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PubMedDate not supplied

Functional recovery of hearts after cardioplegia and storage in University of Wisconsin and in St. Thomas' Hospital solutions.

There are conflicting reports of the beneficial effects of University of Wisconsin (UW) cardioplegic solution used in heart preservation techniques. Therefore we investigated the efficacy of myocardial protection in adult rat hearts subjected to single-dose infusion (3 minutes) of nonoxygenated cardioplegic solutions (UW or St. Thomas' Hospital solution No. 2 [STH]) and stored at 4 degrees C by immersion in the same solution or in saline solution. Isolated working-heart preparations (n = 8 per group) were used to assess the prearrest (20 minutes' normothermic perfusion) and postischemic left ventricular functions. Four groups of hearts underwent 5, 8, 10, and 20 hours of cold ischemia (4 degrees C) in UW solution. Hearts stored for 8 to 20 hours showed no postischemic recovery of cardiac pump function (aortic flow, 0%), had decreased levels of myocardial high-energy phosphates, and were highly edematous (50% to 70% increased). After 5 hours of storage there was also poor recovery of aortic flow, coronary flow, and aortic pressure (55.0% +/- 19.4%, 67.1% +/- 5.1%, and 58.1% +/- 11.7%, respectively) but good recovery of adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, and guanosine triphosphate (18.54 +/- 1.42, 29.99 +/- 2.05, and 1.64 +/- 0.14 mumol/gm dry weight, respectively). In contrast, hearts arrested and stored in STH solution for 5 hours rapidly established normal left ventricular functions (aortic flow, 111.5% +/- 2.5%; cardiac output, 99.1% +/- 1.2%; coronary flow, 85.0% +/- 3.4%; heart rate, 95.8% +/- 2.7%; and aortic pressure, 94.6%). A group of hearts arrested with STH solution but stored in saline solution recovered more slowly, had only partial return of function (aortic flow, 73.6% +/- 14.8%; p less than 0.01 vs STH/STH group), and had significantly greater tissue water content (8.020 +/- 0.080 vs 6.870 +/- 0.126 ml/gm dry wt; p less than 0.01). These results demonstrate the superior preservation of explanted hearts at 4 degrees C obtained by STH cardioplegic solution compared with UW solution under conditions used for transplantation.

Adenosine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of Ca++ on the preservation of myocardial energy and function with University of Wisconsin solution. A 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of isolated blood perfused Langendorff pig hearts.

We have studied the effects of adding 0.5 mmol/L CaCl2 to University of Wisconsin solution (0.08 mmol/L free Ca++) on hypothermic heart preservation. Isolated pig hearts were subjected to 8 hours of preservation at 12 degrees C; eight hearts were arrested with Ca++ free University of Wisconsin solution, and seven hearts were arrested with Ca(++)-containing University of Wisconsin solution. The recovery of contractile function was evaluated by measuring isovolumic ventricular pressure development. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor the changes in high-energy phosphates. Compared to the hearts arrested with the Ca(++)-free University of Wisconsin solution, the heart arrested with the Ca(++)-containing University of Wisconsin solution showed significantly improved (p < 0.001) contractile functional recovery. No "stone heart" or loss of high-energy phosphates was observed on reperfusion. The hearts showed an increase in diastolic pressure during infusion of the Ca(++)-containing University of Wisconsin solution, however, to show the relationship between the addition of calcium and the increase in diastolic pressure, a second protocol was performed. A 30-minute period of ischemia was induced in thirteen hearts that were arrested at 12 degrees C with either Ca(++)-containing University of Wisconsin solution (n = 8) or Ca(++)-free University of Wisconsin solution (n = 5). Diastolic pressure was monitored during ischemia while ventricular volume was maintained constant with a balloon. The hearts arrested with the Ca(++)-containing University of Wisconsin solution showed a mean rise of 5 mm Hg in diastolic pressure and a rapid decline of phosphocreatine (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that, although 0.08 mmol/L free Ca++ improves functional recovery after 8 hours of heart preservation with University of Wisconsin solution at 12 degrees C, it can increase diastolic pressure during ischemia and accelerate breakdown of the high-energy phosphate stores in the myocardium, suggesting that use of University of Wisconsin solution containing 0.5 mmol/L CaCl2 may result in a significant increase in the intracellular calcium level.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1999

Concentration Polarization of Interacting Solute Particles in Cross-Flow Membrane Filtration.

