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PubMedDate not supplied

[The relationship between the burnout and self esteem among prison wardens].

Our aim in this research has been to show the link existing between "burn-out" and self-esteem. Several studies have outlined that link without actually bringing is to light. The present study has been carried out among prison officers. The concept had actually never been applied to such a population and has rather been used for social assistance jobs, such as social workers, tutors or teachers. A "burn-out" questionnaire has been made so as to estimate how tired the staff were. Maslach's test (1982) has revealed difficult to use here. Coopersmith's SEI has been used to estimate people's self-image. The results have revealed positive, as the elder staff have shown a higher burn-out rate than the younger ones. The younger staff also have a better self-image than the elder ones. Eventually, the global level of self-esteem and total level of exhaustion are inversely correlated. From these results, it can be said that prison warders tend to endure an occupational exhaustion syndrome and that the lower their self-esteem the higher their "burn-out" rate.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Can methadone maintenance for heroin-dependent patients retained in general practice reduce criminal conviction rates and time spent in prison?

A retrospective analysis was made of the criminal records of 57 patients successfully retained in methadone maintenance at two general practices in Sheffield. Their criminal conviction rates and time spent in prison per year were compared for the periods before and after the start of their methadone programme. Overall, patients retained on methadone programmes in the general practices studied had significantly fewer convictions and cautions, and spent significantly less time in prison than they had before the start of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Generality of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised factors over prisoners and substance-dependent patients.

The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; R. D. Hare, 1991) is an often-used device for assessment of adult antisociality. This research examined generalizability by replicating the 2-factor model for a sample of 326 male prisoners and assessing its congruence and relative reliability and specificity among 620 substance-dependent patients. Generality was assessed also across addiction subtypes (opioid, cocaine, and alcohol), age, gender, and ethnicity. The 2-factor model was found inappropriate for the substance-dependent samples, whereas a unidimensional model represented by the PCL-R total score was found generalizable across prison and substance-dependent samples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence of dyslexia among Texas prison inmates.

Approximately 80% of prison inmates are reported to be functionally illiterate. We hypothesized that poor single word decoding (the chief feature of dyslexia) accounts for a significant percentage of that rate. We studied 253 subjects selected randomly from more than 130,000 Texas prison inmates. Among them, we conducted a cross-sectional sample survey of recently admitted Texas inmates, beginning with social and educational background and followed by an educational test battery that included measures of word attack skill and reading comprehension. Deficient performance was defined primarily as single word decoding performance that measured below the 25th percentile on the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test. We found that 47.8% of the inmates were deficient in word attack skills. Word attack skills were detected in each group defined by gender and ethnicity. Nearly two thirds of the subjects scored poorly in reading comprehension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Revisiting the debate of voluntary versus mandatory HIV/AIDS testing in U.S. prisons.

Many studies examine HIV/AIDS and often there is a lack of consensus among researchers and policy-makers regarding the importance of mandatory or voluntary testing within a prison setting. This article revisits and extends this discussion by presenting arguments and issues related to testing inmates. A comparison of selected factors indicated that mandatory testing is an important adjunct to minimizing the impact of the spread of the virus both within prison and in the non-offender population. An important policy implication for adopting mandatory testing is that such a policy allows health care providers to intervene early and control the spread of the disease. Potential implications for future research and policy are discussed.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of tuberculosis infection prevalence in a provincial prison].

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis in prisons is a serious public health problem. In those penitentiaries with a high prevalence of co-infection by M. tuberculosis and HIV infection, the treatment of the tubercular infection can be an important tool for prevention and control. Ascertaining the prevalence of tubercular infection, the access and adherence to the treatment of tubercular infection in a prison population without a history of treatment of tubercular disease or infection could be of great interest in order to assess the efficacy of this measure. METHODS: A cross study was made of the population confined at 28 June 1999 in a Penitentiary with a programme of prevention and control of tuberculosis, based on the directly observed therapy (DOT) of the patients, on early diagnosis and the treatment of the tubercular infection. The treatment of the tubercular infection was prescribed following individualised counselling, reaching an agreement with the patient as to the modality of treatment (DOT, daily or twice-weekly check-up). The clinical histories of the patients were reviewed in order to determine the prevalence of patients infected by M. tuberculosis, of those who had completed treatment and of those who were still undergoing treatment of tubercular infection. The Eidus-Hamilton test was performed in the case of patients under treatment for tubercular infection in order to evaluate compliance. RESULTS: Of the 219 inmates, 127 (58%) presented criteria of tubercular infection. Treatment of the tubercular infection was indicated in 113 people of whom 29 refused (25.7%). Of the 84 patients who initiated treatment for their tubercular infection, 22 (26.2%) abandoned it, 39 (46.4%) had finalized the treatment, and 23 (27.4%) were still undergoing treatment. Of the latter, 95.7% showed positive to the Eidus-Hamilton test. 48% of those infected by M. tuberculosis, either had finalized or were undergoing the treatment against tubercular infection correctly. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of tubercular infection observed in this group is very high. Acceptable levels of access and adherence to the treatment of tubercular infection have been observed, which translates into a high level of treatment coverage of this infection in the population studied.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Antipsychotic prescribing patterns in the Texas prison system.

