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PubMed2006

Factors associated with alcohol consumption, problem drinking, and related consequences among high school students in Taiwan.

This research evaluated the risk factors associated with alcohol consumption, problem drinking, and related consequences among high school students in Taiwan. A total of 779 10th grade students from four randomly selected high schools in eastern Taiwan were included in the survey. Survey data were self-reported by students and analyzed using logistic regression methods. The results showed that alcohol consumption and problem drinking was 2.22-2.71-fold greater in male than in female adolescents. Parents and peer groups were the determinants influencing alcohol consumption, and these influences could be enhanced particularly by the drinking behaviors of fathers and peer groups, and the relationship of students with their peer groups. The probability of developing adolescent problem drinking was fourfold greater in students whose fathers had habits of drinking. Ethnicity had a notable impact on the risk of problem drinking. The occurrence of problem drinking among indigenous adolescents was 2.98-fold higher than among Hans, indicating a diversity of biological factors, social norms, and expectation for alcohol drinking between these two ethnic groups. This study suggests that a policy for preventing alcohol abuse among high school students should start by addressing the two major associated problems: a need to earn peer group recognition, and the lack of family support among at-risk students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between viewing US-produced television programs and intentions to drink alcohol among a group of Norwegian adolescents.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of exposure to US-produced television programs and family rules prohibiting alcohol use on the development of normative beliefs, expectancies, and intentions to drink alcohol in the next 12 months among a group of Norwegian adolescents who reported that they had not previously consumed alcohol. Data were collected via a survey administered to 622 eighth and ninth graders enrolled at ten junior highs in southeastern Norway. To examine these relationships we tested the fit of a structural equation model which was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1988). Data from the non-drinkers (n= 392, 63% of the respondents) were used. To control for the influence of peer drinking on behavioral intentions, our model was tested under two group conditions: (1) those subjects reporting that they have no friends who drink alcohol and (2) those subjects reporting that they have one or more friends who drink. The findings indicate that the influence of TV exposure was a significant predictor (directly) of normative beliefs, expectancies (indirectly) and intentions to drink (both directly and indirectly) only for those subjects who reported having no friends who drink. For the group with non-drinking friends, family rules constrain intentions only indirectly by influencing normative beliefs. For those with friends who drink, however, family rules have a direct (inverse) effect on intentions. It is concluded that exposure to US-produced television programs functions as a limited knowledge source only for those subjects who had little or no personal experience with alcohol while the presence of family rules have limited impact on behavioral intentions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Are women drinking more like men? An empirical examination of the convergence hypothesis.

The convergence hypothesis predicts that women's drinking levels are increasing and are approaching those observed in men. To test this hypothesis, drinking practices of women and men were assessed at a large urban university at two points in time, 1977 (n = 1711) and 1985 (n = 1045). Although women's ethanol intake remained the same, significant changes in patterns of drinking were seen. The mean annual volume of beer consumed by females in 1985 showed a 33.9% increase over the mean annual volume in 1977. "Binge" drinking increased for both sexes from 1977 to 1985. A decrease in women's rate of abstention was also observed. Convergence with male drinking patterns was noted for several drinking parameters. This convergence was demonstrated by decreases in the ratios of men's drinking to women's drinking for these measures. Women consumed more wine per occasion than men in 1985. When corrections were made for differences in body fluid, the data suggested that convergence was not a trend, but had in fact occurred. The findings have serious implications, particularly in the light of recent findings that women are at greater health risk than men when they imbibe ethanol.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Gender differences in the functions and effects of moderate and excessive drinking.

In a study comparing abstinence and controlled drinking treatments, differences were found between men (n = 30) and women (n = 16) which confirmed some previous views on sex differences and problem drinking, and which have implications for choice of drinking treatment goal. On average women had problems of shorter duration, were less likely to have previously received out-patient specialist treatment only, reported consuming smaller quantities of alcohol, and reported a more regular recent pattern of consumption. Mean SADQ scores, and numbers 'definitely alcoholic' by Rand criteria, were similar, as were the numbers reporting a positive family history of drinking problems. Contrary to expectations, women were no more likely than men to report interpersonal functions and effects of drinking. Men were more likely than women to report drinking for positive emotional or social reasons or because of social pressure, were more likely to report positive effects of drinking, and among negative effects were more likely than women to report effects on work, finances, leisure, and fitness. Levels of self-esteem were very similar, but men described more positive effects of moderate drinking upon self-esteem than women.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Hypohydration during exercise in children: effect on thirst, drink preferences, and rehydration.