A theoretical approach for predicting the influence of interparticle interactions on concentration polarization and the ensuing permeate flux decline during cross-flow membrane filtration of charged solute particles is presented. The Ornstein-Zernike integral equation is solved using appropriate closures corresponding to hard-spherical and long-range solute-solute interactions to predict the radial distribution function of the solute particles in a concentrated solution (dispersion). Two properties of the solution, namely the osmotic pressure and the diffusion coefficient, are determined on the basis of the radial distribution function at different solute concentrations. Incorporation of the concentration dependence of these two properties in the concentration polarization model comprising the convective-diffusion equation and the osmotic-pressure governed permeate flux equation leads to the coupled prediction of the solute concentration profile and the local permeate flux. The approach leads to a direct quantitative incorporation of solute-solute interactions in the framework of a standard theory of concentration polarization. The developed model is used to study the effects of ionic strength and electrostatic potential on the variations of solute diffusivity and osmotic pressure. Finally, the combined influence of these two properties on the permeate flux decline behavior during cross-flow membrane filtration of charged solute particles is predicted. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

DNA extraction from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: heat-induced retrieval in alkaline solution.

Based on the antigen retrieval principle, our previous study has demonstrated that heating archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues at a higher temperature and at higher pH value of the retrieval solution may achieve higher efficiency of extracted DNA, when compared to the traditional enzyme digestion method. Along this line of heat-induced retrieval, this further study is focused on development of a simpler and more effective heat-induced DNA retrieval technique by testing various retrieval solutions. Three major experiments using a high temperature heating method to extract DNA from FFPE human lymphoid and other tissue sections were performed to compare: (1) different concentrations of alkaline solution (NaOH or KOH, pH 11.5-12) versus Britton and Robinson type of buffer solution (BR buffer) of pH 12 that was the only retrieval solution tested in our previous study; (2) several chemical solutions (SDS, Tween 20, and GITC of various concentrations) versus BR buffer or alkaline solution; and (3) alkaline solution mixed with chemicals versus BR buffer or single alkaline solution. Efficiency of DNA extraction was evaluated by measuring yields using spectrophotometry, electrophoretic pattern, semiquantitation of tissue dissolution, PCR amplification, and kinetic thermocycling-PCR methods. Results showed that boiling tissue sections in 0.1 M NaOH or KOH or its complex retrieval solutions produced higher yields and better quality of DNA compared to BR buffer or chemical solutions alone. The conclusion was that boiling FFPE tissue sections in 0.1 M alkaline solution is a simpler and more effective heat-induced retrieval protocol for DNA extraction. Combination with some chemicals (detergents) may further significantly improve efficiency of the heat-induced retrieval technique.

Antigens↗
PubMed2005

Parenteral nutrition with standard solutions in paediatric intensive care patients.

BACKGROUND: Paediatric intensive care patients often require parenteral nutrition (PN). Only very few standard mixtures are available for infants and children. Individual PN solutions need to be compounded manually on the ward, if preparation by the hospital pharmacy is not feasible. Since manual compounding is associated with a greater risk of compounding errors and microbial contamination, the use of standard solutions might be a preferable alternative. METHODS: We evaluated the use of standard solutions on the paediatric intensive care unit of the von Hauner Children's Hospital at the University of Munich over a period of 8 months. PN solutions were either prescribed individually or as standard solutions. We evaluated the frequency of standard solution prescriptions and their modification, compared nutrient intakes with standard vs. individual PN solutions as well as the occurrence of laboratory anomalies. RESULTS: Standard PN solutions were prescribed in 68% of cases, individual PN solutions in 32%. Modifications of standard PN solutions were performed in 54%. The intake of a number of macronutrients and electrolytes was similar with individual and standard PN, but calcium and phosphate intakes were lower with individual total PN. Electrolyte imbalances occurred slightly more often with individual PN than with standard PN (34% vs. 26%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Standard PN solutions were used in the majority of patients on a paediatric intensive care unit. We did not detect indications for inadequacy of standard solutions in the majority of patients reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effect of steric hindrance on carbon dioxide absorption into new amine solutions: thermodynamic and spectroscopic verification through solubility and NMR analysis.

