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PubMed2000

[X-rays between art and science in The Magic Mountain].

When x-ray, in the early 1900s, was hailed as the new instrument of objective verification and indisputable proof, it signaled the reign of the visual over the other senses of empirical verification, such as sound and touch. The extent of visual evidence was believed to be all- encompassing: x-rays were supposedly a sort of super photography that could prove the existence of immaterial substances, the materiality of things heretofore unseen. Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain (1924) elaborates on three invisible aspects of the body: the verification of disease (tuberculosis), the visualization of intimate feelings such as love, and the ultimate proof of the spirtual self after death. In all three areas - medical, psychological and metaphysical - the x-ray was thought to be a magical instrument that could render the body (and soul) transparent. The Magic Mountain does not simply reflect these beliefs, but problematizes cultural conceptions inspired by medical-scientific axiomas.

Germany↗
PubMed1998

[Not Available].

Physiognomics is included by Leonardo among the matters to be treated in his book of anatomy. In this context embriology provides physiognomics with a scientific explanation through the theory of the generative soul (virtus formativa) which directly produces the detailed form of each individual body or compositio. Unlike the well-known medical concept of complexio, compositio concerns the solid parts of the body and it is a part of a physiological and psychological theory alternative to the humoral one. Leonardo appears to be influenced by a scholastic tradition of biology represented by authors such as Albertus Magnus and the fifteenth-century Bolognese doctor Hieronymo Manfredi.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed1989

[The book of questions: remarks on a cultural itinerary].

The Book of Questions derives from the Problemata, a treatise wrongly included in the Corpus Aristotelicum and ended in the V-VI century A.C.; the authors examine two version (XVI century) of the Book, entitled Liber de Homine and printed under the auspices of Gerolamo Manfredi, physician of the University of Bononia. The two versions have been found in the Town Library of Ancona: one was printed in Ancona (1512) and the other in Venice (1588). The first book consists of 326 questions about foods, beverages, sleep and waking, physical exercise, environment and soul impulses and 242 questions about anatomy and physiology: the aim is divulgative and not scientific. The book printed in Venice suffered the expulsion of 110 questions, so to reduce the size of the manual (which now is a pocket book); of these questions 18 concerned sexual arguments, 82 concerned astrology and 10 minor arguments. Between the two editions there was the Council of Trento and the difference between the two Books may be due to the different aim (general divulgative book and pocket book, respectivelly) and to the influence of role of the two cities and of the political time. Ancona was a small town without restrictions of freedom of thought, Venice was an important center, more controlled for the possible influence outside and related at that time to the Christianity policy.

History, 16th Century↗
PubMed1990

The handing over of foundlings in the early XIX century: an unpublished study on the medical and social problems of newborn babies abandoned in the hospital of Città di Castello.

The problems of illegitimate births in the early XIX century. The newborn babies were abandoned at the "Rota" of the hospital. The handing over of the newborn babies to the Rota avoided their being left with unknown persons, who, attracted by infant cries from a bundle in front of a Church or Convent, might be unreliable though compassionate. The hospital was the safest place for the babies as it provided immediate care but only after their souls had been given priority. First baptism and then medical care. For concealment the parents' names were not revealed. The baby was handed over by friends or well-wishers, a midwife or a neighbour that took interest in the baby receiving the required attention.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1992

[Eurhytmy by Steiner].

According to Rudolph Steiner the aim of medical anthroposophy must be to revalue the soul-body intercourse as a function of recovery. To this purpose, along with mineral, organic and vegetable medicinal principles, of a particular importance is eurhythmy: a series of static postures and dancing shapes which encourage the course of selfeuring innate with man.

Anthroposophy↗
PubMed2001

[Studies of vision by Leonardo da Vinci].

