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PubMed1998

Management of follicular and Hürthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid gland.

Management of follicular and Hürthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid gland is a common clinical problem. A diagnosis of follicular or Hürthle cell carcinoma cannot be made from a fine-needle aspiration biopsy alone because it requires histologic demonstration of capsular or vascular invasion. Thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy is adequate treatment of benign follicular or Hürthle cell adenoma and minimally invasive follicular carcinoma. Total thyroidectomy, radioiodine ablation, and thyrotropin-suppressive doses of thyroid hormone is advocated for the invasive subtype of follicular carcinoma and all Hürthle cell carcinomas. Monitoring of serum thyroglobulin levels postoperatively is important for detection of recurrent disease.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

In vitro release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from thyroid glands of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Basal and thyrotrophin (TSH)-stimulated release of iodothyronines (triiodothyronine, T3, and thyroxine, T4) from intact chicken thyroid glands was determined in vitro. In the absence of TSH, T3 and T4 were released in measurable amounts in the incubation media. The release of both iodothyronines was directly related to the media TSH concentrations and incubation period. Lineweaver-Burke analysis revealed that the Vmax for T3 was 99.4 pg/gland, with an apparent Km of 17.8 mU TSH, and that the Vmax for T4 was 323.35 ng/gland, with an apparent Km of 51.5 mU TSH, demonstrating that T4 is the major iodothyronine released by avian thyroid glands. The basal release of T4 was suppressed by the addition of a calcium chelator (ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N', N'-tetraacetic acid; EGTA), a calcium antagonist (cobalt chloride, CoCl2), or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) to the incubation media. Basal T4 released was increased in the presence of a calcium agonist (lanthanum chloride, LaCl3), a calcium ionophore (A23187), dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3'3'-monophosphate (dbcAMP), isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), indomethacin, magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and potassium iodide (KI). Thyrotrophin-stimulated T4 release was reduced by CoCl2, PGE1, and indomethacin but enhanced by LaCl3, MgCl2, and KI. These results demonstrate that it is possible to measure the release of thyroid hormones in an in vitro system in the chicken. Basal and stimulated iodothyronine release from the chicken thyroid gland appears to be mediated by calcium- and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Immunohistochemical localization of NPY, VIP and 5-HT in the thyroid gland of the lizard, Podarcis sicula.

The thyroid gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula was immunohistochemically studied in adult male specimens using specific antibodies against NPY, VIP and 5-HT and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) procedure to localize the three peptides. Fine beaded VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers ran between the follicles, and VIP-immunoreactivity was evenly distributed in the apical cytoplasm of follicular cells. NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found around the follicles, and, in the cells, immunoreactivity was localizated only in the cellular apices. Immunoreactivity to 5-HT was observed in the colloid, with a concentration in the follicular lumen exceeding that in the follicular cells. In fact, most follicles showed immunoreactivity in the cytoplasmic bridges formed between the apical portion of the follicular cells and the colloid.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Histological changes in the thyroid gland induced by monosodium glutamate in mice.

The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the thyroid gland of mice is studied. MSG induces marked histological changes in the thyroid tissue, indicative of hypothyroidism. The follicular epithelium, is greatly compressed and the follicles have enlarged due to distension with the accumulation of colloid. The histological picture of the thyroid gland remains unchanged for the animals sacrificed after short-term (13 weeks) and long-term (52 weeks) treatment. MSG, therefore, has a cumulative effect. The hypothyroidism is attributed to the influence of the drug on hypothalamus-pituitary function and the secretion of hormones responsible for the thyroid metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Thyroid gland neurofibroma in a NF1 patient.

Neurofibromas are a hallmark of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). They are usually benign and rarely present in the thyroid gland region. There is a suspected association between NF1 and intramedullary thyroid carcinoma and there is a well-known association between NF1 and pheochromocytoma. Here, we present a 55-year-old man with typical symptoms of NF1, whose course was complicated by a neurofibroma of the thyroid gland. His clinical spectrum of symptoms included bilateral cataract established before the age of 35 years, quadriparesis and an intrathoracic mass. The patient died because of abdominal carcinomatosis of unknown origin. The rarity of thyroid gland neurofibroma is discussed here, emphasizing the importance of early detection of these and other NF1 complications, also including the risk of malignant transformation with lethal outcome.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

Cytodiagnosis of a meningeal fibrosarcoma metastatic to the thyroid gland.