Although prison inmates are reported to exhibit elevated rates of psychotic disorders, little is known about antipsychotic pharmacotherapy in correctional settings. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe antipsychotic prescribing patterns in one of the nation's largest prison systems. The study population consisted of 3,750 Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) inmates diagnosed with schizophrenic disorders, nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders, or both. In 1998, among inmates diagnosed with schizophrenic disorders, 14.6 percent were prescribed atypical antipsychotic agents, and 85.4 percent were prescribed typical antipsychotic agents. Among inmates diagnosed with nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders, 89.3 percent were prescribed typical antipsychotic agents, while 10.7 percent were prescribed atypical antipsychotic agents. Black males and females were prescribed atypical antipsychotic agents less frequently than their counterparts. Understanding such prescribing patterns is integral to the efficient and cost-effective planning of correctional mental health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Preventable rhabdomyolysis in prison inmates.

Two inmates of our county jail suffered painful, life-threatening illness, and our taxpayers had considerable financial loss, as the result of self-inflicted rhabdomyolysis. We found reports of three similar cases from other states. Since prisoners are treated in a variety of medical facilities, this illness may be more common than reports indicate. It can be prevented by education and supervision of prisoners.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2001

HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs based prediction models for practices in prison inmates, Sindh, Pakistan.

This study was conducted on prison inmates in Sindh to determine whether HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs can predict their practices which risk HIV infection. A pre-designed questionnaire was administered in this cross-sectional study to collect the data on HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices and demographic variables in a systematic sample of 3,395 prison inmates during July 1994. The data on responses of inmates to HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs were analyzed and a clear interpretable factor structure emerged for each set of questions labeled as knowledge, attitude and beliefs. Similarly based on responses of inmates to practice questions, three factors emerged and were labeled as heterosexuality, homosexuality and drugs. The standardized factor scores of inmates for each of these six factors were computed and used in further analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were carried out separately using heterosexuality, homosexuality and drugs factors score as dependent variables to identify if any of the independent variables (demographic variables, knowledge beliefs and attitude) predict these practice factors. The model for heterosexuality explained 23% of the variance and included HIV/AIDS related knowledge, beliefs, age, ethnicity and marital status and duration of imprisonment (F = 84.33, p < 0.001; R2= 23.0). The predictors in the model for homosexuality together explained 10% of the variance and included significant contribution by belief, martial status, ethnicity, education, age and duration of imprisonment (F = 24.76, p < 0.001; R2= 0.10). The model for drugs had significant contributions from HIV/AIDS related beliefs, marital status and ethnicity (F = 20.10, p < 0.001; R2= 0.03). Implications of prevention program based on these results are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Needle exchange programs in prisons in Spain.

On 11 July 2000, at the XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban, yet another country--Spain--presented evidence that needle exchange programs in prisons work. We reproduce here the text of the presentation entitled "Needle Exchange Program at the Bilbao Prison, Spain: Two Years of Experience (1997-1999)."

HIV Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mitigating the ill effects of maternal incarceration on women in prison and their children.

Maternal incarceration has deleterious effects on children, families, and society, but child welfare professionals historically have paid limited attention to maternal incarceration. Two recent changes have required the reevaluation of that stance: the dramatic increase in the number of women in prison, and the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. This article discusses the reality of maternal incarceration, analyzes one prison's attempt to provide programs to support inmate mothers and their children, and makes policy and program recommendations.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Prison psychosis and dissociative disorders].

Through a few clinical case histories stemming from their daily activities at the psychiatric section of the Lantin Prison, the authors propose to revisit the classic concept of Prison psychosis. They broaden its limits to include other psychotic and dissociative phenomena common to the jail population. This requires a strict differential diagnosis, allowing to eliminate some similar pathologies; nevertheless, some difficulties and imperfections persist. The development of the psychosis, the input from the jail architecture and milieu, the predisposing as well as facilitating factors linked to the personality of the inmate, and triggering phenomena are discussed. Finally, the comorbidity between these psychotic/dissociative phenomena and the borderline & histrionic personality disorders is envisaged.

Dissociative Disorders↗
PubMed2003

[Pulmonary tuberculosis in former prisoners].