Leonardo was an advocate of the intromission theory of vision. Light rays from the object to the eye caused visual perceptions which were transported to the brain ventricles via a hollow optic nerve. Leonardo introduced wax injections to explore the ventricular system. Perceptions were assumed to go to the "senso comune" in the middle (3rd) ventricle, also the seat of the soul. The processing station "imprensiva" in the anterior lateral horns together with memory "memoria" in th posterior (4th) ventricle integrated the visual perceptions to visual experience. - Leonardo's sketches with circular lenses in the center of the eye reveal that his dependence on medieval optics prevailed over anatomical observations. Drawings of the anatomy of the sectioned eye are missing although Leonardo had invented a new embedding technique. In order to dissect the eye without spilling its contents, the eye was first boiled in egg white and then cut. The procedure was now repeated and showed that the ovoid lens after boiling had become spherical. - Leonardo described that light rays were refracted and reflected in the eye but his imperfect anatomy prevented a development of physiological optics. He was, however, the first to compare the eye with a pin-hole camera (camera obscura). Leonardo's drawings of the inverted pictures on the back wall of a camera obscura inspired to its use as an instrument for artistic practice. The camera obscura was for centuries a model for explaining human vision.

Eye↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The discovery of the body].

This paper initially recognises that the human body tends to implicate itself in the current triad in which it gains evidence (body, soul and spirit). Its discovery is, therefore, a difficult cognitive process. In the conveyance of the message that one has from the body to the desideratum of its knowledge, the possibility of discovery fulfills itself in the adventure of its study where religious, artistic and scientific paths distinctively appear as modes of evidence. As discovery is usually entrusted on medicine it is nowadays important that the latter should pronounce itself on acquired knowledge. Health and its re-establishment after illness are correlated with the knowledge of the body! In order for the allegations regarding the body's rights over the body to be more than mere phantasmagoric exorcisms, it is necessary to consider the knowledge of the body as an experience, particularly, of existing, of having and of being.

Cognition↗
PubMed2001

Conversation across paradigms: unitary-transformative and critical feminist perspectives.

The purpose of this article is to convey a conversation that occurred over a period of months between a unitary-transformative scholar and a critical feminist scholar. The intention of our conversation was to uncover, through dialogue and engagement, ways in which these two paradigms might help us understand the forces and conditions which impede and may liberate full expression of health and well-being. Areas of essential tensions addressed were the relationships of action and theory, sense and soul, stories and numbers, and aesthetics and empirics. Critical conversational points were notions of liberation, consciousness and social conditions, unpredictability and acausality, and potentials for reconciliation that would serve nursing and society. We concluded that although there are significant differences that exist between the two paradigms, there are areas in which we might begin to speak with one voice for the betterment of nursing and health care.

Feminism↗
PubMed2002

Reawakening your passion for work.

All of us struggle from time to time with the question of personal meaning: "Am I living the way I want to live?" For millions of people, the attacks of September 11 put the issue front and center, but most of us periodically take stock of our lives under far less dramatic circumstances. This type of questioning is healthy; business leaders need to go through it every few years to replenish their energy, creativity, and commitment--and their passion for work. In this article, the authors describe the signals that it's time to reevaluate your choices and illuminate strategies for responding to those signals. Such wake-up calls come in various forms. Some people feel trapped or bored and may realize that they have adjusted to the frustrations of their work to such an extent that they barely recognize themselves. For others, the signal comes when they are faced with an ethical challenge or suddenly discover their true calling. Once you have realized that it's time to take stock of your life, there are strategies to help you consider where you are, where you're headed, and where you want to be. Many people find that calling a time-out--either in the form of an intense, soul-searching exercise or a break from corporate life--is the best way to reconnect with their dreams. Other strategies include working with a coach, participating in an executive development program, scheduling regular time for self-reflection, and making small changes so that your work better reflects your values. People no longer expect their leaders to have all the answers, but they do expect them to try to keep their own passion alive and to support employees through that process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

It's transformation, not patient care!

Patient care isn't just about performing technical tasks. While that is a large and absolutely essential part of nursing care, the essence of care is helping patients and their families transform their lives into a healthful experience even though the essence may be a devastating diagnoses or a worsening illness. If we believe that patients are merely buying the technical skills of the nurse, we are in for a grievous disappointment. People today want to develop their intellectual assets and develop their souls at work. If the workplace can't help with this search, both patients and employees will find one that will. Patients want the opportunity to grow and transform their lives. And so do our staff. They will learn from leaders who are providing the role models and the environment for this to happen.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Hmong shamanism. Animist spiritual healing in Minnesota.

