type II cells from neonatal and weanling rats that were inoculated with Sendai virus supported productive replication as indicated by ultrastructural identification of budding virions and viral nucleocapsids in type II cells and by demonstration of rising titers of infectious virus from inoculated type II cell cultures. Alveolar macrophages from neonatal and weanling rats also supported viral replication, although infectious viral titers in macrophage cultures were lower than those from type II cell cultures. Only minor differences were detected between viral titers from neonatal and weanling type II epithelial cell cultures. Higher densities of viral nucleocapsids were observed in neonatal type II cells than in those from weanling rats. The results indicate that isolated type II alveolar epithelial cells support productive replication of parainfluenza virus and that type II cells are probably more efficient in supporting productive viral replication than are alveolar macrophages.

Animals↗