Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Primates”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas.

In many primate species, more males than females leave their natal group and transfer to another. In man, chimpanzee and the gorilla, however, the reverse is the case. This paper presents detailed data for the gorilla on individuals' movements into and out of breeding units. Comparisons are made with other primates, and with data on two non-primate species in which females rather than males move between breeding units. Proximate causes and functions of emigration and transfer are considered, and the reasons (proximate and evolutionary) for the observed sex differences in frequency of movement are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Immunoreactive cytokines within primates.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of primates (man, orang utan, gorilla, baboon), rodents (mouse, rat), carnivores (cat, dog), artiodactyls (cattle, goat, pig) and perissodactyls (horse) were isolated and stimulated with mitogens (5 micrograms/ml LPS, 5 micrograms/ml PHA) at 37 degrees C. Cytokines immunoreactive to monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed to human cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-gamma) could be detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the case of primates only. The mAb used did not recognize cytokines of the other mammalian species investigated. The results demonstrate the close relationship within the primates from the immunophysiological point of view.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Toward a new outlook on primate learning and behavior: complex learning and emergent processes in comparative perspective.

Primate research of the 20th century has established the validity of Darwin's postulation of psychological as well as biological continuity between humans and other primates, notably the great apes. Its data make clear that Descartes' view of animals as unfeeling "beast-machines" is invalid and should be discarded. Traditional behavioristic frameworks--that emphasize the concepts of stimulus, response, and reinforcement and an "empty-organism" psychology--are in need of major revisions. Revised frameworks should incorporate the fact that, in contrast to the lifeless databases of the "hard" sciences, the database of psychology entails properties novel to life and its attendant phenomena. The contributions of research this century, achieved by field and laboratory researchers from around the world, have been substantial--indeed revolutionary. It is time to celebrate the progress of our field, to anticipate its significance, and to emphasize conservation of primates in their natural habitats.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Function, ontogeny and canalization of shape variance in the primate scapula.

Primates have shoulders adapted to a wide range of locomotor functions from terrestrial pronograde quadrupedalism to highly arboreal suspensory behaviours. The shape of the scapula tightly follows these functional differences. Previous analyses of primate postcrania, including the scapula, indicate that quadrupedal monkeys are less variable than non-quadrupeds. It was previously suggested that this difference was due to a relationship between the strength of stabilizing selection and the functional demands of the upper limb. Here it is shown that intraspecific scapular shape variance is highly correlated with the degree of committed quadrupedalism. Primates that engage in frequent suspensory behaviours (e.g. apes and ateline monkeys) average twice the amount of shape variance as quadrupeds (e.g. Old World monkeys and Saimiri). Because this difference in intraspecific shape variance is apparent in infants and does not increase or decrease appreciably over ontogeny, it is not likely that differences in postnatal growth, neuromuscular control or environmental factors such as habitat structure/composition are the primary contributors to differences in adult shape variance. Instead variance in embryonic factors that affect the shape/size of the scapula or epigenetic factors associated with muscle attachments are more likely candidates. In particular, the heterogeneous functional demands of the non-quadrupedal shoulder probably reduce the stringency of stabilizing selection, resulting in the persistence into adulthood of increased amounts of embryonically generated scapular shape variance.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Survival of spumavirus, a primate retrovirus, in laboratory media and water.

The persistence of a previously characterized spumavirus strain (strain SV-522) was investigated utilizing various laboratory media and waters, including Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) plus 0% fetal bovine serum (EMEM-0%), EMEM-2%, EMEM-10%, Chlamydia transport medium (CTM), phosphate-buffered saline, distilled, estuarine, and marine water, human serum, and the germicides, ethyl alcohol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (10%). Experiments were performed at 4 degrees C and/or 23 degrees C. Infectivity endpoints were determined in stock aliquots upon initiation of testing and then after 3, 5, 7, and 10 days. The virus was reisolated from all diluents after 5 days at 23 degrees C and in EMEM-10% after 7 days. The virus was detected in CTM, EMEM-2%, EMEM-10%, and estuarine and marine waters after 7 days at 4 degrees C. Differences in the persistence of the virus may be ascribed to temperature and organic load. Water ionic strengths (e.g., estuarine vs. marine water) had no effect on modifying persistence of viral particles. Infectivity of spumavirus was undetectable after 30 s in 70% ethanol or 10% sodium hypochlorite. After 30 min at 23 degrees C, spumavirus infectivity in normal but not heat-inactivated human serum increased by almost 100-fold. Persistence of infectivity of primate spumavirus after 7 days in media and waters, and the agent's infectious potential in the human host, emphasize a need for cautious recognition during the manipulation of primate cells/organs and in the handling of primates themselves.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Towards an AIDS vaccine: the role of nonhuman primates.

