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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

The preoedipal development of the boy.

We have presented an analysis of findings from a ten-year observational study of infants in their second year of life, with a focus on boys. Tracing the sexual development and its relation to development in the object relations and cognitive spheres, we found similarities between boys and girls and sharp differences as well. These latter become evident shortly after the discovery of the anatomical difference. We believe that the differences in reaction to this momentous event account for the greater trouble the girl has in the rapprochement crisis. Our direct observational studies of infants served to clarify many of the preoedipal dynamic currents which in turn affect the form of the oedipal constellation. We have established some sets of conditions which are likely to lead to a negative or positive form or oedipal attachment, and have described the typical and some of the atypical patterns of preoedipal development in both sexes.

Anxiety, Castration↗
PubMed1998

Female homosexuality: classical psychoanalytic theory reconsidered.

The psychoanalytic theory of female homosexuality occupies an unusual position in modern psychoanalytic thought because it continues to be influenced by models of the mind that have largely been discarded in other areas of psychoanalytic psychology. Psychoanalytic ideas regarding female homosexuality are considered here from an historical perspective. It is suggested that modern psychoanalytic theory about sexual orientation in women must include recent contributions on the psychological development of women, the psychoanalytic psychology of male homosexuality, and relevant extraanalytic observations.

Female↗
PubMed1984

Fathers in the newer family forms: male or female?

Current social trends have produced significant changes in the family system, with the emergence of newer family forms -- single parent and homosexual families. The author used the example of a six year old boy in a female homosexual family to discuss the theories of sex role development. The literature on father-absence and the converging roles of father and mother, men and women, were reviewed with suggestions that women may function as fathers in the newer family forms. Longitudinal studies of children in these newer family forms are needed to define the implications of these social changes for personality development theories and mental health care delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The development of gender stereotype components.

Developmental research has been limited by a narrow concept of stereotypes. A more complex model is presented, and developmental changes in gender stereotypes were investigated using the new model. In 2 studies, children were told about several sex-unspecified children, each described as having 1 masculine or 1 feminine characteristic. The children then predicted the likelihood of each story child having other masculine and feminine characteristics. In Study 1, 56 children (4-6 years) were told about target children who liked either a masculine or feminine toy, and then children predicted the targets' interests in other toys. In Study 2, 76 older children (6, 8, 10 years) were told about target children with a masculine or feminine characteristic from 1 of 4 categories (appearance, personality, occupations, toys), and then they predicted the likelihood of targets having other masculine and feminine characteristics from the same and from different categories as the cue. 2 developmental trends emerged: (a) children appear first to learn associations among characteristics relevant to their own sex and, later, to learn them for the other sex, and (b) older children's stereotypic judgments are more extreme than those of younger children. The implications of these results for the development of stereotypes, assessing gender knowledge, and understanding social judgments are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1976

The effects of parental divorce: experiences of the child in early latency.

This paper discusses the impact of divorce on 26 children in early latency, as observed shortly after the initial parental separation and one year later. The material is part of a larger clinical study, begun in 1970, of 131 children and adolescents from 60 divorcing families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

Critique of a hypothesis of dominance and sexual behavior.

The author critically evaluates the article "Dominance and Sexual Behavior: A Hypothesis," which appeared in this journal last year and hypothesized that "male dominance facilitates male-female copulatory behavior while female dominance inhibits it." He concludes that such unitary-cause hypotheses of complex behaviors may be reductionistic and therefore less helpful than intended.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Development of male gender identity/role and a sexual orientation towards women in a 46,XY subject with an incomplete form of the androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Transsexualism and homosexuality have been theorized to originate in the male from insufficient androgenization of the brain. For verification of this hypothesis clinical science must rely on subjects with an abnormal prenatal/perinatal endocrine history. A case of a 33-year-old 46,XY subject with an incomplete form of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is presented. In adulthood the only genital sign of masculinization is a clitoris of 4 cm; the vagina is normal size. The diagnosis AIS was verified by androgen receptor studies. At birth there was confusion as to the sex of the newborn. Originally, the subject was assigned to the male sex, but this decision was reversed 5 days after birth and the subject was reared as a girl. At age 30 the subject applied for gender reassignment treatment to the male sex. Upon psychological evaluation the gender identity was unambiguously male and the sexual orientation was exclusively towards women. The estrogen feedback effect on LH, regarded by some as a marker of the sexual differentiation of the neuroendocrinium was negative before orchiectomy but positive after orchiectomy. Our observation demonstrates that in 46,XY subjects a male gender identity and a sexual orientation towards women can develop with a strikingly lower-than-normal level of biological action of androgens.

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

A brief history of behavioral and cognitive behavioral approaches to sexual offenders: Part 1. Early developments.

This is the first of two papers which briefly outline the development of behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatment of sexual offenders from the mid-1800s to 1969. We first consider the historic role of Sigmund Freud and note that a broad scientific interest in deviant sexual behaviour was well established by 1900. In the early to mid-20th century, two psychologies were prominent in the development of behaviorial approaches, those of John B. Watson and Alfred Kinsey. Behavior therapy for a variety of problems emerged in the 1950s and soon found application to deviant sexuality. The development of penile plethysmography helped to focus interest on deviant sexual preference and behavior. While nonbehavioral approaches to sexual offenders paralleled these developments, a combination of behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatments began to emerge in the late 1960s which ultimately developed into the approaches more commonly seen today.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1984

[Psychological aspects of different forms of puberty].

The somato-psychic development in puberty should not be described isolated. It has to be brought in connexion with childhood on the one side and the age of the young adults on the other side. Puberty and adolescence generally are not used as synonyms. They accord with two different stages of development, succeeding one another between childhood and adulthood. They take a different, either harmonious or synchronous course. An asynchronism is often partial cause for a puberal crisis. Besides, one has to consider phenomenons like retardation or acceleration of development. These special kinds of development are illustrated by examples with two retarded adolescents. On the end, the author takes briefly up some therapeutical possibilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Homosexuality--illness or life-style?

This paper addresses the issues of the labeling and selective discrimination of homosexuals. Psychiatry is encouraged to adhere to the medical model and treat the homosexual patient who is in conflict and motivated by inner turmoil and distress rather than assuming the job of society's regulator and the judge of acceptable behavior. The author discusses the concept of gender identity and presents evidence for the idea that homosexual behavior has its etiology in early child development. The cultural stigma of gender dysphorias is also discussed in detail as playing a sigificant role in the eventual character formation of an adult homosexual.

Gender Identity↗