This study examined changes in children's thirst and drink preferences during exercise-induced hypohydration and their spontaneous rehydration during a 30-min recovery. Twenty-four 9- to 13-year-old children (14 females, 10 males) participated in four intermittent 90-min cycling sessions in the heat (35 degrees C, 20% relative humidity); the sessions differed in the drinks the children were sampling (apple, orange, water, and grape). Thirst and drink preferences were assessed (analog and category scales) while children dehydrated up to about 0.76% of their initial body weight. During 90 min dehydration, there was an increase in thirst intensity for all drinks. The grape was the preferable drink throughout the dehydration phase, but its desirability did not increase as much as the desirability of the orange, apple, and water drinks. During the 30-min recovery, most subjects rehydrated spontaneously, exceeding baseline levels by 0.76 +/- 0.15% (M +/- SEM) for grape, 0.40 +/- 0.15 for apple, 0.71 +/- 0.18 for orange, and 0.48 +/- 0.16 for water. Although full rehydration was achieved with all drinks, the magnitude of rehydration was statistically greater with grape and orange than water and apple (p < .05). It was concluded that mild hypohydration during exercise increased children's thirst and drink desirability. In general, spontaneous overshoot of fluid consumption occurred during recovery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Controlled drinking by alcoholics? New findings and a reevaluation of a major affirmative study.

Controlled drinking has recently become a controversial alternative to abstinence as an appropriate treatment goal for alcoholics. In this study we reexamine the evidence underlying a widely cited report by Sobell and Sobell of successful controlled drinking by a substantial proportion of gamma (physically dependent) alcoholic subjects in a behavior therapy experiment. A review of the evidence, including official records and new interviews, reveals that most subjects trained to do controlled drinking failed from the outset to drink safely. The majority were rehospitalized for alcoholism treatment within a year after their discharge from the research project. A 10-year follow-up (extended through 1981) of the original 20 experimental subjects shows that only one, who apparently had not experienced physical withdrawal symptoms, maintained a pattern of controlled drinking; eight continued to drink excessively--regularly or intermittently--despite repeated damaging consequences; six abandoned their efforts to engage in controlled drinking and became abstinent; four died from alcohol-related causes; and one, certified about a year after discharge from the research project as gravely disabled because of drinking, was missing.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2002

Personal and situational influences on drink driving and sober driving among a cohort of young adults.

OBJECTIVES: To compare personal and situational influences on incidents involving drink driving with those involving sober driving. METHODS: Information on a range of road safety practices was sought in face to face interviews conducted with 969 members of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study cohort at age 26 years. A total of 750 study members reported an incident that involved the opportunity to consume alcohol and also travel by motor vehicle. Of these, 87 were classified as "drink drive incidents" and 663 as "sober drive incidents". RESULTS: Study members who were male, of lower socioeconomic status, had no school qualifications, or were dependent on alcohol or marijuana at age 21 were significantly more likely to report a drink drive incident at age 26. Compared with the sober drive incidents, the drink drive incidents were more commonly associated with driving alone, drinking at bars, and no advanced planning. For drink drive incidents the amount of alcohol consumed was influenced by the conviviality of the occasion, whereas for sober drive incidents it was the need to drive. One quarter of those reporting drink drive incidents stated they had used marijuana and/or LSD at the event at which they drank. CONCLUSIONS: Drink drive and sober drive incidents differed, particularly with regard to decisions made before the event. Prevention efforts could usefully be targeted toward these decisions.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

The association between psychosocial characteristics at work and problem drinking: a cross-sectional study of men in three Eastern European urban populations.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial factors at work are thought to influence health partly through health behaviours. AIMS: To examine the association between effort-reward imbalance and job control and several alcohol related measures in three eastern European populations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland), and Karvina (Czech Republic). The participants completed a questionnaire that included effort-reward at work, job control, and a number of sociodemographic variables. Annual alcohol intake, annual number of drinking sessions, the mean dose of alcohol per drinking session, and binge drinking (> or =80 g of ethanol in one session at least once a week) were based on graduated frequencies in the questionnaire. Data were also available on problem drinking (> or =2 positive answers on CAGE questionnaire) and negative social consequences of drinking. All male participants in full employment (n = 694) were included in the present analyses. RESULTS: After controlling for age and centre, all indices of alcohol consumption and problem drinking were associated with the effort-reward ratio. Adjustment for material deprivation did not change the results but adjustment for depressive symptoms reduced the estimated effects. Job control was not associated with any of the alcohol related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The imbalance of effort-reward at work is associated with increased alcohol intake and problem drinking. The association appears to be partly mediated by depressive symptoms, which might be either an antecedent or a consequence of men's drinking behaviour.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Hypothalamic alpha-adrenergic blockade modifies drinking and blood pressure responses to central angiotensin II in conscious rats.