Acid gas absorption technology is of great importance in these days for the prevention of global warming and the resulting worldwide climate change. More efficient process design and development for the removal of acid gases has become important, together with the development of new absorbents as one of urgent areas of research in addressing global-warming problems. In the present work, aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (AHPD), a sterically hindered amine, has been examined as a potential CO2 absorbent and compared with the most commonly used absorbent, monoethanolamine (MEA) solution, through equilibrium solubility measurements and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses. The solubilities of CO2 in aqueous 10 mass % AHPD solutions were higher than those in aqueous 10 mass % MEA solutions above 4 kPa at 298.15 K, but below 4 kPa, the solubility behavior appeared to be the opposite. The solubility difference between these two solutions increased with the CO2 partial pressures above the crossover pressure. Equilibrated CO2-MEA-H2O and CO2-AHPD-H2O solutions at various CO2 partal pressures ranging from 0.01 to 3000 kPa were analyzed by 13C NMR spectroscopy to provide a more microscopic understanding of the reaction mechanisms in the two solutions. In the CO2-amine-H2O solutions, amine reacted with CO2 to form mainly the protonated amine (AMH+), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and carbamate anion (AMCO2-), where the quantitative ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbamate anion strongly influenced the CO2 loading in the amine solutions. A profusion of bicarbonate ions, but a very small amount of carbamate anions, was identified in the CO2-AHPD-H2O solution, whereas a considerable amount of carbamate anions was formed in the CO2-MEA-H2O solution. AHPD contains more hydroxyl groups than nonhindered MEA, and hence, the chemical shifts in its 13C NMR spectra were strongly influenced by the solution pH values. In contrast, MEA appeared to be insensitive to pH. The strong interrelations among CO2 solubility, CO2 partial pressure, bulkiness of the amine structure, and pH identified through the present experimental investigations can provide basic guidelines for finding new potential organic absorbents, including specifically designed amine chemicals.

Absorption↗
PubMed1998

LAP-1 cold preservation solution for isolation of high-quality human pancreatic islets.

The most critical factors that affect the outcome of clinical pancreatic islet transplantation are the number and quality of donor islets available for transplantation. Toward this goal, we attempted to obtain islets that are both of better quality and higher number than are obtainable by the islet-isolation process that is now widely used. We paid special attention to two critical components of the isolation procedure: minimizing the exposure of pancreatic tissue and freed islets to warm enzyme solution, and development of a preservation solution suitable for islets during cold storage of digested pancreatic tissue-free islets. For this purpose, we developed both a two-step procedure for pancreas digestion and a new cold preservation solution, the LAP-1 solution (Los Angeles preservation solution 1). In this study, we evaluated the effect of four preservation solutions by storing digested pancreatic tissues on ice for 90 min. After the cold storage, islets were purified on three layers of Euro-Ficoll solutions in a 50-ml tube, and the islet yield, viability, and function were determined. These experiments were performed by using samples from 10 consecutive islet isolations. Results with LAP-1, original University of Wisconsin solution (oUW), and modified UW solution (mUW;UW without hydroxyethyl starch) were compared with those obtained with Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). The islet yield was significantly higher in the LAP-1 and mUW groups as compared with the HBSS group (p < 0.01). The islet purity was significantly better in the LAP-1, oUW, and mUW groups than the HBSS (p < 0.001). The islet viability was lowest in the HBSS group immediately after purification (vs. LAP-1, oUW, and mUW, p < 0.05) and further decreased during culture (p < 0.01). Both the number and viability of cultured islets were the highest with LAP-1 solution but without statistical significance between mUW and oUW. Electron microscopic examination showed only slight damage to cell membranes immediately after purification of islets stored in LAP-1 solution and their complete recovery within 1-2 days of culture. These islets also exhibited normal insulin responses to high glucose by static incubation and perifusion assays.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A histological comparison of 50% and 70% glycolic acid peels using solutions with various pHs.