A case of primary leptomeningeal fibrosarcoma metastatic to the thyroid gland, diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy is described. The patient, a 39-year-old women was initially diagnosed with a leptomeningeal fibrosarcoma. Sections of the primary tumor studied by electron microscopy showed that the tumor cells have the ultrastructure features of a fibroblast. She underwent tumor resection, followed by chemotherapy and local radiotherapy. Four months later, she presented with dysphagia. Ultrasonography confirmed the presence of a 2-cm mass in the right lobe of thyroid. A fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed. Light microscopy showed interwoven bundles of neoplastic spindle cells similar to the primary tumor, consistent with a metastatic fibrosarcoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a primary meningeal fibrosarcoma that metastasized to the thyroid gland, which was diagnosed by a fine needle aspiration biopsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

In vivo responsiveness of thyroid glands to TSH in normal and novel 'growth-retarded' mice: transient elevation in normal mice and impairment in 'growth-retarded' mice.

The in vivo responsiveness of thyroid glands to TSH at various ages in novel 'growth-retarded' (grt/grt) mice derived from Snell's dwarf (DW/J) mice and in their normal counterparts were analysed by determining serum T4 concentrations before and after the administration of exogenous TSH. The serum T4 concentration in normal mice increased in response to TSH at 2, 4 and 12 weeks of age but not at 1 week of age. A transient augmentation of such thyroidal responsiveness to TSH was apparent in normal mice at 2 weeks of age, when the serum T4 level exhibits a peak and the pubertal growth of mice starts. In contrast to normal mice, at any age examined from 2 to 12 weeks after birth, exogenous TSH did not influence serum T4 concentrations in the grt/grt mice at all. On the other hand, serum TSH concentrations in young grt/grt mice were highly elevated compared with those in normal mice and they were normalized by a 2-3 week's treatment with T3. Morphological studies demonstrated degenerated thyroid glands in the grt/grt mice. These results suggest that the severe hypothyroidism and consequent growth retardation in growth-retarded mice are due to impairment of the thyroid glands of the mutant mice in producing and/or secreting thyroid hormones in response to TSH.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland.

Hurthle cell lesions of the thyroid gland, which are derived from follicular cells, occur in a variety of thyroid diseases. Hurthle cell neoplasms are generally easy to differentiate from non-neoplastic lesions, but the separation of benign from malignant Hurthle cell tumors is difficult on a purely histologic basis unless capsular or vascular invasion or metastases are present. Since this distinction is so difficult to make, the authors recommend treating all Hurthle cell neoplasms as potentially malignant. Treatment includes total thyroidectomy, peritracheal node dissection and if palpable jugular nodes are present, a regional node dissection. A series of 11 patients with this disease and the literature are reviewed to document these recommendations.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1994

[Hormonal therapy in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland].

Thyrotropin (TSH) suppression therapy using thyroid hormone plays an important role in the management of patients thyroidectomized for differentiated thyroid cancer. The rationale for TSH suppression is that differentiated thyroid cancer cells have TSH receptors and show increased adenylate cyclase activity following TSH exposure. L-thyroxine is used for long-term therapy. L-triiodothyronine is preferred when suppressive therapy must be discontinued for radioiodine scan, since its shorter half-life allows more rapid increases of TSH levels. The assessment of TSH suppression is still uncertain. The development of second and third TSH assay generations with progressive improvement in sensitivity has made the TRH test unnecessary and has raised the issue of the TSH level indicative of TSH suppression. In clinical practice TSH values below 0.1 mU/L are considered compatible with appropriate TSH suppression. Serum thyroglobulin is a reliable marker of metastatic disease after total surgical and radioiodine ablation of the thyroid gland and it is useful in the surveillance of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1987

Dysfunction of suppressor T cells in thyroid glands from patients with Graves' disease.