Over the last 10 years, about 20 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine candidates have been tried in humans, with disappointing results as gauged by limited immune responses or protection against infection. These difficulties suggest that a new strategy is needed to test systematically new vaccine candidates. That opportunity is now afforded by nonhuman primate models with SIV, which have been shown to provide an excellent mirror of HIV infection in humans. The recent introduction of SHIVs, chimeric viruses that carry the HIV envelope and are able to infect and cause AIDS in monkeys, also has added an important additional research tool. These models can be used to address a series of questions, including the following: (1) Can protection be provided by partial immunity or is sterilizing immunity required? (2) What are the immune parameters that best predict protection against a potentially pathogenic challenge? (3) What role does mucosal immunity play and can it be induced by practical modes of immunization? (4) Can an attenuated virus be selected that is both protective and safe? An orderly strategy for the evaluation of vaccine candidates could be adopted that would involve several phases: (a) the selection of a limited set of challenge models, ranging from very severe to mild and requiring consideration of primate species, age, route of infection, and challenge viruses; (b) the assessment of candidate vaccines using comparable virus challenges; and (c) accelerated testing in humans of any candidate vaccines that have met a 'proof of efficacy' in primates.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed2006

Analysis in non-human primates reveals that the ancestral Band 3 gene encodes Dib and the Band 3-Memphis phenotype.

BACKGROUND: The anion exchanger, Band 3, carries antigens in the Diego blood group system, and can carry the Band 3-Memphis phenotype. Although Di(b) is of high prevalence and Band 3-Memphis is of low prevalence in humans, it has been suggested that both are on the ancestral gene. We determined the orthologue nucleotide sequences corresponding to these two polymorphic sites, Di(a)/Di(b) (2561T > C; Leu854Pro) and Band 3-Memphis(166A > G; Lys56Glu) in several nonhuman primates. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of great apes, lesser apes, old world monkeys, new world monkeys and prosimians. PCR amplifications were done with primer pairs that were located in the flanking intronic regions of Exon 4 and Exon 19; and the amplified products were sequenced. RESULTS: Amino acid sequence alignment of nonhuman primates band 3 with that of human showed extensive homologies. In exon 4, Glu56Lys polymorphic site showed Glu similar to Band 3-Memphis type and in exon 19, Leu854Pro polymorphic site showed Pro indicating Di(b) phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The nonhuman primates have nucleotide sequences of Di(b)(2561C) in cis to Band 3-Memphis (166G), which is consistent with the assertion that the Di(b) and Band 3-Memphis phenotype represents the ancestral Band 3 gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates.

Complex social relationships among nonhuman primates appear to contribute to individual reproductive success. Experiments with and behavioral observations of natural populations suggest that sophisticated cognitive mechanisms may underlie primate social relationships. Similar capacities are usually less apparent in the nonsocial realm, supporting the view that at least some aspects of primate intelligence evolved to solve the challenges of interacting with conspecifics.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Flying primates? Megabats have the advanced pathway from eye to midbrain.

The pattern of connections between the retina and midbrain has been determined with electrophysiological and neuroanatomical methods in bats representing the two major subdivisions of the Chiroptera. Megachiropteran fruit bats (megabats), Pteropus spp., were found to have an advanced retinotectal pathway with a vertical hemidecussation of the kind previously found only in primates. In contrast, the microchiropteran bat Macroderma gigas has the "ancestral" or symplesiomorphous pattern of retinotectal connections so far found in all vertebrates except primates. In addition to linking primates and megachiropteran bats, these findings suggest that flight may have evolved twice among the mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Phylogeny of mercury resistance (mer) operons of gram-negative bacteria isolated from the fecal flora of primates.