BACKGROUND: Seventy percent glycolic acid solutions are being commonly used as superficial chemical peeling agents. The pH of these solutions ranges from 0.08 to 2.75. The histologic effects of these various pH solutions on human skin have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: The histologic effects of several commercially available glycolic acid solutions at various pHs were examined. METHODS: Test areas of seven glycolic acid solutions were applied to facial skin of two patients. The skin was not prepped for a peel prior to the application of the acid. The solution was left in place for 30 minutes, then neutralized. After 48 hours, a 2-mm punch biopsy was performed and examined histologically. RESULTS: The peeling solutions with a pH below 2 demonstrated the potential to induce crusting and necrosis, which was not seen with the partially neutralized solutions with a pH above 2. The higher concentration acids (70%) created more tissue damage than the lower concentration (50%) when comparing solutions with free acid. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that chemical peeling with a 70% free glycolic acid creates more tissue damage than a free glycolic acid. When using a 70% glycolic acid solution, the lower pH products (below pH 2) create more necrosis than the partially neutralized products with a pH above 2. At this time there is no evidence that creating necrosis leads to a more favorable result of the peel. Therefore, the use of partially neutralized glycolic acid solutions seems prudent, since they have a better safety profile than low pH solutions, which contain only free glycolic acid.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2002

Safety issues when using a 16% carbamide peroxide whitening solution.

BACKGROUND: The scientific literature is lacking on the occurrence of side effects and other safety issues when using carbamide peroxide whitening solutions of concentrations greater than 10%. This double-blind nightguard vital bleaching study compares safety issues when using 16% carbamide peroxide against a placebo or 10% carbamide peroxide (Nite White Classic by Discus Dental Inc.). Evaluated were changes in gingival index, plaque index, nonmarginal gingival index, nongingival oral mucosal index, tooth vitality, and the patients' perceptions of tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty female dental hygiene students participated in the study. Each participant wore a maxillary treatment tray for 1 week without any solution and then for 8 to 10 hours per night for 14 nights, filling each quadrant with placebo, 10% carbamide peroxide, or 16% carbamide peroxide, using a split tray design. RESULTS: With respect to gingival index, plaque index, nonmarginal gingival index, nongingival oral mucosa index, tooth vitality, and tooth sensitivity, there were no statistically significant differences between the 16% carbamide peroxide solution and the other two solutions (p > .05). Quadrants receiving the 16% carbamide peroxide solution experienced more gingival irritation than quadrants receiving placebo or 10% carbamide peroxide solution (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: When evaluating the above-mentioned safety issues, except for gingival irritation, there were no statistically significant differences between a 16% carbamide peroxide solution and 10% carbamide peroxide solution or a placebo when used as described here. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Among the 20 participants whose data were analyzed, it was found that a 16% carbamide peroxide whitening solution (Nite White Classic), when used as described in this study, can be effective in nightguard vital bleaching with no statistical differences in gingival index, plaque index, nonmarginal gingival index, nongingival oral mucosa changes, tooth vitality, or tooth sensitivity, compared with a 10% whitening solution (Nite White Classic). More gingival irritation was experienced with 16% carbamide peroxide. Additionally, 20% of the participants in this study self-reported sensitivity when wearing their treatment tray without any solution, and 36% of the participants reported sensitivity to the placebo solution.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Extraction and quantification of solutes in solidified agar culture media.

A method is described for determining the concentration of certain solutes in solidified culture media. The method is based upon the finding that under specified conditions the concentration of solute in an agar gel (C(g)) is related to the concentration of solute in a centrifugally extracted gel supernatant (C(s)) by the ratio, C(g)/C(s), which is characteristic for each solute. The method avoids direct assays of the gels and instead involves assaying the supernatants from inoculated and uninoculated (control) gels with conventional liquid assay techniques and then calculating solute concentrations in the inoculated gels by use of the C(g)/C(s) ratios determined from the controls. Uninoculated agar gels containing known concentrations of various solutes and similar gels inoculated with Neurospora crassa or Escherichia coli were centrifuged at various times, and the supernatants were assayed for solute concentrations. The solute concentrations in the supernatants from the inoculated gels multiplied by the C(g)/C(s) ratios for those solutes determined at the same times for the uninoculated controls gave calculated solute concentrations in the inoculated gels. The differences between these calculated solute concentrations and those initially present in the inoculated gels indicated the amounts of solutes utilized from the gels by the microorganisms at various incubation times.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stability of heparin anticoagulant activity over time in parenteral nutrition solutions.

