Predictive medicine. X. Physical activity.
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Adult↗
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Antioxidative and antimutagenic activities of healthy herbal drinks from Chinese medicinal herbs.
Twenty-nine Chinese medicinal herbs and three healthy herbal drinks made of those herbs in a food processing pilot plant were tested for their antioxidative, free radical scavenging, mutagenic and antimutagenic activities. Water extracts of herbs (with few exceptions) and herbal drinks showed free radical scavenging activity. All water extracts of herbs and herbal drinks showed no mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA100 used in the Ames mutagenic tests. In the antimutagenic tests, the mutagenic activity of 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (NQNO) toward S. typhimurium TA98 was markedly inhibited by water extracts of herbs and herbal drinks. Based on the results, it is suggested that the herbal drinks manufactured in pilot-plant scale are safe and can be served as health-promoting drinks for the public.
Antimutagenic Agents↗
Nutritional and epidemiologic factors related to heart disease.
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Adipose Tissue↗
[Case control study on risk factors of congenital microtia].
OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors associated with congenital microtia. METHODS: A case-control, retrospective study was performed. A total of 207 cases of congenital microtia and 209 age-frequently-matched controls were interviewed individually according to the uniform questionnaire. The questionnaire included: (1) Essential information about patients and their parents. (2) First trimester diseases and medication of mother. (3) Past gestation history of mother. (4) Family history and life style of the parent. The available data were analyzed by chi-square test and multivariate Logistic regression model. RESULTS: The factors, such as gender (OR = 5.893), first trimester disease of mother (OR = 34.49) and medication (OR = 4.299), excessive drinking and smoking of father (OR = 4. 347, OR = 4.304), non-primiparous parity (OR = 9.524), abortion (spontaneous and induced, OR = 1.723), low-education of mother (OR = 2.275) were risk factors contributing to microtia in multivariate study. The factors, such as tea (OR = 0.179) were protective factors in multivariate study. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-risks factors are contributing to microtia. Preventive measures according to risk factors should be put forward.
Case-Control Studies↗
Influence of alcohol on gastrointestinal motility: lactulose breath hydrogen testing in orocecal transit time in chronic alcoholics, social drinkers and teetotaler subjects.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The gastrointestinal tract is directly affected by the ingestion of alcohol. While the effect of acute ingestion of alcohol on the motility of the small intestine is well known, the influence of chronic intake of moderate amounts of alcohol and chronic alcoholism on gastrointestinal motility remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the orocecal transit (OCt) times in patients with chronic alcoholism and in "social drinkers" and compare them with a group of healthy teetotaler subjects, to assess the effects of chronic aleohol consumption on gastrointestinal transit through the application of a non-invasive technique: the hydrogen breath test. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-one alcoholics were enrolled in the study. The control groups consisted of 31 healthy social drinkers and 24 healthy teetotaler subjects. OCt time was assessed using the hydrogen breath test after the administration of 10 g of lactulose. RESULTS: The OCt time in patients with alcoholism was significantly delayed as compared with the social drinkers (p < 0.001) and healthy teetotaler subjects (p < 0.001); the OCt time in social drinkers was significantly longer than in healthy teetotaler subjects (p < 0.05). In the alcoholic group, there was no significant correlation between the OCt time and daily alcohol intake or years of alcohol addiction. CONCLUSION: Our results show a significant prolongation of the OCt time, both in patients with alcoholism and in social drinkers, as compared to teetotaler subjects. Our findings of an increased OCt time related to the consumption of alcohol could support the hypothesis of the toxic effect of ethanol on smooth muscle contractile proteins of the small intestine and on vagal function.
Adult↗
Association of folate intake and serum homocysteine in elderly persons according to vitamin supplementation and alcohol use.
