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Results for “computational design”

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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Orthopedic treatment of scoliosis: new technique using impression by optic procedure].

The authors present a new procedure for acquiring the whole external trunk shape. The construction of braces starts with corrected a positive mold using computer-assisted design software connected to a digital tooling machine. The computer-assisted design and construction of braces enable the determination, measurement, and modification of a three-dimensional image of the trunk, which allows the positive to be corrected. The outer-trunk can be re-balanced, derotated or rectified in the sagittal or frontal plane and the inner modeling of the spine and chest can be rectified. Moreover, in the case of scoliosis or kyphosis, the software produces automatic correction. This rapid (acquisition time < 2 seconds), non invasive, safe and painless procedure can also be used to detect and follow mild spinal deformities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of training general dental practitioners in partial denture design using a computer-assisted learning program.

The authors of this paper produced a computer-assisted learning (CAL) program on aspects of partial denture design which covered the topics of surveying, support and indirect retention. Version 1 of the program was evaluated by 65 general dental practitioners, the majority of whom did this at their own homes or practices whilst the rest came in to the School of Dentistry. Participants were of varied ages and computer experience. A total of 85% of the participants found the program easy to use and 78% claimed the program had improved their knowledge of partial denture design, although less than half thought it had improved their practical skills. Opinions varied on which of the three topics were the most useful, and interest in future CAL material for dentistry was high. The study shows that CAL can be an acceptable, effective and enjoyable form of training for general dental practitioners who have access to modern microcomputers.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evolutionary analysis of HIV-1 protease inhibitors: Methods for design of inhibitors that evade resistance.

Drug-resistant strains are rapidly selected during AIDS therapy because of the high rate of mutation in HIV. In this report, we present an evolutionary simulation method for analysis of viral mutation and its use for optimization of HIV-1 protease drugs to improve their robustness in the face of resistance mutation. We first present an analysis of the range of resistant mutants that produce viable viruses by using a volume-based viral fitness model. Then, we analyze how this range of mutant proteases allows development of resistance to an optimal inhibitor previously designed by computational coevolution techniques. Finally, we evaluate the resistance patterns of commercially available drugs, and we discuss how resistance might be overcome by optimizing the size of specific side-chains of these inhibitors.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Three-dimensional image display in medicine.

This article is a tutorial on the methods used to create three-dimensional (3-D) images for use in displaying patient anatomy. This new view into anatomy has developed over the last 10 years from the need of surgeons, radiation therapists, and radiologists to integrate the many images resulting from the recent growth in tomographic imaging including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT and MRI studies result in 30 to 100 images. 3-D imaging processes and integrates this image data volume and extracts more meaningful, derivative images via multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), shaded surface processing, or volumetric processing. MPR reslices the image volume to produce novel views of patient anatomy while retaining the image voxel intensities. Realistic shaded surface display of 3-D objects can involve extensive processing of the images to create computer representations of objects rendered into a displayable 3-D scene. Volumetric imaging combines the voxel processing of MPR with the techniques of tissue classification and surface shading to produce novel projections of the image data volume that allow automated creation of 3-D scenes without recourse to the complexities of object delineation. As the ultimate 3-D display, recent advances in computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) allow the fabrication of physical models of anatomy using computer-controlled milling machines. New technology that actually builds the model layer by layer from a liquid plastic offers the possibility of complete models with intact internal anatomy. The growth in 3-D is certain as hardware and software costs decrease and medical professionals find further applications for this technology.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Numerical simulation of airflow in the human nose.

Unobstructed air passageways as well as sufficient contact of the air stream with the mucous membrane are essential for the correct function of the nose. For that, local flow phenomena, which often cannot be captured by standard diagnostic methods, are important. We developed and validated a method for the numerical simulation of the nasal airflow. Two anatomically correct, transparent resin models of human nasal cavities, manufactured by a special casting technology, and the nasal cavities of two patients were reconstructed as Computer Aided Design models based on computed tomography (CT) scans. One of the nasal models and one clinical case represented a normal nasal anatomy, while the others were examples of pathological alterations. The velocity and pressure fields in these reconstructed cavities were calculated for the entire range of physiological nasal inspiration using commercially available computational fluid dynamics software. To validate the results rhinoresistometric data were measured and characteristic streamlines were videotaped for the resin models. The numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental data for the investigated cases. An example of a complex clinical case demonstrates the potential benefit of the developed simulation method for rhinosurgical planning. The results support the assumption that even under the specific conditions of the clinical practice the application of numerical simulation of nasal airflow phenomena may become realistic in the near future. However, important technical issues such as a completely automated reconstruction of the nasal cavity still need to be resolved before such simulations are efficient and cost effective enough to become a standard tool for the rhinologist.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Applying cognitive psychology to 3-D modelling in CAD.

Research into the cognitive aspects of human information processing sometimes seems remote from the world of the software application designer. This paper describes one aspect of the detailed design of A CAD (Computer Aided Design) system and discusses the application of research findings relating to cognitive representation of objects in 3-D space.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

A network of orthogonal ribosome x mRNA pairs.

