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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Intersexuality in five pigs, with particular reference to oestrous cycles, the ovotestis, steroid hormone secretion and potential fertility.

Reproductive tissues, steroid hormone secretion, and sexual behaviour have been examined in five gilts, in each of which the right gonad was an ovotestis. Although from different females, these animals were sired by the same boar and each possessed an XX sex chromosome constitution as determined by karyotype analysis of blood cells. Despite variable amounts of testicular tissue in the ovotestis and unilateral development of a prominent epididymis, four of the animals had oestrous cycles of normal duration (20-22 days) and extended periods of standing oestrus (3-6 days). The fifth animal did not have detectable oestrous cycles but was extremely aggressive in the presence of a mature boar. Two of the gilts were mated, and there were small numbers of embryos in each uterine horn 23 and 26 days later. Removal of the ovary did not prompt compensatory hypertrophy in the ovarian portion of the ovotestis, nor did injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin stimulate detectable follicular growth in ovarian tissue adjoining testicular tissue. Concerning the aetiology of this intersex condition, the unilateral appearance of an ovotestis precludes any simple involvement of a translocated portion of the Y chromosome or systemic effects of unusual titres of the putative H-Y antigen. However, bearing in mind a predisposition to gonadal asymmetry in eutherian mammals, a case is advanced for apposition or incorporation of adrenocortical tissue in the right embryonic ovary. The resultant virilization of neighbouring reproductive tissues would stem from adrenocortical androgen synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Healthy law makes for healthy children: Cattanach v Melchior.

When courts are forced to consider issues surrounding birth and the sanctity of life, it is inevitable that divergence of judicial, academic and public opinion will result. However, the issue of whether parents can recover the expenses of rearing a healthy child has long vexed judges and commentators of law, ethics and medicine both in Australia and globally, with considerable disunity. A cogent example is the recent High Court of Australia decision in Cattanach v Melchior (2003) 215 CLR 1, where the court split four to three and handed down no less than six individual judgments. The case involved the birth of a healthy child following an unplanned pregnancy resulting from a failed surgical sterilisation. By allowing parents to recover the reasonable expenses of rearing an unintended child until the age of 18 years, the decision has provided some limited and temporary legal clarity to the issue of wrongful pregnancy in Australia. It is seen by some as a victory for the reproductive freedom of women and the rights of the child. However, with uncertainty remaining on the issue of wrongful life claims in Australia and with legislative changes in Queensland and New South Wales that partly reverse the High Court's decision, there remains doubt about the future of such claims in Australia.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clones, parents, persons and the law in Australia.

Current understanding of cloning and artificial reproductive technology was reviewed. The results show that they are in contradiction with fundamental concepts upon which our society is built, such as person and parenthood. Analyses of some recent British and Australian laws show that attempts to protect the individual by regulating some biological technologies through carefully drafted legislation are bound to fail.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The antiabortion movement and Baby Jane Doe.

In the early 1980s, the leadership of the antiabortion movement became involved in a campaign to establish legal rights to extraordinary medical care for seriously handicapped newborns. Armed with political contacts in the Reagan administration and Congress, and allied with advocates for the disabled, the antiabortion movement searched for a test case to guide through the courts. Antiabortion advocate Lawrence Washburn found such a case in Baby Jane Doe, who was being treated at Stony Brook Medical Center. The movement went on to amend the Child Abuse Act to include protections for handicapped newborns. Activists in the movement chose the issue of Baby Jane Doe because they believed it would attract welcome publicity, give them the appearance of supporting civil rights, and enhance their argument as to the legal rights of the fetus and thus strengthen the case against abortion. The movement was partially successful in obtaining its goals.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1999

MRI extrahippocampal volumes and visual memory: correlations independent of MRI hippocampal volumes in temporal lobe epilepsy patients.

Limbic system atrophy and memory dysfunction are common in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, the relationship between extrahippocampal limbic structures and memory functioning within TLE has received little attention. The present study examined associations of MRI volumetric measurements of the mammillary body, fornix, amygdala, and hippocampus to measures of episodic verbal and visual memory. The Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale were administered to 47 unilateral TLE patients (25 right, 22 left). Normalized right and left MRI volumes were determined for each patient by cursor tracing 1.5 mm slices from 3D-MRI. Significant associations were found between left hippocampal volume and the immediate, delayed, and percent retention scores of the Logical Memory Test; between the left mammillary body volume and the Logical Memory Test delayed and percent retention scores; immediate Visual Reproduction performance was significantly related to the right and left amygdala volumes, and right mammillary body volume; only the right amygdala and right mammillary body volume were associated with the delayed Visual Reproduction trial. However, neither right nor left hippocampal volumes were related to visual memory performance. Multiple limbic system structural volumes were independently associated with verbal and nonverbal memory performance. Results suggest that visual memory, as measured by the Visual Reproduction Test, may be uniquely associated with extrahippocampal volumes in patients with TLE.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cryobiology ethics of human reproduction.

