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PubMed1994

International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. Use of artificial intelligence in analytical systems for the clinical laboratory. IFCC Committee on Analytical Systems.

The incorporation of information-processing technology into analytical systems in the form of standard computing software has recently been advanced by the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) both as expert systems and as neural networks. This paper considers the role of software in system operation, control and automation and attempts to define intelligence. AI is characterized by its ability to deal with incomplete and imprecise information and to accumulate knowledge. Expert systems, building on standard computing techniques, depend heavily on the domain experts and knowledge engineers that have programmed them to represent the real world. Neural networks are intended to emulate the pattern-recognition and parallel-processing capabilities of the human brain and are taught rather than programmed. The future may lie in a combination of the recognition ability of the neural network and the rationalization capability of the expert system. In the second part of this paper, examples are given of applications of AI in stand-alone systems for knowledge engineering and medical diagnosis and in embedded systems for failure detection, image analysis, user interfacing, natural language processing, robotics and machine learning, as related to clinical laboratories. It is concluded that AI constitutes a collective form of intellectual property and that there is a need for better documentation, evaluation and regulation of the systems already being used widely in clinical laboratories.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1995

Use of artificial intelligence in analytical systems for the clinical laboratory.

OBJECTIVE: To consider the role of software in system operation, control and automation, and attempts to define intelligence. METHODS AND RESULTS: Artificial intelligence (Al) is characterized by its ability to deal with incomplete and imprecise information and to accumulate knowledge. Expert systems, building on standard computing techniques, depend heavily on the domain experts and knowledge engineers that have programmed them to represent the real world. Neural networks are intended to emulate the pattern-recognition and parallel processing capabilities of the human brain and are taught rather than programmed. The future may lie in a combination of the recognition ability of the neural network and the rationalization capability of the expert system. In the second part of this paper, examples are given of applications of Al in stand-alone systems for knowledge engineering and medical diagnosis and in embedded systems for failure detection, image analysis, user interfacing, natural language processing, robotics and machine learning, as related to clinical laboratories. CONCLUSION: Al constitutes a collective form of intellectual property, and that there is a need for better documentation, evaluation and regulation of the systems already being used widely in clinical laboratories.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1988

Concurrent validity of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale with language and intelligence measures.

The present study compared results obtained for 62 normally developing preschool children on the Bracken Basic Concept Scale, the Preschool Language Scale, and the Slossen Intelligence Test to determine whether scores on the tests correlated and were equivalent. Results of correlation analyses using standard scores from the Bracken Basic Concept Scale, the auditory comprehension and verbal ability subscales of the Preschool Language Scale, and the Slossen Intelligence Test revealed low to moderate correlations between the three tests. These results suggest that the tests do not measure the same abilities and thus cannot be used interchangeably to evaluate basic concept development, language, or intellectual functioning in preschool children. The moderate to high correlations found between the children's CAs and age-equivalents for the three tests indicate that the tests measure skills that are developmental in nature. Implications for assessment of concept development and language functioning in preschool children are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Speaker-listener familiarity: parents as judges of delayed speech intelligibility.

It has been frequently proposed that one source of bias in intelligibility judgments is whether the judge knows the subject personally. This study attempted to describe this bias using 4 speech-delayed children (aged 4 and 7 years) with normal hearing and no significant language delay. They were audiotaped at four points during therapy over a 12-18 month period using imitation of single words derived from the Assessment of the Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech. Parents and a group of unfamiliar adult couples served as judges. Results indicated that mothers were significantly better than all other listeners (including fathers) at identifying the words being spoken. An interaction between listener type and subject age class was also observed with the maternal advantage being much less apparent with the 2 older subjects. Results are discussed relative to the possible source of the mothers' superior performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Low level lead exposure and intelligence in the preschool years.