These experiments investigated in the awake rat the involvement of noradrenergic projections to the rostral hypothalamus in the drinking and pressor responses elicited by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of 25 ng of angiotensin II. Phentolamine mesylate in doses of 2.5-125 micrograms injected into the rostral hypothalamus produced a dose-dependent depression of both the drinking and pressor responses elicited by i.c.v. administration of angiotensin II. A paradoxical increase in heart rate was associated with a decrease in pressor responses with increasing doses of phentolamine. This response was due to tissue injections, since pretreatment by injecting 12.5 micrograms of phentolamine into the ventricle did not block either the cardiovascular or drinking responses to i.c.v. injections of angiotensin II. Yohimbine (0.33-3.3 micrograms), DL-propranolol (25 micrograms), and atenolol (25 micrograms) did not, but prazosin (0.7 microgram) did significantly alter the pressor responses. Although yohimbine also was without effect on drinking, prazosin reduced the drinking responses. These results suggest that alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the rostral hypothalamus are involved in the control of both the drinking and pressor responses elicited by i.c.v. injections of angiotensin II. In the case of propranolol and atenolol, beta-adrenergic receptors altered only the drinking response in a nonspecific manner by eliciting competing behaviors. Whether they are involved in modifying the drinking response only remains to be demonstrated.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1986

Angiotensin-stimulated drinking in marine fish.

Drinking rates in both marine and freshwater stenohaline fish were studied by measuring the ingestion of polyethylene glycol that had been added to the aquarium water. Two marine species, the long-horned sculpin and the flounder, and three freshwater species, the common goldfish, the mottled sculpin, and the common shiner, were used. Control drinking rates in freshwater fish averaged 0.03-0.1% body wt/h and in marine fish varied between 0.06 and 0.24% body wt/h. Intramuscular injections of angiotensin II (ANG II) stimulated drinking two- to threefold in the two marine species but had no effect on the drinking rate of the freshwater species. Hemorrhage (1-2% of body wt) also stimulated drinking in the two marine species (6- to 10-fold) but did not affect the drinking rate of two freshwater species. Thus exogenous ANG II and hemorrhage stimulate drinking in two marine stenohaline fish as they do in mammals. These responses were absent in the three freshwater fishes studied. However, injection of converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) or saralasin in order to block endogenous ANG II did not attenuate either basal or hemorrhage-stimulated drinking in the marine fish.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1998

Effects of homologous atrial natriuretic peptide on drinking and plasma ANG II level in eels.

The effects of eel atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on drinking were investigated in eels adapted to freshwater (FW) or seawater (SW) or in FW eels whose drinking was stimulated by a 2-ml hemorrhage. An intra-arterial infusion of ANP (0.3-3.0 pmol . kg-1 . min-1), which increased plasma ANP level 1.5- to 20-fold, inhibited drinking dose dependently in all groups of eels. The drinking rate recovered to the level before ANP infusion within 2 h after infusate was replaced by saline. The inhibition at 3.0 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 was profound in FW eels and hemorrhaged FW eels, whereas significant drinking still remained after inhibition in SW eels. Plasma ANG II concentration also decreased dose dependently during ANP infusion and recovered to the initial level after saline infusion in all groups of eels. The decrease at 3.0 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 was large in FW eels and hemorrhaged FW eels compared with that of SW eels. Thus the changes in drinking rate and plasma ANG II level were parallel during ANP infusion. Plasma sodium concentration and osmolality decreased during ANP infusion in SW and FW eels, and they were restored after saline infusion. In hemorrhaged FW eels, however, ANP infusion did not alter plasma sodium concentration and osmolality. Hematocrit did not change during ANP infusion in any group of eels. Collectively, ANP infusion at physiological doses decreased drinking rate and plasma ANG II concentration in parallel in both FW and SW eels. It remains undetermined whether the inhibition of drinking is caused by direct action of ANP or through inhibition of ANG II, which is known as a potent dipsogen in all vertebrate species, including eels.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2001

Influence of the subfornical organ on meal-associated drinking in rats.

