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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Social policies for reducing demographically-induced costs in social security.

"The demographically-induced increases in the cost of social-security systems (especially pension and health-insurance schemes) that will develop over the next few decades are briefly outlined and the available policy options for coping with them are discussed. Examples of the possible effect of various policies in the [Federal Republic of Germany] are presented. The importance of anticipatory action is stressed, particularly for systems like pension schemes where an individual's rights are built up through contributions made over a long period and where abrupt action could lead to perceived severe inequities or even hardship." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed2005

Social-psychological profiles of identity styles: attitudinal and social-cognitive correlates in late adolescence.

This study examined the relationships between three identity styles (i.e. the information style, the normative style, and the diffuse/avoidant style) and a number of social-cognitive and attitudinal variables (including empathy, prejudice, and conservatism). Discriminant analysis on a sample of late adolescents (N=393) led to the conclusion that two classes of variables differentiate between the three identity styles. Maladaptive coping strategies and, to a lesser extent, low empathy distinguished mainly between the information style and the normative style on the one hand and the diffuse/avoidant style on the other hand. Need for closure and measures of prejudice and conservatism differentiated primarily between the normative style and the two other styles. These two classes of variables can be related to two basic dimensions in current theory on adolescents' identity styles, that is, active vs. superficial processing of information and adherence to traditional opinions vs. openmindedness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Health development meets the end of state socialism: visions of democratization, women's health, and social well-being for contemporary Russia.

As development organizations undertake the task of improving the public health in former socialist states, their interventions are shaped by a particular cultural logic and predetermined frame of possible action. In the context of local encounters, however, they often confront competing interpretations of a society's prevailing needs. How they manage such differences may not only explain the outcomes of a given project, but may also reveal the capacities and limitations of development agencies to engineer post-socialist change. This article examines a recent WHO project in St. Petersburg, Russia, which defined women's "social well-being" as a local health concern. While the project employed a discourse of "democracy" to promote women's empowerment in the clinic, its parameters of intervention neither incorporated local knowledge nor addressed the structural relations underlying clinic-level conflicts. Two kinds of results ensued: the ideology of democracy was rejected, while WHO's recommendations were partially appropriated as profit-making strategies.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed2003

Social relationships and ambulatory blood pressure: structural and qualitative predictors of cardiovascular function during everyday social interactions.

Healthy normotensive men and women (N = 102) underwent a 3-day ambulatory blood pressure (BP) assessment in which a BP reading was taken 5 min into each social interaction. After each interaction, participants completed a diary that included structural categorization of the relationship and ratings of the quality of the relationship with the interaction partner. Random regression analyses revealed that interactions with family members and spouses were associated with lower ambulatory BP. Interactions with ambivalent network members (characterized by both positive and negative feelings) were associated with the highest ambulatory systolic BP, an effect that was independent of the familial effects on BP. Although there were psychological correlates associated with both structural and functional aspects of relationships, no evidence was found that these mediated the primary findings involving ambulatory BP. These data highlight the influence of both structural and qualitative aspects of relationships on ambulatory BP and possibly health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Stigma, social risk, and health policy: public attitudes toward HIV surveillance policies and the social construction of illness.

Data from a 1999 national telephone survey with a probability sample of English-speaking US adults (N=1,335) were used to assess how support for HIV surveillance policies is related to AIDS stigma and negative attitudes toward groups disproportionately affected by the epidemic. Anonymous reporting of HIV results to the government was supported by a margin of approximately 2-to-l, but name-based reporting was opposed 3-to-l. Compared with other respondents, supporters of name-based surveillance expressed significantly more negative feelings toward people with AIDS, gay men, lesbians, and injecting drug users. More than one third of all respondents reported that concerns about AIDS stigma would affect their own decision to be tested for HIV in the future. Implications for understanding the social construction of illness and for implementing effective HIV surveillance programs are discussed.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2003

The social dynamics of a cultural upheaval: social interactions surrounding September 11, 2001.

Using the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), a new methodology for sampling behavioral data in naturalistic settings, we tracked the social lives of 11 people by recording 30-s snippets of ambient sounds in their environment approximately every 12 min. Participants wore the EAR continuously for 10 days from September 11, 2001. Pre-September 11 baseline data were available for all participants. Analyses of the coded sound information showed that although participants did not change in their overall amount of interactions, they gradually shifted from group conversations to dyadic interactions. Exploratory analyses revealed that a relative increase in dyadic interactions over the first 10 days after September 11 was marginally related to better psychological adjustment at follow-up. The findings have relevance for the understanding of stress and affiliation and normal psychological reactions to emergencies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Social dynamics and the quantifying of social forces.

SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE A SEQUENCE OF REPLACEMENTS OR SUBSTITUTIONS: new ideas for old, new labor patterns for old, new technologies for old. The logistic equation has often been used to describe population growth processes and replacement processes. It sometimes suffers from contradicting observational data. It is shown here that the deviations are often associated with unusual intermittent events-wars, strikes, economic panics, etc.-and that in many cases a few years after the event it can be abstracted as an instantaneous delta function impulse. After the event, the evolutionary process continues along its normal course. A formula is derived to use the observational data to determine the strength of the impulse modeling an event.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Patients at a paediatric out-patient clinic. A study with particular reference to psychological and social background factors. II. Earlier contacts with the health service, social background, parents' morbidity, general discussion and recommendations.

Psychological factors were considered by the examining physicians to play an important part in 5.2% of approximately 4 000 initial visits to a paediatric clinic. These cases are compared with a matched control group representing the cases where the physicians judged that psychological factors were not involved. As compared with the controls, then a considerably larger proportion of the patients with symptoms associated with psychological factors had a previous history of contacts with child psychiatrists or attendence at the paediatric clinic for problems of a psychological nature. Their parents, the mothers in particular, had a higher frequency of registered sickness for mental-nervous disorders and their families had more frequently been the subject of special social inquiries or assistance. To a large extent the examining paediatrician was unaware of these background conditions. With a better case history and proper follow-up one could probably reduce the number of X-ray examinations, consultations and laboratory tests. Further training and better contacts would be facilitated if members of a children's psychiatric team were stationed within the paediatric clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The social context of adolescent suicide attempts: interactive effects of parent, peer, and school social relations.

An ecological developmental model of adolescent suicidality was used to inform a hierarchical logistic regression analysis of longitudinal interactions between parent, peer, and school relations and suicide attempts. Reanalyzing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, it was found that parent relations were the most consistent protective factor, and among boys with prior suicide attempts, school relations augmented the effects of parent relations when peer relations were low. Results indicated the need to understand suicidal behavior as a component of interactive social processes in the design of clinical interventions.

Adolescent↗