BACKGROUND: The serum total homocysteine concentration (tHcy), an indicator of folate status and a possible risk factor for vascular disease, is elevated with impaired renal function and poor vitamin B-12 status, which are common in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the association between tHcy, folate intake, alcohol consumption, and other lifestyle factors in elderly persons. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study used linear regression to model changes in tHcy. Subjects were 278 men and women aged 66-94 y studied in 1993. RESULTS: Total folate intake was negatively associated with tHcy in models adjusted for age, sex, serum creatinine, and serum albumin. We found an interaction between food folate intake and supplement use. Food folate intake had an inverse dose-response relation with tHcy that was limited to nonusers of supplements. Predicted tHcy was 1.5 micromol/L lower in users of supplements containing folate and vitamin B-12 than in nonusers and was independent of food folate intake. We found a positive dose-response relation of coffee and tea intake with tHcy, a positive association for alcohol intake of > or = 60 drinks/mo compared with low intake, and an interaction of alcohol use with folate intake and supplement use. Compared with alcohol users, nonusers had higher predicted tHcy and a lower inverse dose-response relation of food folate intake with tHcy. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse association between folate intake and tHcy was strongest among nonusers of supplements and among alcohol drinkers. Identifying modifiable factors related to tHcy, a possible risk factor for vascular disease, is especially important in elderly persons.
Age Factors↗
Effect of age on plasma homocysteine concentrations in young and elderly subjects considering serum vitamin concentrations and different lifestyle factors.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate whether an increase in total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration with increasing age is due to diminishing serum concentrations of pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), vitamin B-12, and folate. The possible influence of different lifestyle factors on tHcy concentration was considered. METHODS: Plasma tHcy, serum concentrations of pyridoxal-5-phosphate, vitamin B-12, and folate, intake of coffee and tea, alcohol, and methionine, as well as cigarette smoking, were determined in 252 elderly subjects (60-87 years old) of the longitudinal study on nutrition and health status in an aging population in Giessen (GISELA) and 99 young adults (20-34 years old) of the study on health and nutrition of young adults (GEJE). RESULTS: Mean plasma tHcy concentrations were significantly higher in elderly than in young female subjects (9.7 +/- 1.9 micromol/L vs. 9.0 +/- 1.6 micromol/L, p < 0.05), but there was no difference between elderly and young men (10.6 +/- 2.1 micromol/L vs. 10.7 +/- 2.6 micromol/L). No differences in tHcy were observed between young and elderly subjects after adjustment for serum concentrations of PLP, vitamin B-12, and folate. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant influence of age only in elderly, but not in younger subjects. CONCLUSION: Higher tHcy concentrations in the elderly, in comparison to younger women, are due to lower serum concentrations of PLP, vitamin B-12, and folate, whereas within the age group of elderly subjects alone tHcy concentrations increase with age irrespective of serum vitamin concentrations.
Adult↗
Dental fluorosis and the use of a high fluoride-containing trona tenderizer (magadi).
It has recently been suggested that magadi, a high-fluoride trona, which is added in cooking to tenderize certain vegetables and beans in two villages in Tanzania, significantly contributed to the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis. This report aims to substantiate the significance of magadi as a determinant of dental fluorosis. Eighteen villages in four geographical areas (districts) with water supplies containing 0.2 to 0.8 mg/L of fluoride were selected. All schoolchildren aged 12 to 17 years (n = 1566) who had been born and raised in these villages were examined for dental fluorosis according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index. Dietary history was recorded. The fluoride content of magadi samples was determined and the urinary fluoride excretion of pre-schoolchildren was assessed. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in nine coastal villages where tea and seafish were regularly consumed ranged from 7% to 46%. Severe (pitting) dental fluorosis was rarely seen. The low fluorosis levels observed in non-magadi consuming communities in coastal villages indicate that a fluoride content of up to 0.8 mg/L in drinking water is acceptable under the prevailing conditions of temperature and diet. In contrast, the prevalence of dental fluorosis in nine villages located inland at 1500 m altitude, where fluoride-containing magadi was consumed, ranged from 53% to 100%, and severe (pitting) fluorosis was highly prevalent, ranging from 18% to 97%. The village with the highest fluoride content in the magadi samples collected showed the highest level of fluorosis. The urinary fluoride excretion of pre-schoolchildren from different villages corresponded with the level of fluorosis and the fluoride content in the magadi samples of the respective villages. Data on dental fluorosis from the magadi-consuming communities provide strong evidence that consumption of magadi was the major determinant of the observed high prevalence and severity of fluorosis in inland villages at 1500 m altitude.