A lesion of the subfornical organ (SFO) may disrupt drinking after a meal of dry chow as it does drinking after intragastric administration of hypertonic saline. Food and water intakes of SFO-lesioned (SFOX) and sham-lesioned rats were measured during 90-min tests following various lengths of food deprivation. During the tests, all rats began eating before they began drinking. After 20-24 h of food deprivation, latency to begin drinking after eating had started was longer for SFOX than for sham-lesioned rats. Plasma osmolality was elevated by 2-3% in both lesion groups at 12 min, the latency for sham-lesioned rats to drink, but SFOX rats nevertheless continued eating and delayed drinking. Eating after shorter 4-h food deprivations and ad libitum feeding produced more variable drinking latencies and less consistent effects of SFO lesion. During 24 h of water deprivation, SFO lesion had no effect on the suppression of food intake and did not affect food or water intakes during the first 2 h of subsequent rehydration. These findings indicate that the SFO is involved in initiating water intake during eating and in determining drinking patterns and the amount of water ingested during a meal.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Steps towards constructing a global comparative risk analysis for alcohol consumption: determining indicators and empirical weights for patterns of drinking, deciding about theoretical minimum, and dealing with different consequences.

In order to conduct a comparative risk analysis for alcohol within the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2000), several questions had to be answered. (1) What are the appropriate dimensions for alcohol consumption and how can they be categorized? The average volume of alcohol and patterns of drinking were selected as dimensions. Both dimensions could be looked upon as continuous but were categorized for practical purposes. The average volume of drinking was categorized into the following categories: abstention; drinking 1 (> 0-19.99 g pure alcohol daily for females, > 0-39.99 g for males); drinking 2 (20-39.99 g for females, 40-59.99 g for males), and drinking 3 (> or =40 g for females, > or =60 g for males). Patterns of drinking were categorized into four levels of detrimental impact based on an optimal scaling analysis of key informant ratings. (2) What is the theoretical minimum for both dimensions? A pattern of regular light drinking (at most 1 drink every day) was selected as theoretical minimum for established market economies for all people above age 45. For all other regions and age groups, the theoretical minimum was set to zero. Potential problems and uncertainties with this selection are discussed. (3) What are the health outcomes for alcohol and how do they relate to the dimensions? Overall, more than 60 disease conditions were identified as being related to alcohol consumption. Most chronic conditions seem to be related to volume only (exceptions are coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke), and most acute conditions seem to be related to volume and patterns. In addition, using methodology based on aggregate data, patterns were relevant for attributing harms for men but not women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of age on the relationship between drinking and atherosclerotic risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Drinking modulates the progress of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases by affecting atherosclerotic risk factors. However, age-dependent effects of drinking on atherosclerotic risk factors have not been clarified in detail. OBJECTIVE: In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether the relationship between drinking and atherosclerotic risk factors is influenced by age in male workers (12,386 men aged from 20 to 69 years) in Yamagata, a district of Japan. METHODS: The subjects were divided into five age groups, and each group was further divided into three subgroups according to ethanol consumption. The mean levels of each atherosclerotic risk factor were compared among the groups. RESULTS: Neither body mass index nor fasting blood glucose levels were significantly affected by drinking at any age. In the heavy drinkers (ethanol consumption of 30 g per day or more) in all age groups, blood pressure, serum triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher and serum LDL cholesterol level and the atherogenic index were significantly lower than in the nondrinkers. In the light drinkers (ethanol consumption of less than 30 g per day) in all age groups, serum HDL cholesterol level and the atherogenic index were also higher and lower, respectively, than in the nondrinkers. However, light drinking significantly increased blood pressure only in the middle aged and relatively elderly groups (40-49, 50-59, 60-69 years of age) and significantly decreased the serum LDL cholesterol level only in relatively young and middle aged groups (30-39, 40-49, 50-59 years of age). Thus, the effects of light drinking on blood pressure and serum LDL cholesterol are dependent on age. The serum triglyceride level was not significantly affected by light drinking in any age group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that light drinking increases blood pressure in the middle-aged and the elderly but not in the young, while its beneficial effects on serum HDL cholesterol and atherogenic index are not changed with age.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Population change and public drinking in three rural communities.