The article surveys the ethical and social issues that arise from recent developments in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) involving cryotechnology and argues that practitioners must understand ethical as well as technological issues. It discusses the risks associated with ART and the importance of the need to inform patients of them so that they can make considered decisions. It considers problematic areas in the use of ART, particularly the case of lesbian women who wish to conceive. It offers a philosophical definition of ethics and a framework for defining ethical, and unethical, clinical practice. It advocates a utilitarian approach to moral problems, one that attends to the moral consequences of actions. It examines the complex way that morality, law, and ethics interact and refers to controversial legal decisions in the United Kingdom concerning ART. This article considers the various rights (of donors, prospective parents, and offspring) that need to be taken into account by practitioners of ART.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1999

Interval timing performance in temporal lobe epilepsy: differences between patients with left and right hemisphere foci.

This experiment examined interval timing performance on a temporal reproduction procedure and a temporal discrimination (interval bisection) procedure in 19 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (ten with a left-hemisphere focus [LTE group] and nine with a right- hemisphere focus [RTE group]), and 14 normal control subjects. In the temporal reproduction task, subjects were required to reproduce the durations of visual stimuli (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 s). In the temporal discrimination task, subjects were required to classify the visual stimuli as either 'short' or 'long'. Following exposure to the two standard durations (1 and 2 s), 'probe' trials were introduced in which the stimulus was presented for durations intermediate between the two standard durations. Psychophysical functions were derived from both timing tasks for each individual subject, as well as for the group mean data. The results showed that, compared to the normal subjects, the RTE group's timing ability was significantly compromized, as reflected by larger Weber fractions in both timing tasks. The LTE group's Weber fractions did not differ significantly from those of the control group; however they showed a leftward shift (i.e. a shorter bisection point) of the psychophysical function under the temporal discrimination task. The results suggest that the right and left hemispheres may play different roles in regulating interval timing performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Reproductive genetic testing and eugenics.

The situation concerning reproductive genetic testing in Switzerland is briefly described. Growing awareness of eugenic implications especially by women is reported. This is also true for all the other German-speaking countries in Europe to a higher extent than in the other European countries. Better professional education and public information are required.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive parameters of male dromedary and bactrian camels.

Functional anatomy of male reproductive organs and reproductive physiology of dromedary and bactrian camels are quite similar except for some differences in the seasonal pattern of reproductive events: left testes bigger than right; scrotum not pendulous; vas deferens very convoluted with 2 mm diameter; prostate divided into 2 parts by septum, with many ducts; bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands well developed and seminal vesicle absent; fibroelastic penis has "prescrotal" sigmoid flexure and the glans resembles crochet needle; triangular-shaped prepuce directed posteriorly to open to the rear, and can move cranially or caudally during erection or urination, respectively; semen ejaculate, 1-12 mL in volume with little gelatinous material, coagulates and liquifies within minutes; total sperm/ejaculate 6 x 10(9) sperm/mL; semen contains PGE1, PGE(2x,LH), estradiol progesterone/other metabolites; semen collected by AV used for bulls with long copulation time; ovulation induced 36-48 h after mating or insemination; sperm of a short life of 1-6 h at 0.4 degrees C, is prolonged in presence of mucopolysaccharide gel; fresh semen inseminated. Topics of future research on endocrinology of reproduction, gonadal physiology, semen biology assisted reproductive technology, and gene transfer to germ cells of camels are outlined. The prevention and control of STD is an important component of camel stud management to improve reproductive performance in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Subchronic (13-week) toxicity studies of oral phenolphthalein in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.

Phenolphthalein is a cathartic agent that is widely used in over-the-counter laxatives. Thirteen-week toxicity studies of phenolphthalein were performed using F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Rats and mice were fed ad libitum with a NIH 07 diet containing 0; 3000; 6000; 12,000; 25,000; or 50,000 ppm phenolphthalein. On a milligram per kilogram body weight basis, rats and mice fed 50,000 ppm phenolphthalein ingested more drug than would be expected during human laxative abuse. Phenolphthalein produced little evidence of toxicity in rats. There was slightly lower weight gain among the 25,000 and 50,000 ppm groups. Treated rats showed elevated relative kidney weights (males only) and elevated absolute and relative liver weights at 12,000-50,000 ppm phenolphthalein. Rat serum bile acids were depressed early (Days 5 and 6) by phenolphthalein treatment. Several treatment-related toxic effects, however, were identified in mice who received more phenolphthalein per unit body weight than rats. Although there were no effects on body weight gain, elevated liver weights were noted in female mice receiving 6000-50,000 ppm phenolphthalein. The primary treatment-related findings that occurred during the mouse studies involved the reproductive and hematopoietic systems. Reproductive changes including depressed testis and right epididymal weights and sperm density, an elevated production of abnormal sperm, and morphologic alterations in seminiferous tubules occurred at all levels of exposure (3000-50,000 ppm). Hematopoietic changes included bone marrow hypoplasia (12,000-50,000 ppm), increased splenic hematopoiesis (males only; 25,000 and 50,000 ppm), and an elevated incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes (6000-50,000 ppm).

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ethics and reproductive health: a principled approach.

Universal ethical principles can be used to analyse problems in reproductive health. The principle of beneficence obligates people to strive to bring about more beneficial consequences than harmful ones. The principle known as respect for persons presumes that all human beings have dignity and are worthy of respect. Showing equal respect for women as persons means recognizing their autonomy and treating them as capable decision-makers and full participants in medical decisions. A third leading concern of bioethics is justice, which requires a fair distribution of family planning methods, including access to safe abortion in cases of contraceptive failure.

Adolescent↗