Synthetic biology promises the ability to program cells with new functions. Simple oscillators, switches, logic functions, cell-cell communication and pattern-forming circuits have been created by the connection of a small set of natural transcription factors and their binding sites in different ways to produce different networks of molecular interactions. However, the controlled synthesis of more complex synthetic networks and functions will require an expanded set of functional molecules with known molecular specificities. Here, we tailored the molecular specificity of duplicated Escherichia coli ribosome x mRNA pairs with respect to the wild-type ribosome and mRNAs to produce multiple orthogonal ribosome x orthogonal mRNA pairs that can process information in parallel with, but independent of, their wild-type progenitors. In these pairs, the ribosome exclusively translates the orthogonal mRNA, and the orthogonal mRNA is not a substrate for cellular ribosomes. We predicted and measured the network of interactions between orthogonal ribosomes and orthogonal mRNAs, and showed that they can be used to post-transcriptionally program the cell with Boolean logic.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of accelerated iterative x-ray CT image reconstruction using floating point graphics hardware.

Statistical reconstruction methods offer possibilities to improve image quality as compared with analytical methods, but current reconstruction times prohibit routine application in clinical and micro-CT. In particular, for cone-beam x-ray CT, the use of graphics hardware has been proposed to accelerate the forward and back-projection operations, in order to reduce reconstruction times. In the past, wide application of this texture hardware mapping approach was hampered owing to limited intrinsic accuracy. Recently, however, floating point precision has become available in the latest generation commodity graphics cards. In this paper, we utilize this feature to construct a graphics hardware accelerated version of the ordered subset convex reconstruction algorithm. The aims of this paper are (i) to study the impact of using graphics hardware acceleration for statistical reconstruction on the reconstructed image accuracy and (ii) to measure the speed increase one can obtain by using graphics hardware acceleration. We compare the unaccelerated algorithm with the graphics hardware accelerated version, and for the latter we consider two different interpolation techniques. A simulation study of a micro-CT scanner with a mathematical phantom shows that at almost preserved reconstructed image accuracy, speed-ups of a factor 40 to 222 can be achieved, compared with the unaccelerated algorithm, and depending on the phantom and detector sizes. Reconstruction from physical phantom data reconfirms the usability of the accelerated algorithm for practical cases.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1986

Cloning simulation in the cage environment.

The CAGE/GEM(TM) software toolkit for genetic engineering is briefly described. The system functionally uses color graphics and is menu driven. It integrates genetics and features information ("Overlays") with information based on sequence analysis ("Representations"). The system is structured around CAD (Computer Aided Design) principles. The CAGE (Computer Aided Genetic Engineering) aspects of the software are emphasized and illustrated by a simulated cloning of the hepatitis B core antigen gene into the BAMHI site of plasmid pBR322.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Artificial chemistries--a review.

This article reviews the growing body of scientific work in artificial chemistry. First, common motivations and fundamental concepts are introduced. Second, current research activities are discussed along three application dimensions: modeling, information processing, and optimization. Finally, common phenomena among the different systems are summarized. It is argued here that artificial chemistries are "the right stuff" for the study of prebiotic and biochemical evolution, and they provide a productive framework for questions regarding the origin and evolution of organizations in general. Furthermore, artificial chemistries have a broad application range of practical problems, as shown in this review.

Chemistry↗
PubMed2003

He and N encapsulations in small cages: model computations for possible nanotechnology systems.

Endohedral cage compounds have been considered as possible candidate species for molecular memories. In this report, computations are carried out on four hypothetical He-containing endohedral systems, He@C14H16 (isogarudane and garudane cages) and He@C36 (D6h and D2d cages), and two hypothetical N-containing endohedral systems, N@C36 (D6h and D2d cages). Geometry optimizations are followed by vibrational analysis in some cases. The geometry optimizations can indeed produce local energy minima for the endohedral systems. While in N@C36 D6h the nitrogen atom has a central location, in N@C36 D2d it exhibits a bonding pattern. Thermodynamic and kinetic stability aspects are also discussed.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2001

Argus: a suite of tools for research in complex cognition.

Argus simulates a radar-like target classification task. It was developed to support research in measuring and modeling cognitive work load. Argus is used in both single-subject and team modes. However, the Argus system is more than just a simulated task environment. Argus features flexible experimenter control over cognitive work load, as well as extensive data collection and data playback facilities to support the iterative nature of research in complex behaviors. In addition, embodied computational models interact with Argus using the same interface as do human subjects. In this paper, we describe these features, as well as the task simulation. In addition, we describe how the system has been used for experimentation. We conclude with a comparison of Argus with other complex task environments.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

Translating clinical practice into evidence-based research through the use of technology.

Gaps exist in the extent to which technology has been fully integrated into dental practices. This is partially the result of continuously emerging technologies and partially attributable to different attitudes among dentists toward innovation. Further development of Evidence-Based Dentistry is needed before it becomes a productive and widely used part of practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