Definitive evidence of neuropsychological effects of low level Pb exposure continues to be sought in prospective studies of child development. The period from mid-infancy to age three years is important because behavioral and physiological characteristics of that age are associated with the intake and retention of environmental Pb. In the Cleveland study, we measured blood Pb (PbB) at ages six months, two years, and three years. At ages six months, one year and two year, the Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was administered. The Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale IQ was obtained at age three years. Eight multiple regression analyses tested the relationship of each of the three PbB measures with the respective current and each ensuring developmental assessment. Demographic data and measures of the caretaking environment were selected as covariates for the control of confounding factors. Six months PbB was not related significantly to any of five assessments with or without control of confounding variables. The remaining three analyses were significant in the initial analyses, but the effect was completely attenuated with statistical control of confounding variables. These results suggest that obtained correlations between lead exposure and preschool intelligence depend on the caretaking environment.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nonconscious intelligence in the universe.

Animals lacking humanoid intelligence have evolved systems indistinguishable in function, if not in structure, from systems built by humans. Although radio communication has never been verified in animals, it is completely feasible biologically. If such systems are present in non-intelligent organisms on other planets, then our chances of detecting life in the universe by current SETI methods are greatly enhanced.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1987

Intelligence and personality profile of battering parents in Greece: a comparative study.

Studies on parental intelligence and personality characteristics of battering parents are often contradictory. This research is part of a large project on child abuse and neglect in Athens aiming at identifying abusing families and studying the characteristics of parents, children, siblings, as well as welfare and legal issues. Thirty-three battering parents (17 mothers and 16 fathers) and 33 matched controls were investigated with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF). The mean age of fathers was 39.9 and of mothers 29.1 years. They belonged primarily to the low socioeconomic class. No difference was found in the I.Q.s of battering fathers compared to controls while battering mothers' general, verbal and performance I.Q.s were significantly lower than those of the control group as well as of battering fathers' I.Q.s. Battering mothers were found significantly more shy, restrained, timid and threat-sensitive (Factor H of the 16 PF), and undisciplined, self-conflicted, following own urges (Factor Q3 of the 16 PF) than the control mothers. Factor H also was found to differentiate significantly between battering and control fathers but in the opposite direction than that of mothers. The above results are discussed and interpreted within the context of Greek cultural characteristics and intercultural comparisons.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

On the possibility of the reemergence of a dysgenic trend with respect to intelligence in American fertility differentials.

The author "examines the relationship between IQ and fertility in a sample of men and women aged 25-34 as of the late 1970s. This sample is of unusual interest for two reasons: (1) it is a national probability sample, representative of the non-institutional civilian population of the U.S. as a whole, and (2) it is for a post-World War II cohort. Most previous studies of the IQ/fertility relationship have employed nationally unrepresentative samples of cohorts born in the pre-war period, 1910-1940. The bias, in both time and place, of the samples used in these studies has not been adequately grasped by those who cite them as evidence of a eugenic trend with respect to intelligence." It is hypothesized that persons with higher intelligence tend to have fertility equal to, if not exceeding, that of the population as a whole in periods of rising birth rates and that the opposite is true in periods of falling birth rates. This hypothesis is generally supported by the data set described above. Variations by sex and race are also examined.

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Intelligent systems: how can they help?

Expert systems are a branch of the computer science of artificial intelligence. Their ability to mimic experts by applying their domain knowledge has led to the construction of a number of medical applications. A brief resumé of the structure and the processes involved in constructing knowledge-based expert systems is given. Reasons are given for the failure of these successful programs to be widely implemented. It is to be expected that improvements in other areas of artificial intelligence will make them more widely acceptable to the non-expert.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1985

The effects of exercise on the health, intelligence, and adaptive behavior of institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults: a systematic replication.

Institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults participated in a 7-month program of rigorous aerobic-type exercises. The effects of the treatment on the physical fitness, intelligence, and behavior of subjects were assessed. Fifty men and women were matched in pairs based on IQ, CA, and sex and assigned randomly to an experimental (E) or control (C) group. Those in the E group met 3 hours per day, 5 days per week and received a treatment that consisted of an exercise program that included jogging, running, dance-aerobics, and circuit training. The C group continued their normal institutional training programs. The treatment produced significant improvement in the cardiovascular efficiency of subjects; however, no changes in intelligence or adaptive behavior were obtained. Although standardized tests reflected little improvement in psychological or behavioral variables due to treatment, subjective reports suggest that exercise training may serve as a more practical habilitation program for severely and profoundly mentally retarded individuals than those typically employed in institutional settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Evoked potential correlates of intelligence in nonpatient subjects.