Nine polymorphic mer loci carried by 185 gram-negative fecal bacterial strains from humans and nonhuman primates are described. The loci were characterized with specific intragenic and intergenic PCR primers to amplify distinct regions covering approximately 80% of the typical gram-negative mer locus. These loci were grouped phylogenetically with respect to each other and with respect to seven previously sequenced mer operons from gram-negative bacteria (the latter designated loci 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and delta 8 by us here for the purpose of this analysis). Six of the mer loci recovered from primates are similar either to these previously sequenced mer loci or to another locus recently observed in environmental isolates (locus 4), and three are novel (loci 5, 9, and 10). We have observed merC, or a merC-like gene, or merF on the 5' side of merA in all of the loci except that of Tn501 (here designated mer locus 6). The merB gene was observed occasionally, always on the 3' side of merA. Unlike the initial example of a merB-containing mer locus carried by plasmid pDU1358 (locus 8), all the natural primate loci carrying merB also had large deletions of the central region of the operon (and were therefore designated locus delta 8). Four of the loci we describe (loci 2, 5, 9, and 10) have no region of homology to merB from pDU1358 and yet strains carrying them were phenylmercury resistant. Two of these loci (loci 5 and 10) also lacked merD, the putative secondary regulator of operon expression. Phylogenetic comparison of character states derived from PCR product data grouped those loci which have merC into one clade; these are locus 1 (including Tn21), locus 3, and locus 4. The mer loci which lack merC grouped into a second clade: locus 6 (including Tn501) and locus 2. Outlying groups lacked merD or possessed merB. While these mer operons are characterized by considerable polymorphism, our ability to discern coherent clades suggests that recombination is not entirely random and indeed may be focused on the immediate 5' and 3' proximal regions of merA. Our observations confirm and extend the idea that the mer operon is a genetic mosaic and has a predominance of insertions and/or deletions of functional genes immediately before and after the merA gene. chi sites are found in several of the sequenced operons and may be involved in the abundant reassortments we observe for mer genes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Simultaneous detection of antibodies to six nonhuman-primate viruses by multiplex microbead immunoassay.

To maintain healthy nonhuman primates for use in biomedical research, animals are routinely screened for several infectious agents at most facilities. Commonly, monkey serum samples are tested by conventional immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or Western blotting, for antibodies to specific infectious agents. For testing for antibodies against multiple agents in each sample, conventional immunoassays are laborious and time-consuming. More efficient immunoassays are needed. Accordingly, we have developed a novel multiplex serodiagnostic system based on individually identifiable, fluorescent microbead sets, where each bead set is coated with antigens from a purified preparation of a specific virus. The coated bead sets are mixed to enable the detection of antibodies to multiple viruses in one serum or plasma sample. These viruses include four agents that are routinely tested for maintenance of specific-pathogen-free monkeys, namely, simian immunodeficiency virus, simian type D retrovirus, simian T-cell lymphotropic virus, and herpes B virus, as well as simian foamy virus and rhesus cytomegalovirus, both of which are commonly found in nonhuman primates. This multiplex microbead immunoassay (MMIA) enabled the simultaneous detection of antibodies to all six viruses in single serum samples as small as 1 microliter. The results obtained by MMIA analysis correlated with results of conventional ELISAs, which detect antibodies to single agents. Thus, this multiplex microbead detection system is an efficient diagnostic modality for serosurveillance of nonhuman primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans autotransporter adhesin Aae exhibits specificity for buccal epithelial cells from humans and old world primates.

Cells of the gram-negative periodontopathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans express a surface-exposed, outer membrane autotransporter protein, designated Aae, which has been implicated in epithelial cell binding. We constructed a mutant strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans that contained a transposon insertion in the Aae structural gene (aae) and tested the mutant to determine its ability to bind to buccal epithelial cells (BECs) isolated from healthy volunteers. Significantly fewer mutant cells than wild-type cells bound to BECs. A broad-host-range plasmid that contained an intact aae gene driven by a heterologous tac promoter restored the ability of the mutant strain to bind to BECs at wild-type levels. This plasmid also conferred upon Escherichia coli the ability to express the Aae protein on its surface and to bind to human BECs. Aae-expressing E. coli also bound to BECs isolated from six Old World primates but not to BECs isolated from four New World primates or nine other nonprimate mammals, as well as to human gingival epithelial cells but not to human pharyngeal, palatal, tongue, bronchial, or cervical epithelial cells. Our findings indicate that Aae mediates binding of A. actinomycetemcomitans to BECs from humans and Old World primates and that this process may contribute to the host range specificity and tissue tropism exhibited by this bacterium.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed2000

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus variants in nonhuman primates.