Adolescent↗
Effect of lifestyle factors on plasma total homocysteine concentrations in relation to MTHFR(C677T) genotype. Inter99 (7).
OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between various lifestyle factors--smoking habits, physical activity, dietary habits, coffee, tea, and alcohol consumption--and homocysteine (tHcy) in relation to MTHFR(C677T) genotype. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. SETTING: Residents of Copenhagen County, Denmark. SUBJECTS: A random sample of 6457 men and women aged 30-60 years drawn from the Civil Registration System and invited to a health examination in 1999-2001. A total of 2788 participants were included in the statistical analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: tHcy was measured using a Fluorescent Polarization Immuno Assay. MTHFR-genotype was determined by PCR and RFLP analysis. Information about lifestyle factors was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Daily smoking, less healthy dietary habits, and coffee drinking were associated with elevated tHcy concentrations independent of other determinants. Wine consumption was related to tHcy in a J-shaped manner, whereas beer consumption was negatively associated with tHcy after multiple adjustments. Interaction was observed between smoking status and MTHFR-genotype, smoking status and sex, and beer consumption and age. The effect of smoking was more pronounced in persons with the TT genotype and in women. The effect of beer consumption was more pronounced at younger than at older ages. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking status, dietary habits, coffee intake, wine, and beer consumption were major lifestyle determinants of tHcy. Changes in these lifestyle factors may reduce tHcy concentrations, thereby lowering cardiovascular risk in the general population. SPONSORSHIP: Danish Medical Research Council, Danish Centre for Evaluation and Health Technology Assessment, and Danish Heart Foundation.
Adult↗
Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat by green tea.
Several studies have demonstrated that green tea (GT) inhibits various chemically induced cancers in experimental animals. In the present study, effect of GT has been examined on the initiation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Young male Fischer rats were given AIN-76A diet with or without 0.5% instant GT powder in their drinking water for 2 or 4 weeks. Initiation was examined by hepatic AFB1-DNA binding in vivo, AFB1 metabolism in vitro and by the appearance of AFB1-induced glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive hepatocytes detected by immunohistochemical method. There was no influence of GT feeding on microsome-mediated AFB1 binding to exogenous DNA. However, GT feeding enhanced microsome-mediated formation of non-toxic hydroxylated metabolites of AFB1 by 2-3-fold. Hepatic nuclear AFB1-DNA binding in vivo was significantly inhibited by about 20-30% in animals pretreated with GT: AFB1-induced GST-P positive single hepatocytes were inhibited significantly by 60-70% in rats pretreated with GT. These results suggest that feeding of GT inhibits initiation of AFB1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat by modulation of AFB1 metabolism, thereby inhibiting AFB1-DNA binding and AFB1-induced GST-P-positive hepatocytes.
Aflatoxin B1↗
[Research on cytokines gene express of rats alcoholic liver disease affected by tea polyphenol].
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of tea polyphenol(TP) on the rat with alcoholic liver damage. METHOD: Rats were divided into 3 groups, in which 2 groups were stomach perfused with alcohol to result in ALD, and 1 group of them stomach perfused with TP simultaneously. Another group was normal control groups (stomach perfused with drinking water). In the end of 12 weeks, the liver specimen of each rat was observed by anglicizing its tissue damage, and all data collected was performed by statistical analysis in quantum and semi-quantum. Meanwhile cytokines gene express of each group is determined. RESULT: In the end of 12 weeks, alcoholic hepatitis appeared in rat liver. Hepatic injury in alcohol group and TP group were found, but could not be found in normal group. Compared with pure alcohol group, alcoholic liver damage mainly showing with steatosis in TP group were slight, in addition showing liver cellular swelling with small area, with less spot and focal necrosis, none bridging necrosis. Steatosis were slight relatively, mega-bubble steatosis were less found. Collagen deposition of TP group were less than those of pure alcohol group. Gene expression of. cytokine have diversity statistically such as IL-3, IL-4, IL-1R2, IL-6R, IL-7R2, IL-3Ra, IL-R1, IL-13, IL-1R1, IL-7R2, EPO-R, LIFR, IL-1R2, IL-5R2, CSF1, CD27, IL-6R. CONCLUSION: TP is able to attenuate alcoholic liver damage. It's mechanism is possibly due to modulating cytokines gene expression of cytokine.