Hmong cultural attitudes, values, and behaviors influence when, where, why, and with whom a Hmong person will use Western medicine. Understanding the practices and importance of Hmong healing traditions will help majority-culture physicians provide respectful and effective health care to Hmong patients. The foremost Hmong traditional healer is the shaman (tu txiv neeb, pronounced "too tse neng"). There is no equivalent health professional in Western biomedicine, and the scope of the shaman as a healer extends beyond the capacities and expertise of physicians. Despite 25 years of Hmong acculturation in the United States and conversion to Christianity, Hmong shamanism maintains its traditional role in health and healing. Many Hmong who see physicians also rely on shamans for restoring health and balance to their body and soul. Thus, the Hmong shaman can be considered a powerful complement to Western health care professionals. This article presents the results of semistructured interviews with 11 Hmong shamans (5 males, 6 females, ranging in age from 35 to 85) and 32 nonrandomly selected Hmong patients (14 males, 18 females ranging in age from 21 to 85). The shamans described their spiritual perspectives, training and skills, and professional activities. Patients described their beliefs about spiritual healing and health care. These interviews suggest that Shamanism is considered effective care by many Hmong, irrespective of age, gender, or degree of acculturation. The article also includes summary charts of Hmong healing practices and concludes with a set of questions designed to help practicing physicians access the assumptions and beliefs of their Hmong patients so that they can provide efficient, effective, and satisfactory care.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2002

Islam and "female circumcision": the dispute over FGM in the Egyptian press, September 1994.

In September 1994, during the United Nations Population Conference in Cairo, CNN broadcast a report about the custom of clitoridectomy in Egypt. The televised report included footage of such a ceremony performed on a ten-year-old Egyptian girl in Cairo a few days earlier. This broadcast revived the public polemics on clitoridectomy in Egypt. Secular newspapers such as al-Wafd and al-Ahali opposed this practice while religious circles used the al-Sha'b newspaper to justify it. The religious argument is based on Islamic tradition although the origin of the practice is admittedly pre-Islamic. This position maintains that the type of clitoridectomy performed involves minimal excision, but in practice it is much more radical. There are voices from within the lslamic camp, mainly those of women, that call for the abolition of this practice, basing this demand on the fact that this act is a minor rather than major principle of Islamic Law. Although the secular educated classes in Egypt tend to avoid this practice, they are a minority. The public argument continues in a low key while in reality thousands of young girls daily undergo this traumatic experience which maims them in body and in soul. Unless there is a sustained public outcry against it, this mutilation is destined to remain part of the Egyptian reality for a long time. This paper discusses the positions of the two sides to the dispute, concentrating mainly on the opinions of the Islamic faction which upholds the continuation of genital mutilation. These opinions are expressed by male Islamic elders while opposing arguments are presented by women who decry this practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Snake and staff symbolism, and healing.

Since time immemorial the snake has been venerated as an enigmatic creature with supernatural powers. As a snake and staff symbol it is also traditionally associated with the healing arts, either as the single-snake emblem of Asklepios, or as the double-snake emblem (caduceus) of Hermes. The mythological basis for this symbolism is reviewed. The Asklepian emblem has been associated with health care since the 5th century BC, when Asklepios became accepted by the Greeks as the god of healing. Whether he was also an historical figure as healer in earlier ages is less certain. The origin of the double-snake emblem is shrouded in the mists of antiquity. In classical times it became the herald's wand of Hermes, messenger of the gods who guided departed souls to the underworld, and was seen as protector of travellers, shepherds and merchants. In the latter capacity Hermes also conveyed a negative connotation as protector of thieves. During the Middle Ages the caduceus became a symbol of the healing sciences (pharmacy and alchemy in particular), and today, although mythologically incorrect, it is in common usage in the health care field.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Health organizations look to 'higher ground' to reduce turnover, achieve quality care.