To investigate the suppressor function of intrathyroidal (TG) T cells in Graves' disease, the percentage of suppressor T cell subsets and the suppressor function of TG and peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes in Graves' disease were compared by determining the in vitro production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in reconstituted mixtures of separated B, CD4+ (helper/suppressor-inducer T), and CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic T) cells. TG lymphocytes were obtained by gradient centrifugation of the supernatants of minced thyroid tissues. T Cells were separated by E-rosette formation, and CD4+ and CD8+ cell-rich populations were separated by a panning method using monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody. Mixtures of 5 X 10(4) B (PB1 or TG) cells, 2 X 10(4) CD4+ (PB or TG) cells, and 5 X 10(3) macrophages (PB or TG) were cultured with various numbers of CD8+ (PB) or CD8+ (TG) cells for 7 days with pokeweed mitogen, and IgG synthesis was determined by solid phase RIA. T cell subpopulations were quantitated by a direct immunofluorescence method using monoclonal anti-CD3, anti-CD4, and anti-CD8 antibodies. There was no difference in the percentages of CD8+ cells among total T cells between thyroid glands and peripheral blood from Graves' disease patients [mean PB, 39.8 +/- 9.8% (+/- SD); TG, 42.5 +/- 13.8%; n = 10]. IgG production by mixtures of B and CD4+ cells isolated from peripheral blood was not different from that by cells isolated from thyroid glands [mean PB, 1635 +/- 248 (+/- SE) ng/mL; TG, 1081 +/- 128 ng/mL; n = 19; P = NS]. The nonspecific suppressor activity of thyroid gland CD8+ cells was less than that of CD8+ (PB) cells [percent suppression of IgG production by mixtures of B (PB) and CD4+ (PB) cells, 12.5% vs. 57.0% (P less than 0.01); by mixtures of B (TG) and CD4+ (TG) cells, 5.8% vs. 38.9% (P less than 0.01)]. The suppressor-inducer function of CD4+ (TG) cells was also decreased compared with that of CD4+ (PB) cells. These results suggest that the impairment of suppressor cell activity may lead to excessive production of autoantibody in thyroid glands from patients with Graves' disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Study of the venous drainage of the thyroid gland in dogs (Canis familiaris).

The authors studied the venous drainage of the thyroid gland in about 30 adult dogs without specific race of both sexes. The study was conducted using Neoprene Latex previously stained with specific pigment injected into cervical venous system, following, after fixation, dissection with disarmed eye or under dissecting microscope (10x). When necessary the cases observed showed 90% more than one venous branch in each glandular pole: 70% one ima thyroid vein and 70% one thyroid venous arch (laringeal); about 50% of dissecting cases drainage exclusively the thyroid gland, whereas the others 50% are responsible for the drainage of surrounding structures.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Myxoid liposarcoma metastatic to the thyroid gland: a case report and literature review.

We present the second reported case of a myxoid liposarcoma metastatic to the thyroid gland in a 51-year-old gentleman with previous liposarcoma of the right thigh. Myxoid liposarcoma has a relatively good prognosis but tends to recur locally. Metastases affecting the thyroid gland are a rare entity and most commonly arise from the kidney, lung or breast. Clinical presentation, patterns of recurrence and prognosis of myxoid liposarcoma and metastases to the thyroid gland are discussed.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of rat thyroid gland morphophysiological status after three months exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic field.

Objective of our study was to use morphophysiological criteria in order to determine the sensitivity of male rat thyroid gland to an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) influence and the ability of the gland to repair after period of exposure. Animals were exposed to 50Hz, 50-500 microT ELF-EMF for 3 months when a part of them (group I) were sacrificed, while the rest of animals were subjected to recovery evaluation of the gland and sacrificed after 1 (group II), 2 (group III) and 3 (group IV) weeks. Histological and stereological analyses were performed on paraffin and semifine thyroid gland sections. Serum T3 and T4 were also determined. Histological and stereological analyses showed that the volume density of follicular epithelium and thyroid activation index decreased, while the volume density of colloid and capillary network increased in group I, II and III. The values of all these parameters in group IV were similar to corresponding controls. Serum T3 and T4 concentrations were significantly lower in all exposed animals, except in group I. Results of this study demonstrate that after significant morphophysiological changes caused by ELF-EMF exposure thyroid gland recovered morphologically, but not physiologically, during the investigated repair period.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Analysis of lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid gland of Obese strain chickens.