We characterized hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates from sera of 21 hepatitis B virus surface antigen-positive apes, members of the families Pongidae and Hylobatidae (19 gibbon spp., 1 chimpanzee, and 1 gorilla). Sera originate from German, French, Thai, and Vietnamese primate-keeping institutions. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced two genomic regions, one located within the pre-S1/pre-S2 region and one including parts of the polymerase and the X protein open reading frames. By comparison with published human and ape HBV isolates, the sequences could be classified into six genomic groups. Four of these represented new genomic groups of gibbon HBV variants. The gorilla HBV isolate was distantly related to the chimpanzee isolate described previously. To confirm these findings, the complete HBV genome from representatives of each genomic group was sequenced. The HBV isolates from gibbons living in different regions of Thailand and Vietnam could be classified into four different phylogenetically distinct genomic groups. The same genomic groups were found in animals from European zoos. Therefore, the HBV infections of these apes might have been introduced into European primate-keeping facilities by direct import of already infected animals from different regions in Thailand. Taken together, our data suggest that HBV infections are indigenous in the different apes. One event involving transmission between human and nonhuman primates in the Old World of a common ancestor of human HBV genotypes A to E and the ape HBV variants might have occurred.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins make an important contribution to the restricted replication of BPIV3 in primates.

This study examines the contribution of the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein genes of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) to its restricted replication in the respiratory tract of nonhuman primates. A chimeric recombinant human parainfluenza type 3 virus (HPIV3) containing BPIV3 F and HN glycoprotein genes in place of its own and the reciprocal recombinant consisting of BPIV3 bearing the HPIV3 F and HN genes (rBPIV3-F(H)HN(H)) were generated to assess the effect of glycoprotein substitution on replication of HPIV3 and BPIV3 in the upper and lower respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys. The chimeric viruses were readily recovered and replicated in simian LLC-MK2 cells to a level comparable to that of their parental viruses, suggesting that the heterologous glycoproteins were compatible with the PIV3 internal proteins. HPIV3 bearing the BPIV3 F and HN genes was restricted in replication in rhesus monkeys to a level similar to that of its BPIV3 parent virus, indicating that the glycoprotein genes of BPIV3 are major determinants of its host range restriction of replication in rhesus monkeys. rBPIV3-F(H)HN(H) replicated in rhesus monkeys to a level intermediate between that of HPIV3 and BPIV3. This observation indicates that the F and HN genes make a significant contribution to the overall attenuation of BPIV3 for rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, it shows that BPIV3 sequences outside the F and HN region also contribute to the attenuation phenotype in primates, a finding consistent with the previous demonstration that the nucleoprotein coding sequence of BPIV3 is a determinant of its attenuation for primates. Despite its restricted replication in the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys, rBPIV3-F(H)HN(H) conferred a level of protection against challenge with HPIV3 that was indistinguishable from that induced by previous infection with wild-type HPIV3. The usefulness of rBPIV3-F(H)HN(H) as a vaccine candidate against HPIV3 and as a vector for other viral antigens is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Novel member of the CD209 (DC-SIGN) gene family in primates.

Two CD209 family genes identified in humans, CD209 (DC-SIGN) and CD209L (DC-SIGNR/L-SIGN), encode C-type lectins that serve as adhesion receptors for ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 and participate in the transmission of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) to target cells in vitro. Here we characterize the CD209 gene family in nonhuman primates and show that recent evolutionary alterations have occurred in this family across primate species. All of the primate species tested, specifically, Old World monkeys (OWM) and apes, have orthologues of human CD209. In contrast, CD209L is missing in OWM but present in apes. A third family member, that we have named CD209L2, was cloned from rhesus monkey cDNA and subsequently identified in OWM and apes but not in humans. Rhesus CD209L2 mRNA was prominently expressed in the liver and axillary lymph nodes, although preliminary data suggest that levels of expression may vary among individuals. Despite a high level of sequence similarity to both human and rhesus CD209, rhesus CD209L2 was substantially less effective at binding ICAM-3 and poorly transmitted HIV type 1 and SIV to target cells relative to CD209. Our data suggest that the CD209 gene family has undergone recent evolutionary processes involving duplications and deletions, the latter of which may be tolerated because of potentially redundant functional activities of the molecules encoded by these genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Induction of diabetes in nonhuman primates by means of temporary arterial embolization and selective arterial injection of streptozotocin.