Animals↗
Lifestyle related risk factors in the aetiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux.
BACKGROUND/AIM: The aetiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux is largely unknown. The authors' aim was to examine the relation between lifestyle habits and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. SUBJECTS: Participants of two consecutive public health surveys in Nord-Trondelag, Norway. METHODS: In a case control study within the two public health surveys, 3153 individuals who in the second survey reported severe heartburn or regurgitation during the last 12 months were defined as cases, while 40 210 people without reflux symptoms constituted the control group. The risk of reflux symptoms was estimated and multivariately calculated as odds ratios in relation to exposure to tobacco smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, table salt, cereal fibres, and physical exercise. RESULTS: There was a significant dose response association between tobacco smoking and reflux symptoms. Among people who had smoked daily for more than 20 years the odds ratio was 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.5 to 1.9) compared with non-smokers. A similar positive association was found for table salt intake. The odds ratio for reflux was 1.7 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.0) among those who always used extra table salt compared with those who never did so. We found moderately strong negative associations between the risk of reflux and exposure to coffee, bread high in dietary fibre content, and frequent physical exercise. Intake of alcohol or tea did not affect the risk of reflux. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco smoking and table salt intake seem to be risk factors for gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. Dietary fibres and physical exercise may protect against reflux. Alcohol, coffee, and tea do not seem to be risk factors for reflux.
Adult↗
[Prevention of osteoporosis by foods and dietary supplements. "Daizuga-cha", Kuromame-cha"].
Soy isoflavones have been suggested to alleviate osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption. Our finding indicates that consumption of the drink "Daizuga-cha", which contains isoflavones reduced urinary excretion of pyridinoline (p = 0.09) and deoxypyridinoline (p<0.05) in Japanese women (average age: 55.6 years). "Daizuga-cha" is the first drink approved by the Japanese ministry of health, labor and welfare as a "food for specified health uses (FOSHU)" for bone health. Recent clinical data suggest that approximately 30-70 mg/day of isoflavones (as aglycone) are required by younger postmenopausal women in order to derive skeletal benefits. However, isoflavone intake among such women in Japan is often lower than this level. Consumption of soy foods and soy isoflavone FOSHU ("Daizuga-cha", "Kuromame-cha", "Kuromame-soymilk drink", and "Kuromame-cha Gold") has the potential to reduce the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Female↗
Life-history correlates of environmental tobacco smoke: a study on nonsmoking Hong Kong Chinese wives with smoking versus nonsmoking husbands.
Studies to evaluate the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS, passive smoking) often use nonsmoking wives with smoking discordant husbands. To see whether there were differences in exposures and behavior patterns among never-smoked wives with never-smoked vs ever-smoked husbands, the life-history profiles of 136 ever-married women with mean age of 59 were analyzed on 97 quantifiable variables. Overall, the results demonstrated that wives with never-smoked husbands had 'healthier' lifestyles than wives with smoking husbands. The former were better off in terms of socio-economic status, more conscientious housewives, ate better diets, and had better indices of family cohesiveness. They also fared better in variables that reflected health status with lower frequencies of the following: miscarriages/abortions, inhaling through the mouth, chronic cough, and chest X-rays. The differences were usually largest when comparing wives of never-smoked vs heavily smoking (greater than 20 cigarettes/day) husbands. The results indicate some correlates of passive smoking that can act as important confounders when evaluating health risks among families with smoking husbands.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
Metronidazole clearance: a one-sample method and influencing factors.