Lymphocytes were isolated from the infiltrated thyroid glands of 2- to 5-wk-old Obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT). Immunofluorescence analysis performed by using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies revealed that 60% of thyroid infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) were mature T cells, a large portion of which seemed to be in an activated state bearing Ia-like antigens (10%) as well as a surface determinant associated with T cell activation (16%), i.e., possibly the receptor for interleukin 2 (IL 2). Furthermore, a relatively high plasma cell content (5%) was observed. TIL exhibited high proliferative responses to T cell mitogens (concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin) and IL 2, but only weak responses to the B cell mitogen LPS from Salmonella typhimurium. When injected into newly hatched, MHC-identical, irradiated normal chickens, TIL induced both the production of autoantibodies and thyroid infiltration. Peripheral lymphocytes from spleen and blood and thymocytes from the same OS donors had no effect. Analysis of chemically (cyclophosphamide) bursectomized OS chickens suggested that an intact B cell system was not obligatory for the induction of SAT. TIL from these chickens consisted of 77% T cells and less than 1% B lymphocytes, yet were capable of inducing severe thyroid infiltration upon transfer into normal recipients. These findings emphasize the importance of the T cell system in the initiation of SAT.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Surgery for benign and malignant diseases of the thyroid gland in childhood.

From 1970 to 1986, 51 children and adolescents aged 5-18 years were operated on for diseases of the thyroid gland, among them 42 with benign diseases (juvenile goiter 21, adenoma 17, Graves' disease 3, Hashimoto's thyroiditis 1) and nine with malignancies (papillary carcinoma 4, follicular carcinoma 3, medullary carcinoma 1, anaplastic carcinoma 1). In benign entities, females were three times as often affected as males, whereas both sexes were equally affected in malignancies. Positive family histories were found in 23.3% of the children with adenomas in 71.4% of the children with juvenile goiters. Subtotal strumectomy was carried out in 30 instances and enucleation in 12. Iodized salt and L-thyroxine were given postoperatively as recurrence prophylaxis. Recurrence was seen in two children (4.8%) who had no recurrence prophylaxis. Symptoms in children with malignancies were palpable cervical lymph nodes and solitary nodes in the thyroid gland. Total thyroidectomy was done in all instances, followed by radio-iodine treatment in eight cases and cobalt 60 irradiation in one case. Two children died, of diffuse metastases and irradiation fibrosis of the lung respectively. The peculiarities of diseases of the thyroid gland in childhood that require surgery are discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of pre-eclampsia on thyroid gland function].

The prospective study involved 183 pregnant women with disorders of the thyroid gland, who were regularly followed up and delivered at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Clinical Centre, Belgrade, over a period of 10 years (1981-1990). There were 15 euthyroid patients in whom development of pre-eclampsia was diagnosed in the last trimester of pregnancy, and 20 healthy pregnant women with normal pregnancies and termed deliveries. The incidence of pre-eclampsia was analyzed depending on the basic disease, therapy and pregnancy metabolic status, as well as on their influence on the function. A statistically significant higher incidence of pre-eclampsia (p < 0.001) was observed in pregnant women with hyperthyroidism (26.0%) and hypothyroidism (26.8%). On the other hand, in euthyroid patients with pre-eclampsia the authors found that the concentration of total and free thyroxine was somewhat lower, while that of thyroid-stimulating hormone was a little higher comparing to the healthy pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy. Similar changes were noticed in patients with hypothyroidism. In pregnant women with hyperthyroidism and pre-eclampsia it was established that the concentration of thyroxine and triiodothyronine was somewhat higher, and that concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone was a little lower comparing to all examined women in the equal metabolic condition. In the authors' opinion diseases of the thyroid gland represent a predisposing factor, i.e. a risk factor for the development of pre-eclampsia. The aim of further investigation is to observe mutual influences, pathogenetic mechanisms of further development of pre-eclampsia in patients with thyroid disorders, i. e. the influence of pre-eclampsia on thyroid disorders.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Aberrant thyroid gland demonstrated by computed tomography.

Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated high attenuation values consistent with thyroid gland in scans of a patient with tumors in the base of the tongue and anterior median neck. Radioiodine scintigraphy revealed positive uptake in the same areas. This is an indication that CT attenuation values may be useful in the diagnosis of aberrant thyroid gland.

Adult↗