To evaluate possible influences of intelligence on evoked potential (EP) characteristics in nonpatients. EPs of age and gender matched groups (N = 19 each) of 'high', 'medium', and 'low' IQ groups were compared. EPs elicited by left and right median nerve stimulation, checkerboard pattern visual flash, and acoustic clicks were recorded from 15 scalp leads. The results confirmed previous findings showing that higher IQs are associated with higher EP amplitudes. An unexpected finding was a trend towards higher IQ/EP correlations for left than right recording sites. It appears that intelligence is an important subject variable to be controlled in any EP investigation, and furthermore that EP topography should be considered in seeking IQ/EP correlations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Triplet code-independent programming of living systems organisation by DNA: the link with intelligence and memory.

Previous suggestions from this laboratory (3), (a) that within its molecular electronic structure, DNA houses a computer-analog program of immense complexity, operating independently of, but complementary to, triplet coding and (b) that, inter alia, this program is the driving force for organising and executing the construction of species individuals in three dimensions, are extended in the present communication. It is now concluded that the DNA program also embodies an 'intelligence' component, which extends its organising ability both qualitatively and quantitatively beyond any of the heavily circumscribed 'self-organising' attributes claimed to be associated with naturally occurring inanimate systems. Further, that as part of the developmental process, a program component organises the fabrication of mammalian central nervous systems, including that of human beings with the associated attributes of intelligence, creativity and constructional skills. It is further suggested that the sophisticated random access memory system associated with human beings in particular may be explicable in terms of an extension of the DNA programming system: basically this involves the latter operating as computer-type 'hardware' for the storage of long-term memory and interacting with, primarily, glial cell RNA, acting as 'software' and storing short term traces. Finally, it is suggested that such an interrelationship between DNA/RNA molecular electronic structures can provide the necessary memory storage capacity and flexibility and also facilitates random access to the long-term DNA memory store.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decoding of memory traces as a function of witness' intelligence.

The paper deals with the problem of the effectiveness of interrogation and identification parade (recall and recognition) as a function of witnesses' Intelligence Quotient. Two experiments in photo identification form were performed to verify a hypothesis that IQ does not affect the ability to recognize a human face. The subjects whose average IQ (according to Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS) was 65.9 (females) and 66.3 (males) obtained the same results as the subjects whose average IQ was 105.3 (females) and 99.5 (males); t1 = 13.77, p1 less than 0.001, t2 = 12.13, p2 less than 0.001, chi 2 = 0, P greater than 0.99.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low level lead exposure in the prenatal and early preschool periods: intelligence prior to school entry.

The hypothesis that low level lead exposure in the fetal and early preschool years is related to neuropsychological deficit is being examined in a prospective study of development through the preschool years. Clear and consistent support for the hypothesis was not obtained in previously reported findings relating maternal and cord blood lead level (PbB) and PbB from venous samples through age three years to a series of developmental tests. It was concluded the relationship of lead level and cognitive development was primarily a function of the dependence of each on the quality of the caretaking environment. The cohort has now been examined at age four years, ten months, an age selected to assess development just prior to school age. The test used was the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. We found statistically significant correlations between most of the PbB measures and the intelligence test scores, but these were attenuated, not statistically significant and not consistent in direction when relevant confounding variables were considered. Possible biases or threats to validity were reviewed. Effect sizes relating both prenatal and preschool lead exposure to intellectual development were small, not statistically significant, and not consistent in direction.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1996

Underestimating the rat's intelligence.