After 96 administrations of metronidazole to 36 subjects, it was found that the clearance could be determined from one plasma sample, the dose, and a volume of distribution estimated from sex, age, body weight, and height, without loss of precision and accuracy compared with conventional clearance determinations (r greater than 0.97). In 230 sample pairs the plasma and saliva concentrations of metronidazole were identical (r = 0.99). In 119 subjects the one-sample clearance of metronidazole was unimodally distributed. Body weight (r = 0.28) and the alcohol consumption (r = 0.23) correlated with the metronidazole clearance. In the same subjects the consumption of tobacco (r = 0.28), alcohol (r = -0.19), coffee/tea (r = 0.27), age (r = -0.24), and sex (r = 0.28) correlated with the antipyrine clearance. The clearances of metronidazole and antipyrine were correlated (r = 0.34). The differential influence of the environmental factors on the elimination rates supports differential metabolism of metronidazole and antipyrine.
Administration, Oral↗
Cancer of the prostate among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Aged↗
Effects on birth weight of smoking, alcohol, caffeine, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial stress.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of smoking, alcohol, and caffeine consumption and socio-economic factors and psychosocial stress on birth weight. DESIGN: Prospective population study. SETTING: District general hospital in inner London. PARTICIPANTS: A consecutive series of 1860 white women booking for delivery were approached. 136 Refused and 211 failed to complete the study for other reasons (moved, abortion, subsequent refusal), leaving a sample of 1513. Women who spoke no English, booked after 24 weeks, had insulin dependent diabetes, or had a multiple pregnancy were excluded. MEASUREMENTS: Data were obtained by research interviewers at booking (general health questionnaire, modified Paykel's interview, and Eysenck personality questionnaire) and at 17, 28, and 36 weeks' gestation and from the structured antenatal and obstetric record. Variables assessed included smoking, alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, and over 40 indicators of socio-economic state and psychosocial stress, including social class, tenure of accommodations, education, employment, income, anxiety and depression, stressful life events, social stress, social support, personality, and attitudes to pregnancy. Birth weight was corrected for gestation and adjusted for maternal height, parity, and baby's sex. MAIN RESULTS: Smoking was the most important single factor (5% reduction in corrected birth weight). Passive smoking was not significant (0.5% reduction). After smoking was controlled for, alcohol had an effect only in smokers and the effects of caffeine became non-significant. Only four of the socioeconomic and stress factors significantly reduced birth weight and these effects became non-significant after smoking was controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: Social and psychological factors have little or no direct effect on birth weight corrected for gestational age (fetal growth), and the main environmental cause of its variation in this population was smoking.
Adolescent↗
Case-control study of urinary bladder cancer in metropolitan Nagoya.
We conducted a population-based case-control study of patients with bladder cancer and of controls drawn randomly from the general population of Metropolitan Nagoya and interviewed both groups. The incidence rates of bladder cancer were 2.42 and 7.05/100,000 for females and males, respectively. The analysis, based on 293 patients and 589 controls who were frequency matched for age, sex, and residence, provided the following major findings. Age-adjusted relative risks of 1.89 (1.15-3.10) and 3.53 (1.71-7.27) were found in male and female cigarette smokers, respectively. Significant relative risk was also found in males who drank cocoa. Elevated risk with a dose-response relationship was observed among women who used hair dye and who smoke, but this risk was insignificant, with the disappearance of a dose-response relationship, when it was adjusted for smoking. Age- and smoking-adjusted relative risk of coffee drinking was insignificant with no dose-response relationship. Relative risk of artificial sweetener use was below 1 with adjustment for age and smoking. Intake of alcoholic beverages and cola was insignificantly associated. Reduced risk of significance was suggested for the intake of black tea and matcha (powdered green tea) in females and of fruit juice in males.
Adult↗