BACKGROUND: Heparin added to parenteral nutrition solutions may decrease the incidence of central venous thrombosis in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. However, there are little data regarding the stability of heparin over time under conditions similar to those associated with home parenteral nutrition: low concentrations of heparin stored in solutions containing amino acids and high concentrations of dextrose for more than 24 hours. METHODS: The activity of porcine mucosal heparin was measured over time using an antifactor Xa assay in six IV solutions: four parenteral nutrition solutions containing 25% dextrose; 5% amino acids; trace elements; electrolytes; and 3000, 5000, 10,000, or 20,000 units/L of heparin; one solution of 25% dextrose and 5000 units/L heparin; and one solution of 0.9% saline and 5000 units/L heparin. RESULTS: In all solutions except 25% dextrose (without amino acids and additives), heparin activity remained stable within 4% of baseline up to 28 days. In the 25% dextrose solution, heparin activity declined by 3%, 6%, and 11% at 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively. CONCLUSION: Heparin activity was stable over time in the normal saline and parenteral nutrition solutions and decreased slightly from 2 to 4 weeks in the dextrose-containing solution. Based on these data, when home parenteral nutrition is administered containing components similar to the solutions used in this study, heparin may be added at the time of preparation of the home parenteral nutrition solution rather than just before administration, with no resultant loss of heparin activity over time [corrected].

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

Water absorption in the proximal tubule: effect of bicarbonate, chloride gradient, and organic solutes.

Simultaneous in vivo capillary and luminal microperfusion studies were performed in the superficial proximal convoluted tubule of the rat to determine the effect of intraluminal bicarbonate, the imposition of a transepithelial chloride gradient, and the addition of organic solutes to the luminal perfusion solution on the rates of water absorption (Jv). The capillary perfusion solution contained NaCl, NaHCO3, and KCl. Perfusion of both capillary and lumen with the same solution resulted in a Jv of 3.01 +/- 0.24 nl/min/mm. Imposition of a transepithelial chloride gradient (equimolar substitution of NaCl for NaHCO3 in the luminal solution) resulted in a Jv of 3.18 +/- 0.21 nl/min/mm (P = NS). Addition of cyanide to both solutions in the presence of a chloride gradient resulted in a significantly lower Jv of 2.21 +/- 0.19 nl/min/mm. Luminal substitution of Na cyclamate for NaHCO3 resulted in a solution containing no bicarbonate and no chloride gradient. Jv averaged 0.34 +/- 0.08 nl/min/mm. Addition of cyanide to the solution totally inhibited Jv. The addition of D-glucose, L-alanine, or both, to luminal solutions containing bicarbonate or in the presence of a chloride gradient did not significantly affect Jv. Addition of both organic solutes to the NaCl-Na cyclamate luminal solution resulted in a significantly higher Jv of 0.77 +/- 0.14 nl/min/mm. These studies indicate that Jv in the rat superficial proximal tubule is influenced by active sodium transport, by the presence of bicarbonate in the lumen, and/or by the imposition of a transepithelial chloride gradient. The organic solutes D-glucose and L-alanine also influence water absorption, but this effect could only be demonstrated under some experimental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Aha! Insight experience correlates with solution activation in the right hemisphere.

In one experiment, we tested for an association between semantic activation in the right hemisphere (RH) and left hemisphere (LH) and the Aha! experience when people recognize solutions to insight-like problems. The compound remote associate problems used in this experiment sometimes evoke an Aha! experience and sometimes do not. On each trial, participants (N = 44) attempted to solve these problems and, after 7 sec, named a target word, made a solution decision, and rated their insight experience of recognizing the solution. As in prior studies, the participants demonstrated more solution priming for solutions presented to the left visual field-RH (lvf-RH) than for solutions presented to the right visual field-LH (rvf-LH). As was predicted, following unsolved problems the participants showed greater priming for solutions that they rated as evoking an insight experience on the subsequent solution decision than for solutions that did not evoke an insight experience. This association was stronger for solutions presented to the lvf-RH than for those presented to the rvf-LH. These results tie the subjective experience of insight to an objective measure--semantic priming--and suggest that people have an Aha! experience in part because they already had semantic activation that could lead them to recognize the solution quickly. We believe semantic activation in both hemispheres cooperatively contributes to problem solving, but weak solution activation that contributes to the Aha! experience is more likely to occur in the RH than in the LH.

Brain↗
PubMed2001

The acute toxicity and primary irritancy of glutaraldehyde solutions.