Using the terms "spirit," "soul," and "inspiration" in the same sentence with health care could make various health care leaders uncomfortable. But, some health care organizations are looking to the concept of "Higher Ground Leadership" to help management and staff find out how they can find fulfillment in their jobs--and even their personal lives--by "re-awakening their spirits and values." Some are finding that producing a happier and more committed workforce is producing lower turnover--with related stronger financial bottom lines.

Colorado↗
PubMed1995

Country watch: Bulgaria.

Eros and Psyche is a club for adolescents based in a youth center in Sofia, Bulgaria. Eros, the ancient Greek god of love, and Psyche, representing the human soul, symbolize the club's activities relating to the psychological and aesthetic aspects of sexuality. The club was started in December 1988 to provide sex education to out-of-school youth, the first attempt to move away from restrictive, medical approaches. Members include pupils, students, workers and even parents. The club meets twice a week for two hours, with specialists from different fields addressing the group, videos, readings and other activities that stimulate discussion. Anyone is free to come and go. Twice a year the club holds training sessions in psychosocial skills that aim to promote self-reflection and help people interact more openly with one another. Each individual is helped to find a personal route to understanding his or her own sexuality. Other clubs have been formed on the Sofia model. To help them organize, the Sofia club has prepared a leaders' manual and is developing a one-week course for club leaders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

"Be fruitful and multiply": genesis and generation in reformation Germany.

This essay analyzes vernacular texts on reproduction from sixteenth-century Germany. It examines religious texts, including sermons and devotional treatises for pregnant women, as well as medical texts, such as midwifery manuals, books on the "secrets of nature," and anatomical treatises. Vernacular authors, both medical and clerical, ascribed enormous spiritual and symbolic significance to human generation. Conception, pregnancy, and birth were linked to the biblical account of the creation and fall of mankind. In the creation of the child in the womb, sixteenth-century Germans saw an echo of the original divine act of creation. And in the sufferings of a woman in labor they saw a reenactment of Christ's Passion. Discussions of reproduction thus served as a starting point for meditations on original sin, human mortality, and the relationship between body and soul.

Germany↗
PubMed2002

[Boerhaave: a brilliant mind and a virtuous character].

Hermann Boerhaave (1668-1738), a physician and humanist, is considered one of the most influential clinicians and professors of the eighteenth century. He was a medical teacher in Leiden, Holland, reaching great fame and celebrity in his city and around, extending outside of Europe into China. His contemporaries would name him "Europe's professor". He obtained his academic degrees in philosophy, chemistry and botany, but continued in medicine which more befit his nature. This brilliant man declared himself in favour of experimental knowledge instead of theory and, following Thomas Sydenham, he greatly contributed in making clinical medicine more systematic. In some extent he was the founder of academic hospitals. Boerhaave was an affectionate, cheerful and correct man, an admirable example of moderation, vigour, humbleness and devotion. In the last months of his life, suffering a painful disease, he showed his strength by letting his soul master himself, and resigned to the will of God.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2001

Integration: a synergistic approach to health/wellness.

Integration is defined as the weaving of new possibilities, new alternatives, and new options into a cloak of security where concepts of health or wellness are actualized. In integration, the mind, body, and soul are open to explore and embrace these new possibilities, alternatives, and options. The authors believe the process of integration, and thus health, is enhanced via synergy; particularly the synergy created by the provider/individual relationship. Health care is an outcome or the culmination of a variety of modalities identified, explored, and celebrated by the individual seeking health/wellness and the primary care practitioner coordinating care. In the quest to provide individuals with the health care they seek, practitioners are encouraged to take note of the lessons taught by alternative and complementary health care practitioners. Individuals want to be heard. They are seeking effective, low cost interventions that are as natural as possible. Reiki, meditation, biofeedback, massage, botanicals, healing touch, ayurveda, and aromatherapy represent some of the healing modalities and complementary therapies to explore for integration.

Complementary Therapies↗