Three rural communities are compared in terms of barroom occupancy rates and observed alcohol consumption in that setting. It is hypothesized that rapid population increase will be associated with higher barroom occupancy rates and heavier consumption rates. This hypothesis is not supported. Instead it is found that higher levels of public drinking are found in association with population loss. It is concluded that generalizations concerning the deleterious effects of population growth should be made with caution only until additional studies document more precisely the nature of possible relationships between rapid population change and community mental health. Although it appears that progress has been made in developing methodologies for in-vivo studies of public drinking behaviour (Kessler & Gomber, 1974), such studies remain sparse in the drinking literature. Particularly infrequent are studies of barroom drinking designed to test specific hypotheses about the influence of changes in community life on public drinking behaviour. Many studies have focused on the sociology of bar behaviour (Cavan, 1966; Lewis, 1955; Marcrory, 1952; Rowbuck & Frese, 1976), identifying types of bars, distribution and location of public drinking settings, and characteristics and attitudes of patrons. Other studies have compared barroom drinking in laboratory settings (Billings, Weiner, Kessler & Gomberg, 1976), used observations to validate self-reports of drinking behaviour (Harford, Dorman & Feinhandler, 1976) and measured the effects of setting characteristics on consumption rates (Bach & Schaefer, 1979).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

'Hardcore drinking': portrayals of alcohol consumption in young women's and men's magazines.

Young adults and young women in particular are drinking more alcohol than ever before, with implications for risky behaviours and long-term health. This study explored the ways in which alcohol and drinking were represented in six monthly UK magazines (three targeted at young men, three at young women) across a three-month period (18 magazines). We identified three main discourses across the texts, namely the drug alcohol; masculinity and machismo; and drinking as normality. These discourses constructed women's and men's drinks and drinking behaviours in sharp contrast. Drinking was aligned with traditional masculine images, although new kinds of drinks were aligned with traditional feminine images--and derided in men's magazines. Findings highlight how gender, constructed in relation to the other, is an important aspect of representations of drinking patterns in young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Patterns of alcohol drinking and its association with obesity: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that alcohol use may have a protective effect on obesity. This study explores association between obesity and alcohol consumption in the non-smoking U.S. adult population. METHODS: We analyzed data on a total of 8,236 respondents who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Body mass index (weight-kg/height-m2) was derived from measured height and weight data and categorized into: normal weight, overweight, and obese. Alcohol consumption was measured using following measures: history of drinking, binge drinking, quantity of drinks/day, frequency of drinking, and average volume of drinks/week. RESULTS: Mean body mass index in this sample of non-smokers was 26.4 (95% CI: 26.1, 26.7). Approximately 46% of respondents were classified as current drinkers. Current drinkers had lower odds of obesity (Adjusted odds ratio = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.97) as compared to non-drinkers. The odds of overweight and obesity were significantly greater among binge drinkers and those consuming four or more drinks/day. However, those who reported drinking one or two drinks per day had 0.46 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.62) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.86) times the odds of obesity, respectively. Similarly, the odds of obesity were significantly lower among those who reported drinking frequently and consuming less than five drinks per week. The association between overweight and other alcohol measures was less pronounced. CONCLUSION: The results suggest further exploring the possible role of moderate alcohol drinking in controlling body weight in adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Multiple sclerosis and alcohol: a study of problem drinking.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are known to be at increased risk from mood disorders and suicidal ideation. Although these are often associated with alcohol disorders, the drinking habits of MS patients have not been well studied to date. Our study assessed drinking patterns in 140 MS patients, focusing on a possible link between problem drinking and mood and anxiety disorders. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were ascertained using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV disorders (SCID-IV). Results demonstrate that one in six MS patients drink to excess over the course of their lifetime. Those with a history of problem drinking display a higher lifetime prevalence of anxiety (P = 0.006), but not mood disorders. There were also significant associations between problem drinking and a lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation (P = 0.006), substance abuse (P = 0.001), and a family history of mental illness (P = 0.008). Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of problem drinking in MS patients, and how this may complicate the course of their disease. Clues to problem drinking in MS patients are the presence of a positive family history of mental illness and prominent anxiety.

Adult↗