PURPOSE: To develop and assess a technique for induction of C peptide-negative diabetes in adult nonhuman primates in preparation for preclinical investigation of type 1 diabetes treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, temporary embolization of the hepatic and gastric arteries was performed in 14 adult nonhuman primates (six cynomolgus, five rhesus, and three pigtail macaques). After embolization was confirmed with angiography, streptozotocin was injected at a dose of 50-70 mg/kg into the celiac artery and branches supplying the pancreas. The macaques then were given intravenous injections of arginine and glucose, and blood levels of insulin and C peptide were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine whether diabetes had been induced. RESULTS: All but one of the macaques developed persistent long-term C peptide-negative diabetes after the streptozotocin injection. One macaque did not develop diabetes after the initial injection and was given a second dose of streoptozotocin, which did induce diabetes. None of the macaques showed any symptoms of hepatic or renal injury, and only one died (of gastric dilatation 5 days after the procedure). CONCLUSION: Streptozotocin injection after temporary embolization of the hepatic and gastric arteries is a safe and reproducible method for inducing C peptide-negative diabetes in adult nonhuman primates in preparation for preclinical investigation of type 1 diabetes treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Natriuretic peptide-dependent lipolysis in fat cells is a primate specificity.

We have recently demonstrated that natriuretic peptides (NPs), which are known for regulation of blood pressure via membrane guanylyl cyclase (GC) receptors, are lipolytic in human adipose tissue. In this study, we compared the NP control of lipolysis in adipocytes from humans, nonhuman primates (macaques), rodents (rats, mice, hamsters), and nonrodent mammals (rabbits, dogs). Isolated adipocytes from these species were exposed to increasing concentrations of atrial NP (ANP) or isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist). Although isoproterenol was lipolytic in all of the species, ANP only enhanced lipolysis in human and macaque adipocytes. In primate fat cells, NP-induced lipolysis involved a cGMP-dependent pathway. Binding studies and real-time quantitative PCR assays revealed that rat adipocytes expressed a higher density of NP receptors compared with humans but with a different subtype pattern of expression; type-A GC receptors predominate in human fat cells. This was also confirmed by the weak GC-activity stimulation and the reduced cGMP formation under ANP exposure in rat adipocytes compared with human fat cells. In conclusion, NP-induced lipolysis is a primate specificity, and adipocytes from ANP-nonresponsive species present a predominance of "clearance" receptors and very low expression of "biologically active" receptors.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1988

Primate nucleus gracilis neurons: responses to innocuous and noxious stimuli.

1. Recordings were made from 67 neurons in the nucleus gracilis (NG) of anesthetized macaque monkeys. All of the cells were activated antidromically from the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of the contralateral thalamus. Stimuli used to activate the cells orthodromically were graded innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli, including sinusoidal vibration and thermal pulses. 2. The latencies of antidromic action potentials following stimulation in the VPL nucleus were significantly shorter for cells in the caudal compared with the rostral NG. The mean minimum afferent conduction velocity of the afferent conduction velocity of the afferent fibers exciting the NG cells was 52 m/s, as judged from the latencies of the cells to orthodromic volleys evoked by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. The overall conduction velocity of the pathway from peripheral nerve to thalamus was approximately 40 m/s. 3. Cutaneous receptive fields on the distal hindlimb usually occupied an area equivalent to much less than a single digit. However, a few cells had receptive fields up to or exceeding the area of the foot. 4. NG cells were classified by their responses to graded mechanical stimulation of the skin as low threshold (LT) or wide dynamic range (WDR). No high-threshold NG cells were found. A special subcategory of pressure-sensitive LT (SA) neurons was recognized. Many of these cells were maximally responsive to maintained indentation of the skin. The sample of NG cells differed from the population of primate spinothalamic and spinocervicothalamic pathways so far examined, in having a larger proportion of LT neurons and a smaller proportion of WDR cells. A few NG cells responded best to manipulation of subcutaneous tissue. 5. Discriminant analysis permitted the NG cells to be assigned to classes determined by a k-means cluster analysis of the responses of a reference set of 318 primate spinothalamic tract (STT) cells. There were four classes of cells based on normalized responses of individual neurons and another four classes based upon responses compared across the population of cells. The NG cells were allocated to the various categories in different proportions than either primate STT cells or spinocervicothalamic neurons, consistent with the view that the functional roles of these somatosensory pathways differ. 6. Some of the pressure-sensitive NG cells were excited when the skin was stretched, suggesting an input from type II slowly adapting (Ruffini) mechanoreceptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