Glutaraldehyde (GA, CAS Number 110-30-8), an aliphatic dialdehyde, has a wide range of industrial, scientific, and medical applications. It is available in aqueous solutions, whose concentrations vary up to 50% (w/w) and from which there is a potential during use for skin and eye contact and exposure to the vapor. The acute toxicity and primary irritancy of a wide range of GA concentrations were investigated to determine the differential hazards for such solutions. The acute peroral toxicity in the rat, expressed as ml of solution dosed, was moderate for solutions of 5% and above (LD50 range 0.88-3.25 ml/kg) and generally varied little for solutions up to 50%. Solutions less than 5% GA were of slight toxicity (LD50 range 3.34-12.30 ml/kg for 1 and 2% solutions). When lethality was expressed as absolute amount of GA dosed (mg GA/kg), there was a reciprocal relationship between the concentration of GA solution dosed and LD50. This was confirmed in the mouse, which is more susceptible than the rat to acute peroral toxicity. The acute percutaneous toxicity of GA solutions to rabbits (24 h occlusion) was moderate (LD50 range 1.59-2.71 ml/kg) for 46 and 50% solutions, and slight for 25% GA solutions (8.80-16.00 ml/kg). At 15% and less, 16.0 ml/kg was not lethal. Exposures (4-8 h) of rats to saturated vapor atmospheres of GA generated dynamically or statistically at ambient temperature (17-25 C) produced only transient peripheral sensory irritant effects to the eyes and respiratory tract. In contrast, vapor atmosphere generated dynamically at elevated temperature (60 or 65 C) produce severe effects, including mortality (4-h LC50 range 23.5-44.3 ppm). Histopathology in rats that died included exposure concentration-related acute inflammation and necrosis in the nasal mucosa, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Standard primary skin irritation tests in the rabbit indicated severe skin irritation and necrosis at 45 and 50% GA; necrosis occurred with 1 and 4 h contact at 50% and at 4 h with 45%. Inflammation was moderate at 25%, slight to moderate with 5 and 10% GA, minor at 2%, and threshold at 1%. Standard primary eye irritation tests showed 45% GA to produce severe conjunctival and corneal injury, which was persistent. At 2% GA corneal injury was mild, and at 5% marked. The lowest concentration producing corneal injury was 1.0%, and the no-effects concentration was 0.5%. The threshold for conjunctival effects was 0.2%, and the no-effects concentration 0.1%. At 1% GA, conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis were moderate to marked, and became more severe with higher GA concentrations. The results suggest potential acute handling hazards with various concentrations of GA solutions and indicate industrial hygiene considerations.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1984

[Differences in the quality of human albumin solutions for clinical use].

The differences in quality of 18 commercially available human albumine solutions (5%, 20%) are described. 12 of 20% albumine solutions and 5 of 5% albumine of different manufactures were testet. Results for albumine (mg/dl) vary between 82-89% under the declared value of 95% of total protein contents as far as 20% solution are concerned. All solutions have the declared minimal content of potassium as sodium is concerned they distinguish each other as semi or fully elektrolyt solutions. Values for monomer albumine which are measured by Sephadex-Chromatography range between 80,2% to 92% in 20% solutions, as for the 5% albumine solutions the fraction of monomers lies between 80-91% of the declared value of total protein. The fraction of macroaggregates lies between 1-11,7% in the 20% solutions. In 25% albumine solutions the highest ratio of 22,2% of macroaggregates was found. The difference in quality of solutions even within the same manifacturer demonstrates that there will be even differences in human albumine solutions in the future. Interchange of commercially available albumine solution is not selfevident.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1993

Predictions of polarized multilayer theory of solute distribution confirmed from a study of the equilibrium distribution in frog muscle of twenty-one nonelectrolytes including five cryoprotectants.