Although rats are a much maligned species, it appears that their intelligence has been underestimated. This paper surveys evidence of cognition in rats from traditional categories (e.g. temporal and numerical competence) as well as from less ordinary test situations (e.g. transitive inference; recognition of individual humans). Although rats may not approach cognitive tasks using strategies observed in human subjects, they are frequently successful on their own terms. Indeed, rats are adept at exploiting procedural loopholes and confounded variables overlooked by human test designers. While not lending itself to the conventional classification of intelligence, this form of 'intellectual optimal foraging' may be an apt general description of the rat's cognitive prowess.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Distributed, intelligent, interactive visualization and exploration of time-oriented clinical data and their abstractions.

OBJECTIVES: We present KNAVE-II, an intelligent interface to a distributed architecture specific to the tasks of query, knowledge-based interpretation, summarization, visualization, interactive exploration of large numbers of distributed time-oriented clinical data, and dynamic sensitivity analysis of these data. KNAVE-II main contributions to the fields of temporal reasoning and intelligent user interfaces are: (1) the capability for interactive computation and visualization of domain specific temporal abstractions, supported by ALMA--a computational engine that applies the domain knowledge base to the clinical time-oriented database. (2) Semantic (ontology-based) navigation and exploration of the data, knowledge, and temporal abstractions, supported by the IDAN mediator, a distributed architecture that enables runtime access to domain-specific knowledge bases that are maintained by expert physicians. METHODS AND MATERIALS: KNAVE-II was designed according to 12 requirements that were defined through iterative cycles of design and user-centered evaluation. The complete architecture has been implemented and evaluated in a cross-over study design that compared the KNAVE-II module versus two existing methods: paper charts and an Excel electronic spreadsheet. A small group of clinicians answered the same queries, using the domain of oncology and a set of 1000 patients followed after bone-marrow transplantation. RESULTS: The results show that users are able to perform medium to hard difficulty level queries faster and more accurately by using KNAVE-II than paper charts and Excel. Moreover, KNAVE-II was ranked first in preference by all users, along all usability dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Initial evaluation of KNAVE-II and its supporting knowledge based temporal-mediation architecture, by applying it to a large data base of patients monitored several years after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), has produced highly encouraging results.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

An intelligent tutoring system that generates a natural language dialogue using dynamic multi-level planning.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to build an intelligent tutoring system capable of carrying on a natural language dialogue with a student who is solving a problem in physiology. Previous experiments have shown that students need practice in qualitative causal reasoning to internalize new knowledge and to apply it effectively and that they learn by putting their ideas into words. METHODS: Analysis of a corpus of 75 hour-long tutoring sessions carried on in keyboard-to-keyboard style by two professors of physiology at Rush Medical College tutoring first-year medical students provided the rules used in tutoring strategies and tactics, parsing, and text generation. The system presents the student with a perturbation to the blood pressure, asks for qualitative predictions of the changes produced in seven important cardiovascular variables, and then launches a dialogue to correct any errors and to probe for possible misconceptions. The natural language understanding component uses a cascade of finite-state machines. The generation is based on lexical functional grammar. RESULTS: Results of experiments with pretests and posttests have shown that using the system for an hour produces significant learning gains and also that even this brief use improves the student's ability to solve problems more then reading textual material on the topic. Student surveys tell us that students like the system and feel that they learn from it. The system is now in regular use in the first-year physiology course at Rush Medical College. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the CIRCSIM-Tutor system demonstrates that intelligent tutoring systems can implement effective natural language dialogue with current language technology.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Aging and strategic retrieval in a cued-recall test: the role of executive functions and fluid intelligence.

Cued-recall in episodic memory was investigated in relation to low and high cognitive support at retrieval, executive function level and fluid intelligence level in 81 healthy adults divided first into two age groups (young and elderly adults). The first analyses showed that age-related differences were greater when a low cognitive support was provided to recall the words. An individual index of loss of performance when the number of cues was decreased was then calculated. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the executive functions measure (perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) was a better candidate than the fluid intelligence measure (Cattell's culture fair test) to account for the age-related variance of the size of performance loss. These findings suggest that age differences in implementing strategic retrieval may be mainly due to a decline in executive functions.

Adult↗