The examination of 123 former prisoners with pulmonary tuberculosis treated in the Republican Tuberculous Hospital in 1998-2000 versus 37 control patients demonstrated that the specific pulmonary process is revealed at younger age (20-39 years). The treatment effect in former prisoners by percentage of cavern closure is 1.8 times worse than in the controls. This can be explained by significantly higher occurrence of cases with drug-resistant M. tuberculosis and associated diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

High rate of resistance to antiretroviral drugs among HIV-infected prison inmates.

BACKGROUND: Resistance to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs represents a major obstacle to the success of HIV therapy. The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of genotypic resistance to ARV drugs in a large group of HIV-infected individuals incarcerated in penal facilities. MATERIAL/METHODS: We analyzed the reverse transcriptase and protease genes on plasma samples collected from 309 HIV-infected prison inmates in Madrid. In order to compare the prevalence of resistance at different periods and detect any trend over time, half of the samples from ARV-naive and half from pre-treated subjects were randomly collected in 1999 and in 2001. RESULTS: Overall, 63.7% of specimens harbored plasma HIV-RNA above 1000 copies/ml. Genotypic data were obtained in 94.4% of them. Primary resistance mutations among 127 drug-naive subjects were recognized in 13% in 1999 vs. 15% in 2001. In contrast, drug resistance was found in 35% and 59% of 182 pre-treated subjects in 1999 and 2001. CONCLUSIONS: Drug resistance has increased over the last two years among inmates on ARV drugs and currently affects 59% of those failing treatment. A nearly 3-fold increase has been noticed for NNRTI resistance. In comparison with HIV-positive subjects outside jail on ARV drugs, prisoners are more likely to experience virological failure, but show a lower rate of drug resistance; this affects particularly drugs with a low genetic barrier (i.e. NNRTI and 3TC).

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Medical-social study of women incarcerated in the Fleury-Merogis prison in 2000 and 2001].

This socio-medical study was conducted in the women's penitentiary of Fleury-Mérogis in 2000 and 2001 and includes a total of about 500 patients of whom 70% are between the ages of 18 and 39. Their level of education varies; 63% of them are foreigners, of which 60% do not speak any French. Their physical state of health is satisfactory in general, but more than half of them suffer from minor psychological problems often secondary to the prison's conditions. Major psychiatric illness is rare. Among their addictions, the one noted most frequently is smoking; alcoholism and drug addiction are less widespread. The author underlines the need for a comprehensive care structure for the prisoners, on the socio-economic and family levels as well as the physical and psycho-pathological levels. He advocates in order that the medical care become the activity of a single service of Internal Medicine, and no longer as it exists in the present system in France with two distinctly separate departments--one in charge of caring for the body, and the other in charge of caring for the mind. Finally, he emphasises the need for a true sense of team work among all of the actors involved in the care of these women in difficult situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Canada: new report on HIV, HCV, and women prisoners.

In March, 2003, the Prisoners' HIV/AIDS Support Action Network (PASAN) released Unlocking Our Futures: A National Study on Women, Prisons, HIV and Hepatitis C, a qualitative, evaluative study investigating the perceptions and lived experiences of federally incarcerated women regarding HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C (HCV).

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antisocial personality disorder evaluation with the prisoner's dilemma].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate cooperation problems in antisocial disorder with the prisoner's dilemma game, which, in mathematical game theory, is the paradigm of the < > games (mutual benefit from cooperation). METHODS: We have designed a computer version of the prisoner's dilemma (CDT-BD) that confronts the patient to a simulation of a reciprocal exchange situation. IPDE provided us a categorical and dimensional evaluation of 26 controls from the community and 40 methadone patients. Only methadone patients obtained an antisocial diagnosis: 20 in the category of positive antisocial and 10 in the probable antisocial category. Patients also fullfilled TCI and MACH-IV. RESULTS: CDT-BD is, according to the parent's opinion (mothers), a good correlation of real life behavior. CDT-BD shows a statistically significant poorer cooperation of antisocial patients this is catego rical evaluation (ve rsus in controls) and in dimensional evaluation true both for variables that measure non-cooperation due to the patient's initiative and those as a response to the computer provocation. This may be due to a tendency of antisocials to use interchange situations < > strategies (you win what the other player loses) instead of non-zero games strategies. Non-cooperative responses are correlated to high scores on the MACH-IV scale (manipulative behavior and cognition) and revengeful in Treatment and Character Inventory (TCI). CONCLUSIONS: CDT-BD allows us to generate and test new hypotheses on the causes of the cooperation problems in antisocial patients using game theory paradigms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Nancy medicines for hospices and prisons in 1805].

The chemist François Mandel, past author of Pharmcopée de Nancy, writes a list of medicines for civil hospices and a formulary for prisons. To take care of these adult, poor sick, drugs and medicines are chosen simple, at little expense, but adequate to treat everyday diseases. The prison formulary holds many novel preparations. The two manuscripts have never been published.

France↗