We determined the equilibrium distribution of twenty-one nonmetabolized nonelectrolytes in frog muscle cells. In all cases, plots of the equilibrium intracellular concentrations of a solute in the cell water against the external concentrations of the solute yielded straight lines in agreement with the prediction of such a rectilinear plot by the polarized multilayer (PM) theory. The slopes of these straight lines yield the equilibrium distribution coefficients or q-value of that solute. It was shown that, again in agreement with the PM theory, the q-values of fourteen nonelectrolytes vary with the molecular volumes of the nonelectrolytes, obeying the "size rule", i.e., the larger the solute, the lower its q-value. The q-values of the remaining seven nonelectrolytes also decrease with their molecular volumes but on a separate curve. These q-value vs. molecular volume plots (q-v plots) show strong resemblance to similar q-v plots of solutes in dialysis sacs containing proteins and polymers assuming the fully-extended conformation (extrovert models) but no, or only weak, resemblance to q-v plots of solutions containing native globular proteins (introvert models). These findings also support the PM theory, according to which some protein(s) pervasively present in cells are in the fully-extended conformation; and that these fully extended cell protein(s) polarize(s) in multilayers all or virtually all cell water. The relationship between the q-values of the nonelectrolytes and the solutes' respective molecular volume are described by two sets of theoretical curves, calculated from an equation introduced in the preceding paper. Both curves were computed on the basis of the same exclusion intensity (Uvp = 126 cal/mole). This factor measures the extra water-to-water interaction of the polarized water which acts to keep solute out of the cell water in degree according to the size of the solute. The two curves are computed on the basis of two different values of U(s), which represents the surface or solute component of the polarization energy, describing the affinity of the solute for the dynamic water structure: one curve which roughly predicts the q-value of fourteen of the nonelectrolytes studied was computed with a U(s) equal to 119 cal/mole. The second curve which roughly predicts the q-value of the remaining seven solutes was computed on the basis of a higher U(s) (156 cal/mole).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Stability of tricyclic antidepressants in formalin solutions.

We investigated the stability of the secondary amines, desipramine (DP) and nortriptyline (NRT), and the tertiary amines, imipramine (IP) and amitriptyline (AT), in formaldehyde (F) and paraformaldehyde (PF) aqueous solutions. NRT showed little instability in 0.37 to 37% F and PF solutions, but AT formation was detected and increased, up to 0.46 to 2.7%, in parallel with rising F and PF concentrations. DP was unstable and levels decreased to 74 to 96% with increasing F concentrations, and fell only to 96% in 10% PF solution. IP formation increased in the same manner as AT to 2.9 to 3.5% of the initial DP. When AT and IP were stored in F and PF solutions, concentrations of AT and IP did not change. DP in F pH 3 to 11 phosphate buffer (PB) solutions showed high recovery in the order: pH 5 > pH 7 > pH 9 > pH 3 and pH 11. DP in PF buffered solutions decreased slightly only at pH 3 (3.5%). By contrast, IP did not change at any pH (pH 3 to 11) of the F or PF solutions. During storage for 21 days at room temperature in 3.7% F and PF solutions, IP and DP degradation was accelerated when compared with the values in pH 3 and 7 PB solutions. However, IP detected in DP F or PF solution was only 0.2% of the initial DP 21 days after storage. Thus, AT, NRT, IP and DP degraded gradually in F and PF solutions during storage at room temperature. TCAs may first react nucleophilically with formaldehyde to form hemiaminals. DP in 3.7% formaldehyde aqueous solution formed little of its methylated product, IP, at room temperature.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of sequential perfusion with Euro-Collins and Belzer solutions for pancreas preservation in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Euro-Collins and Belzer solutions in a sequential preservation of the pancreas. METHODS: Forty-five Wistar-EPM rats were divided into four groups, according to the solution used during preservation: (1) saline solution (SF): animals perfused and preserved with saline solution; (2) Euro-Collins group (C): animals perfused and preserved with Euro-Collins solution; (3) Belzer group (B): animals perfused and preserved with Belzer solution; (4) Euro-Collins/Belzer group (CB): animals perfused with equal parts of Euro-Collins and Belzer solutions sequentially and preserved with Belzer solution. After perfusion, the animals underwent pancreas resection and preservation with the respective substance at 4 degrees C. Amylase was measured in the preservation solution after 12, 24, 36, or 48 hours. Finally, the pancreas was analyzed histologically, and a statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Groups SF and C showed the highest amylase levels in the preservation solution during all periods. The levels were higher than in groups C and CB (P = .05). Amylase levels were similar in groups B and CB to 24 hours (P = .05). Histological analysis was significant for analysis of pancreas islet cells and edema. Groups B and CB were histologically similar (P = .001) and different from groups SF and C. CONCLUSION: Sequential perfusion using Euro-Collins and Belzer solutions was effective for pancreas preservation in rats up to 24 hours.

Adenosine↗