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[Snoring--its causes and possible prevention].
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[Differential diagnosis and treatment of snoring].
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The incidence of snoring as a sleep problem in parents.
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Ear stopples. A defense against snoring.
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On the causes and treatment of snoring.
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Snoring: theory of compensative resortia.
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Coping with snoring problems of children.
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[Pathophysiology of snoring and the testing method].
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Who are the "occasional" snorers?
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of occasional snoring in a group of middle-aged men, and to compare anthropometric variables and prevalence of sleep-related symptoms of subjects who occasionally snore with those of other snoring categories. DESIGN: A field survey of a sample of middle-aged men in France. PARTICIPANTS: Male employees of a local university and subjects from the community attending a preventive medicine center. Participation rate was 93.5%. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric variables were recorded in 499 subjects aged 23 to 66 years (mean, 44.3 years). The subjects completed a standard sleep questionnaire and were classified according to the snoring frequency as never, rarely, sometimes, occasional, several nights per week, and every night. The subjects who snore occasionally represented 8.6% of the total. RESULTS: The anthropometric data of subjects who snore occasionally were similar to those of subjects who habitually snore. When compared with subjects who do not snore, older age and a larger neck girth were significant. Subjects who snore occasionally were also significantly more often subjects who snore loudly, and tended more frequently to have breathing stops during sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Our epidemiologic study shows that approximately 9% of a sample of middle-aged men snore occasionally. Subjects who snore occasionally have anthropometric characteristics close to those of subjects who snore habitually. The prevalence of the main sleep-related symptoms is between that of subjects who do not snore and of subjects who snore habitually. In an epidemiologic setting, inclusion of subjects who snore occasionally as subjects who do not snore or subjects who snore habitually will lead to bias. The present results suggest they should be identified and considered as a separate category.
Increased mortality among sleepy snorers: a prospective population based study.
BACKGROUND: The long term health consequences of snoring and sleep apnoea syndrome are still uncertain. This study was conducted to assess the mortality risk associated with snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), the two main symptoms of sleep apnoea syndrome, in men. METHODS: In 1984 a sample of 3100 men aged 30-69 responded to a postal questionnaire including questions about snoring, EDS, and the prevalence of various diseases (response rate 77.1%). Mortality data for the period 1985-1995 were collected for the complete sample. RESULTS: During the 10 year follow up period 213 men died, 88 of cardiovascular diseases. Compared with subjects with no snoring or EDS in 1984, men with isolated snoring or EDS displayed no significantly increased mortality. The combination of snoring and EDS was associated with a significant increase in mortality. However, the relative rates decreased with increasing age, and in men aged 60 and above no effect on mortality was found. Men below the age of 60 with both snoring and EDS had an age adjusted total death rate which was 2.7 times higher than men with no snoring or EDS (95% CI 1.6 to 4.5). The corresponding age adjusted hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality was 2.9 (95% CI 1.3 to 6.7) for subjects with both snoring and EDS. Further adjustment for body mass index and reported hypertension, cardiac disease, and diabetes reduced the relative mortality risk associated with the combination of snoring and EDS to 2.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.8) and the relative risk of cardiovascular mortality to 2.0 (95% CI 0.8 to 4.7). CONCLUSION: Snoring without EDS does not appear to carry an increased risk of mortality. The combination of snoring and EDS appears to be associated with an increased mortality rate, but the effects seems to be age dependent. The increased mortality is partly explained by an association between "snoring and EDS" and cardiovascular disease.